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Thermoacoustic oscillation is a significant challenge in the development of advanced thermal power and propulsion systems. The present work focuses on the whistling phenomenon in the practical burners of a developing high-efficiency domestic gas stove. The acoustic analysis is conducted by a Helmholtz acoustic solver, identifying the 1/2 wave longitudinal mode in the outer ring or center nozzle and its upstream pipe and estimating the modal eigenfrequencies fa=599Hz and fb=647Hz which are close to the main frequency of the whistling measured in experiments. The sequential flame images captured by a high-speed camera are processed by a dynamic mode decomposition method to illustrate flame structure oscillations at the peak frequency mode. The results verify that thermoacoustic oscillations are the generation mechanism of the whistling and display the periodic fluctuation characteristics of the flame and the spatial distribution of heat release. Moreover, both structural fine-tuning designs help to achieve better suppression for thermoacoustic oscillations and avoid the whistling phenomenon. These structural fine-tuning strategies have been researched for several decades but rarely reported to be applied to industrial burners in previous work. Motivated by this, it will provide a new insight into the investigation of burner structures on thermoacoustic behaviors and the application of these passive control strategies.

Abstract Humble leadership has gained attention in recent years due to its potential impact on employee performance. This study explores the association between humble leadership and follower innovative behavior by investigating the moderating role of core self-evaluation (CSE) and the mediating role of leader-member exchange (LMX). The study uses data from 328 followers and their immediate leaders to test a mediated moderation model. Results show that there is a favorable association between humble leadership and LMX and followers’ innovative behavior, particularly pronounced for followers who possess lower levels of CSE. The findings suggest that humble leaders should focus their development efforts on followers with low CSE to achieve complementarity congruity and improved innovation. This research enhances the existing body of knowledge by emphasizing the significance of comprehending the functions of relational procedures and the psychological resources of followers in determining the effectiveness of humble leadership. These findings have practical implications for organizations seeking to enhance their leadership effectiveness and followers’ innovative behavior.

IntroductionEndogenous retroviruses (ERVs), which originated from exogenous retroviral infections of germline cells millions of years ago and were inherited by subsequent generations as per Mendelian inheritance patterns, predominantly comprise non-protein-coding sequences due to the accumulation of mutations, insertions, deletions, and truncations. Nevertheless, recent studies have revealed that ERVs play a crucial role in diverse biological processes by encoding various proteins.MethodsIn this study, we successfully identified an ERV envelope (env) gene in a mink species. A phylogenetic tree of mink ERV-V env and reference sequences was constructed using Bayesian methods and maximum-likelihood inference.ResultsPhylogenetic analyses indicated a significant degree of sequence conservation and positive selection within the env-surface open reading frame. Additionally, qRT-PCR revealed diverse patterns of mink ERV-V env expression in various tissues. The expression of mink ERV-V env gene in testicular tissue strongly correlated with the seasonal reproductive cycles of minks.DiscussionOur study suggests that the ERV-V env gene in mink may have been repurposed for host functions.

Abstract Large-scale research infrastructures (LSRIs) are widely acknowledged as a crucial instrument for venturing into the uncharted territories of science and technology, as well as contributing to the well-being of society. However, only a limited number of literature have scrutinized the impact of LSRIs, founded upon a causal inference framework. Moreover, the function of LSRIs in the advancement of innovation at the regional level remains inadequately identified. Drawing on the resource-based view, this study develops a conceptual framework that links the scientific effect of LSRIs to innovation resources in order to assess their impact on knowledge innovation (KI). Taking China’s National Supercomputing Center (NSC) as a case, three major mechanism hypotheses are proposed for the impact of NSC on KI, including basic effect, network effect, and technology effect. Using panel data from 283 cities in China from 2000 to 2020, we employ a spatial difference-in-differences estimation model to examine the impact of NSC on KI. The research finds that: (1) The construction of NSC stimulates KI in local and surrounding areas. (2) The main mechanisms by which NSC promotes KI include the increase in fiscal investment and talents in science, the improvement of digital infrastructure, as well as the enhancement of urban network centrality and innovation efficiency. (3) Geographical proximity, cooperation proximity, and digitization proximity constitute the main channels of policy spillover. (4) NSC has not shown significant promotion of regional innovation convergence, and its radiation influence needs further improvement. (5) The knowledge innovation effects of NSCs manifest heterogeneity based on the distinct knowledge orientation and innovation environment, with this impact being notably pronounced in application innovation-oriented cities such as Shenzhen. The results of this study reveal the positive yet limited impact of NSC on KI and provide a reference for other economies in the areas of LSRIs, digital infrastructure, and the formulation of place-based innovation policy.

Abstract A miniaturised integrated passive device (IPD) balun design with low insertion loss and balanced amplitude and phase is proposed for Wi‐Fi/Bluetooth applications. In this design, a novel topology based on the modified T‐type filter structure is introduced to offset the parasitic and coupling effects that cause poor balance in IPD design. The proposed balun design is fabricated on a GaAs substrate. The measured insertion loss is lower than 0.9 dB and the measured return loss is >16 dB in the frequency range of 2.2–2.9 GHz. The measured results of amplitude and phase show rather minor imbalances, which are lower than ±0.67 dB and ±1.8° respectively. The fabricated device size is 0.9 mm × 0.6 mm only.

The sustainability of global agricultural produce supply chains is crucial for ensuring global food security, fostering environmental protection, and advancing socio-economic development. This study integrates bibliometric analysis, knowledge mapping, and the ABCDE framework to conduct a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of 742 relevant articles from the Web of Science core database spanning January 2009 to July 2023. Initially, bibliometric analysis and knowledge mapping reveal the annual progression of research on the sustainability of global agricultural produce supply chains, the collaborative networks among research institutions and authors, and the geographic distribution of research activities worldwide, successfully pinpointing the current research focal points. Subsequently, the ABCDE framework, constructed from the quantitative findings, helps us identify and comprehend the antecedents, barriers and challenges, impacts, and driving forces affecting the sustainability of these supply chains. The study identifies globalization and technological advancement as the primary forces shaping the sustainability of agricultural produce supply chains, despite them also posing challenges such as resource constraints and environmental pressures. Moreover, the application of innovative technologies, the optimization of organizational models, and active stakeholder engagement are key to propelling supply chains toward more sustainable development, exerting a profound impact on society, the environment, and the economy. In conclusion, this study suggests future research directions. The integrated methodology presented offers new perspectives and deep insights into the complexities of sustainable global agricultural produce supply chains, demonstrating its potential to foster knowledge innovation and practical applications, providing valuable insights for academic research and policy formulation in this domain.

