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We elucidated the effect of S100A4 on airway remodeling by regulating airway inflammation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) in mouse models of asthma. Asthmatic mouse models were established by sensitization and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA). Anti-S100A4 antibody or control IgG antibody was administered daily before the OVA challenge. After the last challenge, airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness were measured; lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were harvested. Lung tissue sections were stained and evaluated for pathological changes. Levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured using ELISA. Levels of S100A4 and EMT markers were determined via western blotting analysis. Human bronchial epithelial cells were stimulated with 100 mg/mL house dust mites (HDMs) to evaluate the effect of S100A4 downregulation on EMT in vitro. S100A4 was increased in lung tissues and BALF from asthmatic mice. The asthmatic mice presented airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, and airway remodeling. After anti-S100A4 antibody administration, pathophysiological signs, including airway hyperresponsiveness and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells, were attenuated. Additionally, anti-S100A4 administration downregulated vimentin and α-SMA expression and upregulated E-cadherin expression in OVA-challenged mice. S100A4 downregulation also inhibited EMT process in HDM-stimulated 16HBE cells. Anti-S100A4 antibody administration alters airway remodeling by preventing EMT in mouse models of asthma.

Abstract Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with developmental dyslexia (DD), which are both prevalent and complicated pediatric neurodevelopmental disorders that have a significant influence on children’s learning and development. Clinically, the comorbidity incidence of DD and ADHD is between 25 and 48%. Children with DD and ADHD may have more severe cognitive deficiencies, a poorer level of schooling, and a higher risk of social and emotional management disorders. Furthermore, patients with this comorbidity are frequently treated for a single condition in clinical settings, and the therapeutic outcome is poor. The development of effective treatment approaches against these diseases is complicated by their comorbidity features. This is often a major problem in diagnosis and treatment. In this study, we developed bioinformatical methodology for the analysis of the comorbidity of these two diseases. As such, the search for candidate genes related to the comorbid conditions of ADHD and DD can help in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the comorbid condition, and can also be useful for genotyping and identifying new drug targets. Results Using the ANDSystem tool, the reconstruction and analysis of gene networks associated with ADHD and dyslexia was carried out. The gene network of ADHD included 599 genes/proteins and 148,978 interactions, while that of dyslexia included 167 genes/proteins and 27,083 interactions. When the ANDSystem and GeneCards data were combined, a total of 213 genes/proteins for ADHD and dyslexia were found. An approach for ranking genes implicated in the comorbid condition of the two diseases was proposed. The approach is based on ten criteria for ranking genes by their importance, including relevance scores of association between disease and genes, standard methods of gene prioritization, as well as original criteria that take into account the characteristics of an associative gene network and the presence of known polymorphisms in the analyzed genes. Among the top 20 genes with the highest priority DRD2, DRD4, CNTNAP2 and GRIN2B are mentioned in the literature as directly linked with the comorbidity of ADHD and dyslexia. According to the proposed approach, the genes OPRM1, CHRNA4 and SNCA had the highest priority in the development of comorbidity of these two diseases. Additionally, it was revealed that the most relevant genes are involved in biological processes related to signal transduction, positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoters, chemical synaptic transmission, response to drugs, ion transmembrane transport, nervous system development, cell adhesion, and neuron migration. Conclusions The application of methods of reconstruction and analysis of gene networks is a powerful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of comorbid conditions. The method put forth to rank genes by their importance for the comorbid condition of ADHD and dyslexia was employed to predict genes that play key roles in the development of the comorbid condition. The results can be utilized to plan experiments for the identification of novel candidate genes and search for novel pharmacological targets.

In order to clarify the influence of a large amount of aggressive CO2 and O2 contained in the oil well produced fluid in the water injection area of Dingbian oilfield on the corrosion behavior of tubing steel and reveal the corrosion characteristics，the electrochemical corrosion behaviors of J55 tubing steel in the oilfield water injection area in the simulated produced water of oil wells and saturated CO2/O2 simulated produced water of oil wells were studied by potentiodynamic polarization curve and electrochemical AC impedance test method，combined with the on-site corrosion hanging ring monitoring method.In addition，the corrosion rate of the sample was calculated by weight loss method，and the corrosion morphology characteristics and product composition of the sample were analyzed.Results showed that CO2 and O2 promoted the cathodic depolarization，and saturated CO2/O2 significantly increased the corrosion current density of J55 tubing steel.The increase of environment temperature accelerated the reaction kinetics，which significantly increased the corrosion current density，but weakened the erosion of CO2 and O2.At 25 °C，the samples exhibited inductive reactance characteristics in the low-frequency region in the simulated produced water of oil wells environment containing saturated CO2/O2，while the Warburg diffusion impedance characteristics occurred in the low-frequency region of the samples in the two media environments at 60 °C.Moreover，the upper tubing of on-site oil well was less corroded than the lower tubing，and the corrosion products were mainly iron oxides and hydroxides.

This paper introduced the design and application of a disposable pack for warm and cold compress treatment. This easy-to-use and disposable pack has been designed to ensure the comfort of the patient when receiving warm and cold compress treatment. (冷敷和热敷临床常见护理操作, 冷热敷袋是必不可少的辅助工具。本研究设计一种新型一次性冷热敷袋, 既兼顾使用便利性, 同时还能保障患者舒适度。)