Retinal pigment epithelial cell and neuroretinal damage in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) can lead to serious visual impairments and blindness. Studies have shown that mitophagy, a highly specialized cellular degradation system, is implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. Mitophagy selectively eliminates impaired or non-functioning mitochondria via several pathways, such as the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced kinase 1/Parkin, BCL2-interacting protein 3 and NIP3-like protein X, FUN14 domain-containing 1, and AMP-activated protein kinase pathways. This has a major impact on the maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. Therefore, the regulation of mitophagy could be a promising therapeutic strategy for AMD. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) uses natural products that could potentially prevent and treat various diseases, such as AMD. This review aims to summarize recent findings on mitophagy regulation pathways and the latest progress in AMD treatment targeting mitophagy, emphasizing methods involving TCM.

This study introduces a novel wrap-around cooled diaphragm compressor, designed for employment in hydrogen refilling station. The performance of this innovative compressor is evaluated using a specially developed experimental platform. The analysis focused on the impact of pressure ratio and suction gas temperature on the compressor's performance, and the cooling effect is assessed under varying temperatures of the cooling medium. The findings indicate that both the isentropic and volumetric efficiencies of the diaphragm compressor decrease with an increase in pressure ratio, with maximum values reaching 70% and 65% respectively. Under constant pressure ratio conditions, the exhaust temperature is found to increase with the rise in suction temperature. For a given suction temperature, a higher-pressure ratio resulted in a higher exhaust temperature. Furthermore, the cooling effect of the wrap-around cooling pipeline is found to be more pronounced under high pressure ratio conditions, with a maximum temperature reduction of 189.5 °C.

Abstract The effect of topography on shortwave downward radiation (SWDR) is interest in the geoscience. However, such effects are rarely quantiatively and systematically evalulated, especially over the Tibetan Plateau region. With the geostationaly satellite measurements and topographic radiation model, this study reveals a heightened significance of topography on SWDR with increasing slope. Particularly in abrupt terrain (slopes >15°) the impact becomes pronounced, wherein the topographic radiative forcing (TRF) contributes 9.5% of the annual‐average SWDR. And the ratio of TRF to SWDR reaches a peak during winter, exceeding 150%. In annual‐average scales, the SWDR is 169 ± 38.4 W/m2 and the corresponding TRF is 16.2 ± 22.6 W/m2. Seasonal variations manifest on northern and southern slopes, with the sourthern slopes significant in summer, while the northern ones significant in winter. Notably, topographic effects persist across spatial scales and remain evident at 5 km resolution, emphasizing the necessity of considering topography in SWDR product utilization.

Flexible pressure sensors have many potential applications in the monitoring of physiological signals because of their good biocompatibility and wearability. However, their relatively low sensitivity, linearity, and stability have hindered their large-scale commercial application. Herein, a flexible capacitive pressure sensor based on an interdigital electrode structure with two porous microneedle arrays (MNAs) is proposed. The porous substrate that constitutes the MNA is a mixed product of polydimethylsiloxane and NaHCO3. Due to its porous and interdigital structure, the maximum sensitivity (0.07 kPa−1) of a porous MNA-based pressure sensor was found to be seven times higher than that of an imporous MNA pressure sensor, and it was much greater than that of a flat pressure sensor without a porous MNA structure. Finite-element analysis showed that the interdigital MNA structure can greatly increase the strain and improve the sensitivity of the sensor. In addition, the porous MNA-based pressure sensor was found to have good stability over 1500 loading cycles as a result of its bilayer parylene-enhanced conductive electrode structure. Most importantly, it was found that the sensor could accurately monitor the motion of a finger, wrist joint, arm, face, abdomen, eye, and Adam’s apple. Furthermore, preliminary semantic recognition was achieved by monitoring the movement of the Adam’s apple. Finally, multiple pressure sensors were integrated into a 3 × 3 array to detect a spatial pressure distribution. Compared to the sensors reported in previous works, the interdigital electrode structure presented in this work improves sensitivity and stability by modifying the electrode layer rather than the dielectric layer.

Protection suits are vital for firefighters’ safety. Traditional protection suits physically protect firemen from burns, but cannot locate the position of bodily injuries caused by impact debris. Herein, we present a wearable impact debris positioning system for firefighter protection suits based on an accelerometer array. Wearable piezoelectric accelerometers are distributed regularly on the suit to detect the vibration on different body parts, which is conducive to determining the position of injured body parts. In addition, the injured parts can be displayed on a dummy body model on the upper computer with a higher localization accuracy of 4 cm. The positioning alarm system has a rapid response time of 0.11 ms, attributed to the smart signal processing method. This work provides a reliable and smart method for locating and assessing the position of bodily injuries caused by impact debris, which is significant because it enables fire commanders to rescue injured firefighters in time.

In the new wave of globalization, China’s pre-cooked meal industry has rapidly emerged as a significant player in the food supply chain domain, owing to its convenience and diverse choices. Amidst intensifying market competition, crafting a sustainable supply chain for overseas expansion has become an indispensable core element for driving corporate internationalization. This study focuses on the sustainability generation mechanism of the overseas supply chain of Chinese pre-cooked meal A-share listed companies, employing the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) method. Herein, an in-depth analysis of 388 data points from 17 listed companies has been conducted. The study systematically reveals the key factors affecting the sustainability of overseas supply chains and identifies three critical sustainability generation paths: the technology-driven and norm compliance model (path 1), the market sensitivity and product innovation model (path 2), and the robust operation and risk control model (path 3). The present study not only introduces a novel perspective on the application of a TOE framework within the realms of sustainable supply chain management and environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria but also offers clear directions for companies to enhance sustainability in their overseas expansion process. This includes strengthening technological research and development, compliance construction, market adaptability, product diversity, infrastructure construction, and risk management. Moreover, the research findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in promoting the internationalization of the pre-cooked meal industry and enhancing industry competitiveness.

Risk assessment provides a powerful tool for the early warning and risk mitigation of geohazards. However, few efforts have been made regarding risk assessment and dynamic control at multiple scales. With respect to this issue, the West Han River catchment in the Gansu Province of China was taken as a study area, and geohazard risk assessments at three different scales were carried out, namely regional, local and site scales. Hazard assessment was performed using the combination of the information value and hierarchical analysis models, infinite slope stability model, and FLO-2D model. Vulnerability was estimated from two viewpoints, including physical vulnerability and social vulnerability, by applying remote sensing and semi-quantitative methods. Finally, risk mapping and zonation was obtained from the products of hazard and vulnerability, and corresponding measures of risk management and control at different scales were recommended. The results indicated that the geohazard risk at the regional scale was the highest under the earthquake and rainfall conditions with a 100-year (100a) return period, respectively, and the area of very high risk level reached 5%. When the rainfall condition had a return period of 50 years, only 1% of the area was located in the very high-risk region. Additionally, the overall risk was higher in the central and northeastern parts of the region under heavy rainfall and earthquake conditions. The overall risk level in Longlin-Leiba Town (at the local scale) responded more significantly to heavy rainfall conditions, with higher risk in the southwestern, central, and northeastern parts of the region. For the site scale (Wujiagou debris flow), only 2% of the total area was identified as very high-risk even under heavy rainfall with a 100a return period, but the proportions for the low and moderate levels reached 30% and 56%, respectively. The present study can provide scientific references for geohazard risk assessment and control.

The increasing prominence of climate change, geopolitical crises, and global economic slowdown highlights the challenges and structural deficiencies of traditional cross-border agro-food supply chains. As a result, there has been a growing consensus on the need to leverage digital technology to rebuild and innovate a safe, stable, and sustainable global food system. This study assessed the knowledge progress and development trends in the sustainable development of cross-border agro-food supply chains enabled by digital technology. A total of 352 authoritative papers from the core Web of Science database were selected for analysis. The Citespace tool was utilized to visually examine research elements. The findings reveal that research outcomes in this territory experienced a significant period of rapid growth, particularly after 2020. Sustainability and IEEE Access are the journals with the highest and second-highest number of publications. China and the France National Institute are the countries and research institutions with the largest number of publications in this field. The research hotspots are mainly the application of digital technologies, food safety, and supply chain system model innovation. In the past ten years, the research in this territory has gone through three stages: precise timeliness orientation, intelligent strategic decision-making orientation, and model predictability orientation. We further construct the ‘antecedent–practice–performance’ conceptual framework of the sustainability of the digital technology-enabled cross-border agro-food supply chain. Finally, this paper presents the potential research directions in this territory, focusing on four aspects: research method, research mechanism, research topic, and research frontier.

Cashmere goats produce wool from primary hair follicles (PHF)and cashmere from secondary hair follicles(SHF). Numerous genetic factors have been identified to affect HF formation, but the mechanism that controls the distinct morphogenesis of PHFs and SHFs remains unclear. To better describe goat’s hair follicle proteome, we applied iTRAQ technology to study protein expression profiling from nine skin samples of cashmere goats in three fetal periods including 45-day-old embryos (E45), 55-day-old embryos (E55), 65-day-old embryos (E65). A total of 1172 proteins identified are expressed in fetal skin. The numbers of differentially expressed proteins in E45 vs. E55, E45 vs. E65, and E55 vs. E65 were 103, 144, and 118, respectively. Sixty-three proteins were constantly increased through the whole embryonic developmental stages of placode formation. Keratin 1, 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 17, and 75 belonging to the hair keratin family (KRTs) were identified during keratinocyte proliferation. Some proteins involved in these pathways probably have a role in the HF and might be the mediators of HF initiation in Cashmere goats. Our systematic investigation identified some signaling factors that drive the large-scale cellular rearrangements necessary for HF initiation, which provide an insight into the fundamental mechanisms of cashmere growth.

Rare earth elements (REEs) are essential raw materials for modern industries but mining them has caused severe environmental issues, particularly the recovery of heavy REEs (HREEs) from ion-adsorption deposits (IADs). Very recently, an emerging technology, electrokinetic mining (EKM), has been proposed for the green and efficient recovery of REEs from IADs. However, the conduction mechanism of the weathering crust soil, which is also a prerequisite for EKM, remains unclear, making the EKM process unpredictable. Here, we systematically investigated the conductivity of weathering crust soil in the presence of light REEs (LREEs, i.e., La3+ and Sm3+) and HREEs (Er3+ and Y3+), respectively. Results suggested that the voltage was dynamically and spatially redistributed by the movement of REEs and water during EKM, and the conventional assumption of the linear distribution of voltage leads to an inaccurate description of soil voltage. We proposed an improved Archie’s equation by coupling the mechanisms of liquid phase and solid-liquid interface conduction, which can predict soil conductivity more precisely. Moreover, the extended Archie’s equation is able to recalculate the voltage distribution at distinct times and spaces well during EKM. More importantly, the water content in field-scale weathered-crust soils can be retrieved by the newly proposed Archie’s equation, which helps optimize the leaching wells and improve the recovery rate of REE. This study focuses on the conduction mechanism of weathering crust soil, which provides a theoretical basis for better use of the EKM technology and promotes mining efficiency fundamentally.

Electrokinetic mining (EKM) is a novel method for rare earth element (REE) mining that can achieve green and efficient recovery of REEs. However, as yet, there is no accurate model for describing the electrokinetic transport of REEs in weathering crusts, and this hinders the wider application of EKM. The conventional model fails to capture the microscale transport physics occurring in the nanochannels that exist ubiquitously in weathering crusts. Consequently, the existing models cannot distinguish the mobilities of different REEs. Here, we report a new model for a more faithful description of the electrokinetic transport of REEs in weathering crusts that considers the ionic size, which has previously been neglected. We reveal that the electrokinetic transport of heavy REEs (HREEs) is faster than that of light REEs (LREEs) in weathering crusts, which is contrary to the predictions of conventional models. Our model was validated experimentally by measurements of the electrokinetic transport of two LREEs (La and Sm) and an HREE (Er) in weathering crusts. The speed of electrokinetic transport follows the order Er > Sm > La. Our findings suggest that the ionic size is a non-negligible factor affecting the electrokinetic transport of REEs in weathering crusts containing nanochannels. This work offers a constitutive model to describe the electrokinetic transport of REEs in weathering crusts, which promotes both theoretical developments and practical applications of EKM.

Abstract Large-area, continuous monolayer WS2 exhibits great potential for future micro-nanodevice applications due to its special electrical properties and mechanical flexibility. In this work, the front opening quartz boat is used to increase the amount of sulfur (S) vapor under the sapphire substrate, which is critical for achieving large-area films during the chemical vapor deposition processes. COMSOL simulations reveal that the front opening quartz boat will significantly introduce gas distribute under the sapphire substrate. Moreover, the gas velocity and height of substrate away from the tube bottom will also affect the substrate temperature. By carefully optimizing the gas velocity, temperature, and height of substrate away from the tube bottom, a large-scale continues monolayered WS2 film was achieved. Field-effect transistor based on the as-grown monolayer WS2 showed a mobility of 3.76 cm2V−1 s−1 and ON/OFF ratio of 106. In addition, a flexible WS2/PEN strain sensor with a gauge factor of 306 was fabricated, showing great potential for applications in wearable biosensors, health monitoring, and human–computer interaction.

Debris flows are extremely serious along middle and upper reaches of Bailongjiang River Basin. It is of great scientific significance and practical value to study the disaster mode and hazard mode of debris flows in this area for disaster prevention, land space planning and ecological civilization construction. Based on the analysis of formation conditions of 241 debris flows in the middle and upper reaches of Bailongjiang River Basin, the disaster-forming, hazard modes and prevention of debris flows are analyzed. The results show that: (1) Debris flows are greatly affected by topography and landform，with height differences greater than 1000 m accounting for 74.3% of the total，and the longitudinal ratio of the main ditch bed being >200‰ accounting for 93.4% of the total. (2) Most of landslide sources are mainly distributed along the Pingding-Huama Fault Zone in a strip shape. Debris flows material source mainly comes from the collapse and landslide of the soft strata such as phyllite, metamorphic sandstone, residual slope deposit and Loess. The distribution of sediment source has little relationship with the slope aspect direction of underlying bedrock. (3) According to the landform characteristics, the debris flows in this area mainly include gully debris flows (69.7%) and slope debris flows (30.3%). According to the mode of solid material supply, the main debris flows disaster mode is gravity erosion supply type (71%), slope erosion supply type (10%) and gully erosion supply type (19%). (4) The main hazard modes of debris flows are burst-erosion, alluvial-silting, climbing-stacking, erosion-collapse, silting-burying, and barrier-secondary hazard. (5) The gravity erosion-recharge type debris flow is mainly to prevent and control the major disaster bodies in the gully. Slope erosion-recharge type debris flows are mainly based on blocking and drainage works. Gully erosion-recharge type debris flows are mainly based on desilting and drainage works.

Based on practices of CO2 flooding tests in China and abroad, the recovery factor of carbon dioxide capture, utilization in displacing oil and storage (CCUS-EOR) in permanent sequestration scenario has been investigated in this work. Under the background of carbon neutrality, carbon dioxide injection into geological bodies should pursue the goal of permanent sequestration for effective carbon emission reduction. Hence, CCUS-EOR is an ultimate development method for oil reservoirs to maximize oil recovery. The limit recovery factor of CCUS-EOR development mode is put forward, the connotation differences between it and ultimate recovery factor and economically reasonable recovery factor are clarified. It is concluded that limit recovery factor is achievable with mature supporting technical base for the whole process of CCUS-EOR. Based on statistics of practical data of CO2 flooding projects in China and abroad such as North H79 block CO2 flooding pilot test at small well spacing in Jilin Oilfield etc., the empirical relationship between the oil recovery factor of miscible CO2 flooding and cumulative CO2 volume injected is obtained by regression. Combined with the concept of “oil production rate multiplier of gas flooding, a reservoir engineering method calculating CO2 flooding recovery factor under any miscible degree is established by derivation. It is found that when the cumulative CO2 volume injected is 1.5 times the hydrocarbon pore volume (HCPV), the relative deviation and the absolute difference between the recovery percentage and the limit recovery factor are less than 5% and less than 2.0 percentage points respectively. The limit recovery factor of CCUS-EOR can only be approached by large pore volume (PV) injection based on the technology of expanding swept volume. It needs to be realized from three aspects: large PV injection scheme design, enhancing miscibility degree and continuously expanding swept volume of injected CO2.

Abstract With the increasing importance of interdisciplinary research, some studies have focused on the role of reference diversity by analysing reference lists of published papers. However, the relationship between the knowledge diversity of collaborating team members and research performance has been overlooked. In this study, we measured knowledge diversity through the disciplinary attributes of collaborating authors and research performance (understood as societal impact) through altmetric data. The major findings are: (1) The relationship between interdisciplinary collaboration diversity and societal impact is not a simple linear one, showing an inverted U-shaped pattern; and (2) As the number of collaborative disciplines increases, the marginal effects diminish or even become outweighed by the costs, showing a predominance of negative influences. Hence, diversity in interdisciplinary collaboration does not always have a positive impact. Research collaborations need to take into account the cost issues associated with the diversity of member disciplines.

In recent years, the repair technology of type-B sleeves has been widely used for the hazard control of pipeline girth welds. However, the prominent problems such as the unreasonable geometrical dimension of sleeve and the delayed cracking of fillet weld are exposed in the girth weld defect repairing of high-strength pipelines with type-B sleeves. In order to solve the problems faced in the application of type-B sleeves and meet the requirements of girth weld defect repair in high-strength pipeline, the design method for geometric dimension of type-B sleeves and the recommendations on value of key parameters were proposed after research. Meanwhile, X65/X70 type-B sleeves were developed through the research on special composition design and processing technology, with the weight about 20%?30% lighter than the traditional Q345R sleeves. Besides, the technical requirements, including the welding conditions (pipeline transportation pressure and flow rate of medium), preheating temperature, welding mode and post-weld heat treatment, were provided, and the selection scheme of welding material for X70 type-B sleeves was put forward. Considering the delayed cracking of sleeve fillet weld, it is suggested to cancel the root welding and the inter-layer magnetic particle detection, add the ultrasonic phased array detection after welding and the magnetic particle detection 48 hours after welding. The reliability of X65/X70 type-B sleeves has been verified by full-scale laboratory test and field application demonstration, and the sleeves have been successfully applied to the repair of girth weld defects of X80 high-strength pipelines.

Abstract Soybean cyst nematode (SCN, Heterodera glycines) is widely considered as the model plant-parasitic nematode, which secretes effector proteins to manipulate host responses. In this study, we cloned a dorsal gland-expressed effector protein SCN-27D09 that belongs to the same family as Hg10A07 in SCN. We used the model plant pathogen rice blast fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae) to quickly predict and characterize the functions of SCN-27D09. By using M. oryzae secretion system in barley, we confirmed that the signal peptide of SCN-27D09 has secretory activity and can guide the protein into the host cells. Heterologous expression of SCN-27D09 in M. oryzae significantly enhanced the susceptibility of barley to M. oryzae. SCN-27D09 can inhibit Bax-triggered cell death when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Overexpression of SCN-27D09 in soybean hairy root also increased the susceptibility of soybean plants to SCN. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and firefly luciferase complementation imaging assays showed that SCN-27D09 interacts with a soybean plant kinase GmIPK-2. Functional characterization of GmIPK-2 revealed its positive role in soybean resistance, indicating that SCN-27D09 might compromise the function of GmIPK-2 to facilitate nematode infection. Our results not only uncover the biological role of SCN-27D09 in suppressing plant defense responses and therefore promoting nematode parasitism, but also reaffirm the potential application of the model plant pathogenic fungus M. oryzae in investigating the pathogenic roles of candidate effectors of phytonematodes.

As a revolutionary biological science and technology, synthetic biology has already spread its influence from natural sciences to humanities and social sciences by introducing biosafety, biosecurity, and ethical issues to society. The current study aims to elaborate the intellectual bases and research front of the synthetic biology field in the sphere of philosophy, ethics, and social sciences, with knowledge mapping and bibliometric methods. The literature records from the Social Sciences Citation Index and Arts & Humanities Citation Index in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1982 to 2021 were collected and analyzed to illustrate the intellectual structure of philosophical, ethical, and social research of synthetic biology. This study profiled the hotspots of research focus on its governance, philosophical and ethical concerns, and relevant technologies. This study offers clues and enlightenment for the stakeholders and researchers to follow the progress of this emerging discipline and technology and to understand the cutting-edge ideas and future form of this field, which takes on greater significance in the post-COVID-19 era.

In order to solve problems of high coupling degree，inconvenient control and insufficient flexibility when spherical parallel mechanism is applied in the field of robot bionics，a novel three-branch spherical parallel mechanism with semi-decoupled characteristics is proposed. Based on the screw theory，the degree of freedom （DOF） of the mechanism is analyzed. The forward and inverse kinematics solutions of the mechanism are solved by the vector method and the decoupling characteristics of the mechanism are analyzed. The mechanism has a 3-DOF to rotate around the X axis，Y axis，Z axis，and the rotation around the Z axis is controlled by only one branch，while the other two branches jointly control the mechanism to move around the X axis，Y axis. Jacobian matrix is obtained based on differential transformation method and singular configuration is discussed. The workspace of the mechanism is determined by the boundary search method with singular configuration and bar interference as constraints. Based on the decoupling characteristics of the mechanism，a global mean dexterity with decoupling coefficient is proposed. Taking the workspace and global mean dexterity as the optimization goals，the particle swarm optimization algorithm （PSO） is used to synthesize the structure parameters of the mechanism. After the optimization，the workspace is enlarged and the motion performance in this space is good，which provides a theoretical basis for the prototype design of the spherical parallel mechanism and the scale synthesis of other semi-decoupling mechanisms.

As cross-border e-commerce platforms become increasingly integrated into the agricultural supply chain, the establishment of a sustainable supply chain ecosystem is of paramount importance. This study, grounded in the platform theory and the supply chain ecosystem theory, combines the grounded theory and the DEMATEL–ISM–MICMAC model to thoroughly analyze the complex mechanisms driving sustainable development. Utilizing the grounded theory, we construct a system of driving factors comprising five primary indicators and eighteen secondary indicators. The hybrid model reveals the interrelationships, significance, system hierarchy, and dependence-driving relationships among these factors. Notably, the driving factor system is categorized into a six-level hierarchical structure, encompassing profound elements, such as policy optimization and digital empowerment, as well as surface-level factors, such as simplification of customs procedures and consumer demand forecasting. Based on the analysis results, this research proposes a set of pathways to achieve the sustainability of the supply chain. These strategies involve improving cross-border agricultural e-commerce policy frameworks, enhancing digital-driven supply–demand coordination, strengthening logistics infrastructure and transparency, and cultivating brand influence. The study’s findings not only enrich the relevant theories but also provide practical guidance for the coordinated advancement of economic, social, environmental, and resilient development. Furthermore, they are conducive to advancing the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

In this study, we present a novel dual-polarized patch antenna that exhibits high isolation and two in-band transmission zeros (TZs). The design consists of a suspended metal patch, two feeding probes connected to an internal neutralization line (I-NL), and a T-shaped decoupling network (T-DN). The I-NL is responsible for generating the first TZ, and its decoupling principles are explained through an equivalent circuit model. Rigorous design formulas are also derived to aid in the construction of the feeding structure. The T-DN realizes the second TZ, resulting in further improvement of the decoupling bandwidth. Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed antenna has a wide operating bandwidth (2.5–2.7 GHz), high port isolation (>30 dB), and excellent efficiency (>85%).

Mountainous areas have become among the most developed areas of geological hazards due to special geological environmental conditions and intensive human engineering activities. Geological hazards are a main threat to urbanization, rural revitalization, and new rural construction in complex mountainous areas. It is of great strategic significance to conduct large-scale geological hazard investigation and risk assessment in urban areas, control the risk of geological hazards at the source and propose risk control measures. In this paper, we established the technical methods of geologic hazard risk assessment and control in complex mountain towns by taking Longlin Town in the mountainous region of Gansu Longnan, China as the study area, with the Quanjia bay debris flows and Panping Village landslides as the typical pilot investigation and assessment. The methods consist of six stages—risk identification, hazard disaster model investigation, risk analysis, vulnerability assessment, risk evaluation and risk management and control measures and proposals. On this basis, the results of geological hazards with different precipitation frequencies (5%, 2%, 1%) are presented. The results show that 75.23% of the regions remained at low risk levels; 24.38% of the regions increased a risk level with decreasing precipitation frequency, and 0.39% of the regions remained at extremely high risk levels under different precipitation frequency conditions. For the Quanjia bay debris flows and Panping Village landslides case, we discussed the geological hazards risk source control contents, management and control technologies, engineering and non-engineering measures of disaster prevention and control for urban disasters and specific disaster areas. This research can provide technical support and reference for disaster prevention and mitigation, and territorial spatial planning.

The organization and coordination of cross-border e-commerce platforms in agricultural product trading are continuously increasing, and the involvement of digital platforms has driven the integration and development of cross-border agricultural product supply chains with live-streaming e-commerce, effectively facilitating the comprehensive development of producers, sellers, and professional service providers within the ecosystem. However, despite the growing importance of this integration model in the market, there are still numerous unresolved issues from a supply chain perspective, and existing research provides relatively limited guidance on the effective operation of this integrated supply chain model. To address this gap in theoretical research, this study first delves into the essence and fundamental characteristics of sustainable cross-border agricultural product supply chains in the context of live streaming. Secondly, employing grounded theory as the primary research method and combining platform theory and ecosystem theory, an influencing factor system and an impact model for the development of sustainable cross-border agricultural product supply chains in the context of live streaming are constructed to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the complexity of this integrated supply chain model. Finally, from the perspectives of government agencies and practitioners, development pathways for sustainable cross-border agricultural product supply chains in the context of live-streaming e-commerce are proposed, aiming to enhance existing research and provide decision-making support for relevant stakeholders in formulating development strategies. The findings of this study contribute to expanding the research perspective on the ecosystem of live-streaming e-commerce and sustainable cross-border agricultural product supply chains, providing theoretical support for the establishment and operation of sustainable cross-border agricultural product supply chains in the context of live streaming. Additionally, it offers important references for promoting the sustainable development of live-streaming e-commerce and cross-border agricultural product supply chains, facilitating industry upgrading, global agricultural trade, and achieving mutually beneficial outcomes.

A high-efficient wideband through-silicon vias (TSVs) modeling method based on deep learning is proposed, and a compact three-dimensional (3D) spiral inductor is designed using the proposed method. By comparing different activation functions and loss functions, an adaptive deep neural network (DNN) based on Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU) and Huber functions for constructing parameterized TSV models is proposed. The model has much higher accuracy and better robustness than commonly used circuit equivalent models over a wide range of bandwidths. Moreover, a compact 3D spiral inductor using ground TSV is designed based on the DNN model. This 3D inductor greatly reduces the inductor area compared to planar inductors and has weak crosstalk between TSV pairs. The designed inductor is simulated by direct electromagnetic calculation to verify the proposed method and design.

Based on the analysis of the production composition of reservoirs developed by the second & tertiary recovery combination (STRC), the relationship between the overall output of the STRC project and the production level during the blank water flooding stage is proposed. According to the basic principle of reservoir engineering that the “recovery factor is equal to sweeping coefficient multiplied by oil displacement efficiency”, the formula for calculating the ultimate oil recovery factor of chemical combination flooding reservoir was established. By dividing the reservoir into a series of grids according to differential calculus thinking, the relationship between the ultimate recovery factor of a certain number of grids and the recovery degree of the reservoir was established, and then the variation law of oil production rate of the STRC reservoir was obtained. The concept of “oil rate enlargement factor of chemical combination flooding” was defined, and a production calculation method of reservoir developed by STRC was put forward based on practical oilfield development experience. The study shows that the oil production enhancing effect of STRC increases evenly with the increase of the ratio of STRC displacement efficiency to water displacement efficiency, and increases rapidly with the increase of the ratio of recovery degree at flooding mode conversion to the water displacement efficiency. STRC is more effective in increasing oil production of reservoir with high recovery degree. Through practical tests of the alkali free binary flooding (polymer/surfactant) projects, the relative error of the oil production calculation method of STRC reservoir is about ±10%, which meets the requirements of reservoir engineering.

How to identify deformed landslides in advance and conduct early risk assessments on them has become a research hotspot in the field of geological disaster prevention and control. In response to the above problems, the Jiangdingya landslide in the Bailong River Basin in Zhouqu is taken as a back analysis case, and a comprehensive study of the early identification and risk assessment of the landslide is carried out. In this paper, a full-process analysis method is proposed, which combine the small baseline subset interferometric synthetic aperture radar (SBAS-InSAR) technology interpretation, geo-mechanical analysis and dynamic process simulation. The research results show that the SABS-InSAR technology interpretation can effectively identify the range of the Jiangdingya landslide and its early deformation. It may be preliminarily determined that the failure mode of the Jiangdingya landslide is trailed and the plane characteristics of the landslide body is generally about 680 m in length and 210 m in width. Based on the early identification information and through geo-mechanical analysis, it is finally identified that the instability problem of the Jiangdingya landslide is a typical deformation problem of the front edge of the old accumulation layer landslide. The failure mode is the traction slip failure, the average thickness of the landslide body is in about 35 m, the overall slope of the sliding bed is relatively slow, and the moving speed is not large after instability. On the basis of the above analyses, a Coulomb friction model that conformed to the sliding friction characteristics of the Jiangdingya landslide body is selected. Based on the depth integral continuum equation, the dynamic process of the Jiangdingya landslide body is calculated and the speed of the landslide body is monitored. In terms of velocity monitoring curves and accumulation pattern, the sliding velocity of the landslide body is not large, the maximum value is about 2.2 m/s, the overall performance is pushing the Bailong River channel, and the possibility of blocking the river is relatively small. In addition, when the displacement of the front edge of the Jiangdingya landslide body is completed, the speed of the landslide body from the front edge to the rear edge quickly drope to zero, and the movement process is characterized by the traction movement. The analysis results of the Jiangdingya landslide in this paper are consistent with the actual event of the Jiangdingya landslide. The comprehensive analysis method and research model can provide a good reference for the early identification and risk assessment of similar landslides in the Bailong River Basin in Zhouqu county.

Objective: To systematically review the current state and holistic application of abdominal massage (AM). Design: A systematic review of qualitative evidence was conducted. All English articles exploring the topic of AM that had been published until the end of June 2021 were retrieved. Data sources: The PubMed, Cochrane library, and Embase databases were accessed. Some original texts were obtained from Google Scholar. Data extraction and synthesis: Two authors independently evaluated all search data to identify relevant studies. Disagreements were settled by discussion with a third author. Results were independently extracted into standardized sheets and checked for accuracy. Main results: A total of 107 full-text reports were eligible for inclusion. Adult digestive disorders, pediatric disorders, gynecological disorders, obstetric disorders, metabolic disorders, psychological disorders, the side effects of AM, and animal experiments accounted for 49.53%, 14.02%, 7.48%, 7.48%, 4.67%, 4.67%, 5.61%, and 6.54% of all these papers, respectively, with most reports focusing on clinical studies. Conclusion: The variety of diseases treated with AM is gradually increasing, and the treatment programs of AM for many diseases are being gradually optimized. Different forms of AM, especially mechanical AM, have been widely studied; the side effects of AM have also been considered; and the possible mechanisms of AM therapy continue to be discovered. In general, AM is an effective and safe therapy and can be widely used in various diseases, but further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanism of AM for different diseases. In the future, AM could become an even safer, more popular, and more modern therapy.

As a new type of one-dimensional semiconductor nanometer material, silicon nanowires (SiNWs) possess good application prospects in the field of biomedical sensing. SiNWs have excellent electronic properties for improving the detection sensitivity of biosensors. The combination of SiNWs and field effect transistors (FETs) formed one special biosensor with high sensitivity and target selectivity in real-time and label-free. Recently, SiNW-FETs have received more attention in fields of biomedical detection. Here, we give a critical review of the progress of SiNW-FETs, in particular, about the reversible surface modification methods. Moreover, we summarized the applications of SiNW-FETs in DNA, protein, and microbial detection. We also discuss the related working principle and technical approaches. Our review provides an extensive discussion for studying the challenges in the future development of SiNW-FETs.

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are widely used in biosensing applications due to their excellent physical and chemical properties. Due to the properties of biomaterial targets, the biggest challenge that biosensors face now is how to improve the sensitivity and stability. A lot of materials had been used to enhance the target signal. Among them, TMDCs show excellent performance in enhancing biosensing signals because of their metallic and semi-conducting electrical capabilities, tunable band gap, large specific surface area and so on. Here, we review different functionalization methods and research progress of TMDCs-based biosensors. The modification methods of TMDCs for biosensor fabrication mainly include two strategies: non-covalent and covalent interaction. The article summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different modification strategies and their effects on biosensing performance. The authors present the challenges and issues that TMDCs need to be addressed in biosensor applications. Finally, the review expresses the positive application prospects of TMDCs-based biosensors in the future.

Abstract Harvesting energy from natural water evaporation has been proposed as a promising alternative to supply power for self‐powered and low‐power devices and systems, owing to its spontaneous, ubiquitous, and sustainability. Herein, an approach is presented for harvesting water‐evaporation‐induced electricity based on liquid–solid triboelectric nanogenerators (LS‐TENGs), which has various advantages of easy preparation, substrate needless, and robustness. This developed harvester with porous Al2O3 ceramic sheet can generate a continuous and stable direct current of ≈0.3 µA and voltage of ≈0.7 V by optimizing the sheet physical dimensions and ambient parameters such as relative humidity, temperature, wind velocity, and ion concentration. The output power also can be improved significantly by series or parallel connection the harvesters, which has superior electrical compatibility and environmental suitability. The development of the water‐evaporation‐induced electricity harvesting shows many application prospects including power supply for digital calculator and charging capacitor. This research provides an in‐depth experimental study on water‐evaporation‐induced electricity harvesting based on LS‐TENGs and an efficient approach to supply electricity for low‐power devices.

Due to the gapless between any two successive subbands with the same spin, the spin polarization in uniform MoS2 zigzag nanoribbon (MoS2-ZR) is weak. Here, through configuring Z-shaped structure, we realize 100% spin polarization in MoS2-ZR with only exchange field. The filtered spin electrons transmit along a specified edge of the device. This phenomenon is the result of the combined effect of the localized edge states and structure induced inversion of the Mo-edge and S-edge. In our calculation the fully spin polarization appears in several energy regions, so this Z-shaped MoS2-ZRs can be used in making spintronic devices.

Abstract This study investigates the possibility of the carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based through‐silicon vias (TSVs) for improving power integrity of 3‐D integrated circuits (3‐D ICs). The circuit model is developed for 2‐bit CNT TSV and validated through the full‐wave electromagnetic simulator HFSS simulations. The 2‐bit CNT TSV is applied to power distribution networks (PDNs) by combining the validated equivalent‐circuit model and that TSV‐based PDN impedance is compared with the traditional one. By virtue of the large capacitance and low inductance of the 2‐bit CNT TSV, the PDN impedance of the 3‐D IC can be suppressed significantly and the anti‐resonant frequency can be increased.

Environmental pollution and medicine safety have aroused increasing public concerns due to human health. Amongst various contaminants, mercury is of special attention owing to their environmental persistence and biogeochemical recycling and ecological risks. Herein, a simple and highly parallel electrochemical biosensor for Hg determination was designed and investigated. The proposed biosensor was prepared and compared between (1) DTT/MB-DNA/Au with configuration occupation approach and (2) MCH/MB-DNA/Au with passivation approach. According to the combined results of scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) and Randles-Sevcik equation, the DTT modified electrode exhibited high uniformity on DNA distribution and superb stability on electron transfer in Hg2+ detection. Evidentially, the response value of proposed DTT/MB-DNA/Au was increased from 57.518% to 97.607%, while RSD% between duplicate runs had dropped from 22.658% to 0.223% (n = 3). Moreover, the increased proportion of effective working area was 467.380% compared with general sensors. Besides, DTT concentration, DNA concentration as well as assembly time were optimized, utilizing electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Square Wave Anode Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV). This optimized biosensor exhibited an excellent selectivity toward Hg2+ over Cu2+, As2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, Ni2+ and Zn2+ etc., and the stability of DTT/MB-DNA/Au were at least two times better even after 3 days under room temperature. Also, a linear relation was observed between the peak current and Hg2+concentrations in a range from 0.25 nM to 2.00 μM with a detection limit of 53.00 pM under optimal conditions. Finally, DTT/MB-DNA/Au was applied for plants and medical products analysis. In all, this optimized DTT/MB-DNA/Au with advantages of high repeatability and sensitivity would provide a new insight into the design and application of biosensor for reliable sensing in safeguarding plant protection and medicinal safety.

As an indirect noise source generated in the combustion chamber, entropy waves are widely prevalent in modern gas turbines and aero-engines. In the present work, the influence of entropy waves on the downstream flow field of a turbine guide vane is investigated. The work is mainly based on a well-known experimental configuration called LS89. Two different turbulence models are used in the simulations which are the standard k-ω model and the scale-adaptive simulation (SAS) model. In order to handle the potential transition issue, Menter’s ð-Reθ transition model is coupled with both models. The baseline cases are first simulated with the two different turbulence models without any incoming perturbation. Then one forced case with an entropy wave train set at the turbine inlet at a given frequency and amplitude is simulated. Results show that the downstream maximum Mach number is rising from 0.98 to 1.16, because the entropy waves increase the local temperature of the flow field; also, the torque of the vane varies as the entropy waves go through, the magnitude of the oscillation is 7% of the unforced case. For the wall (both suction and pressure side of the vane) heat transfer, the entropy waves make the maximum heat transfer coefficient nearly twice as the large at the leading edge, while the minimum heat transfer coefficient stays at a low level. As for the averaged normalized heat transfer coefficient, a maximum difference of 30% appears between the baseline case and the forced case. Besides, during the transmission process of entropy waves, the local pressure fluctuates with the wake vortex shedding. The oscillation magnitude of the pressure wave at the throat is found to be enhanced due to the inlet entropy wave by applying the dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) method. Moreover, the transmission coefficient of the entropy waves, and the reflection and transmission coefficients of acoustic waves are calculated.

This paper presents two complementary split-ring resonator (CSRR)-based sensors for full characterization of magneto-dielectric materials. The first proposed sensor is designed by loading the microstrip line with a CSRR, while the second one is by loading the microstrip line with two CSRRs. To distinguish the effects of permittivity and permeability on the shift of resonant frequency, the electric and magnetic fields are designed to be located at two separate zones in the CSRR. Two 50Ω resistors are mounted at the ends of the microstrip line to increase the quality factor. In addition, the second sensor can perform measurements of complex permittivity and complex permeability of the magneto-dielectric materials in a single run, thereby making the measurement faster, easier, and in a more cost-effective way. The prototypes of two proposed sensors are fabricated and tested for validation of their functionality. A good agreement can be achieved between the measured data and the reference values from the manufacturers' datasheet, thereby demonstrating the applicability of the proposed sensors for full characterization of the magneto-dielectric materials.

A portable microwave complex permittivity sensor based on the interferometry configuration is proposed. A complementary compact microstrip resonant cell (CCMRC) is applied as the sensitive element, which converts the dielectric information of the material under test (MUT) into the phase variations of its transmission coefficient. A miniaturized interferometry platform based on a down-converting mixer further translates the phase change into DC output voltage variation, which can be readily recorded with a direct readout circuit. In this context, expensive and bulky vector network analyzer is no longer needed, thereby leading to a low hardware cost. With comprehensive theoretical analysis, the material permittivity is simply extracted using a specific extrapolation algorithm. As a proof of concept, several different solid material samples with known permittivity values are used to verify the devised detection system.

Table tennis competition is voted as one of the most popular competitive sports. The referee umpires the competition mainly based on visual observation and experience, which may make misjudgments on competition results due to the referee's subjective uncertainty or imprecision. In this work, a novel intelligent umpiring system based on arrayed self-powered acceleration sensor nodes was presented to enhance the competition accuracy. A sensor node array model was established to detect ball collision point on the table tennis table. This model clearly illuminated the working mechanism of the proposed umpiring system. And an improved particle swarm optimization (level-based competitive swarm optimization) was applied to optimize the arrayed sensor nodes distribution by redefining the representations and update rules of position and velocity. The optimized results showed that the number of sensors decreased from 58 to 51. Also, the reliability of the optimized nodes distribution of the table tennis umpiring system has been verified theoretically. The results revealed that our system achieved a precise detection of the ball collision point with uniform error distances below 3.5 mm. Besides, this research offered an in-depth study on intelligent umpiring system based on arrayed self-powered sensor nodes, which will improve the accuracy of the umpiring of table tennis competition.

Digitalization is viewed as a potential solution to environmental sustainability issues. However, existing researches suggest that the environmental impact of digital technology is uncertain. This study focuses on the National Supercomputing Center (NSC) in China, a large-scale computing infrastructure, and expands the correlation between digital infrastructure and green development from a computing perspective. Based on the synthetic control method, we select non-supercomputing cities as the control group and assign appropriate weighting. Through the fitting of a synthetic control group (refer to as the synthetic city) with similar characteristics, the analysis is conducted to compare carbon emissions (CO _2 emission) between NSC city and the synthetic city. The empirical results show that the NSC may worsen regional CO _2 emissions, and this result still holds true after a series of robustness tests. Mechanism examinations show that the NSC does not exhibit significant composition effect (energy structure improvement) and technology effect (green technology innovation), while scale effect (increase in energy demand and consumption) dominate the NSC’s carbon emissions. Based on these findings, we consider that in addition to improving the energy efficiency of supercomputing centers, the adoption of cleaner renewable energy and the promotion of knowledge spillovers are crucial for achieving a green transformation for computing infrastructure.

Global warming has currently become a great concern to the international community, among which the three poles (the Arctic, Antarctic, and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) are the most serious. In this paper, in order to improve the understanding of the matter and energy cycle in the three poles and even the world, eleven shortwave products, (namely, CERES-SYN, ERA5, MERRA-2, NCEP-CFSR, JRA-55, GLDAS, BESS_Rad, MCD18A1, ISCCP-HXG-SSR, GLASS and APP-x), and seven longwave products, (CERES-SYN, ERA5, MERRA-2, NCEP-CFSR, JRA-55, GLDAS, and APP-x) are evaluated and inter-compared in terms of accuracy. During the assessment, the ground measurements collected from four independent ground observation networks (BSRN, CEOP, TPDC, and NMC) are used as reference, and the being compared products are aggregated to the same spatial and temporal scales to make them comparable. To better examine their performance, the eleven radiation products are comprehensively compared in multiple spatial (original scale and 1°×1°) and temporal scales (1-hourly, 3-hourly, daily, and monthly means, and instantaneous). The results show that in the three poles, CERES-SYN and ERA5 show overall better accuracy, at daily, 1°×1° resolutions. The (r)bias and (r)RMSE are less than (3%)5 W/m2 and (23%)40 W/m2 for SWDR, and less than (3%)7 W/m2 and (15%)25 W/m2 for LWDR, respectively, over the polar regions (the Arctic and Antarctic), which are generally better than that of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau for most products. The remote sensing products and reanalysis products have their own advantages and disadvantages at different regions. In addition, with the spatio-temporal resolution decreasing, the accuracy of radiation products will gradually increase, except for the products of MCD18A1, ISCCP-HXG-SSR, NCEP-CFSR and GLDAS.