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Marcos Hernández, Gabriel García, Jimena Falco, Agustín R García, Vanina Martín, Manuel Ibarrola, Silvia Quadrelli Department of Respiratory Medicine, Güemes Foundation, Buenos Aires, Argentina Objective: The objective of this study was to examine how COPD patients were classified by the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) spirometry-based severity system and the distribution of COPD severity using the new GOLD 2011 assessment framework.Materials and methods: This was an observational, retrospective cohort study conducted in a single tertiary center on a prospective database, which aimed to evaluate the prevalence, incidence, severity, and comorbidities of COPD. Inclusion criteria were age ≥40 years and COPD diagnosis according to GOLD 2007 classification. Clinical factors were compared between the categories in GOLD 2007 and 2011 groups by using the χ2 test for categorical data and the analysis of variance for continuous data.Results: In total, 420 COPD patients were included in the analysis. The distribution of patients into GOLD 2007 categories was as follows: 6.4% (n=27) of them were classified into subgroup I, 42.1% (n=177) into subgroup II, 37.9% (n=159) into subgroup III, and 13.6% (n=57) into subgroup IV. The distribution of patients into GOLD 2011 categories was as follows: 16.4% (n=69) of them were classified into subgroup A (low risk and fewer symptoms), 32.1% (n=135) into subgroup B (low risk and more symptoms), 21.6% (n=91) into subgroup C (high risk and fewer symptoms), and 29.7% (n=125) into subgroup D (high risk and more symptoms). After the application of the new GOLD 2011 (modified Medical Research Council [mMRC] system), 22% (n=94) of patients were upgraded to a higher level than their spirometry level, and 16.2% (n=68) of them were downgraded in their severity category, meaning that almost 40% of patients changed their severity assessment category. In total, 22% of patients in stage I were allocated to group B, and 35% of patients in stage IV were allocated to group C. Patients in stage III were the most frequently upgraded to a higher risk group (D), taking into account mMRC and exacerbation history.Conclusion: Classifying patients using the new GOLD 2011 criteria reallocated a relevant proportion of patients to a different risk category and identified larger proportions of patients in the mildest and more severe groups compared with GOLD 2007 classification. Keywords: incidence, severity, comorbidities, spirometry level, exacerbation

Los himenópteros originan grandes beneficios al hombre. Las abejas son importantes agentes polinizadores de plantas silvestres y cultivadas, la abeja doméstica es conocida por la producción de miel y cera elementos de gran utilidad en el Ecuador. En este trabajo se registraron por observación directa durante el periodo enero-abril de 2020, las especies vegetales usadas por la abeja reina (Melipona mimetica) en el recinto San Antonio de Aguas Blancas, parroquia Guare del cantón Baba, Provincia de los Ríos donde se constató la presencia de la abeja pecoreando en 9 especies, pertenecientes 9 géneros y 8 familias, todas dicotiledóneas ente cultivadas y silvestres, las cuales se describen botánicamente.

This study aims to estimate the welfare gains of the Philippine milkfish industry in establishing local fry hatcheries to reduce imports from Indonesia and Taiwan. It also seeks to identify the industry stakeholders who gain from this import substitution endeavour. The economic surplus model was used to estimate the welfare gains from the commercialization of the hatchery-bred milkfish fry in the fishery sector. Specifically, the changes in consumer and/or producer surplus per stakeholder were compared to determine who the biggest gainers are. Results of the study showed that the consumer surplus from the milkfish fry industry was larger than its producer surplus. On the other hand, the reverse was true for the grow-out industry. It is interesting to note that the consumers in the fry industry and the producer in the grow-out industry were the same set of stakeholders, i.e., the milkfish grow-out operators, who gained the most from this development. The study also showed that commercializing the local milkfish hatchery technologies can bring about more benefits to the country than importing fry and fingerlings. Hence, the development of local hatcheries for other aquaculture species can be expected to bring similar welfare gains. More importantly, the technical and financial assistance that were extended by the government’s fishery institutions through the GAINEX project as pioneered by DOST-PCAARRD can serve as an effective catalyst to prospective hatchery operators in reducing the risks, especially when setting-up a new enterprise like the hatchery-bred fry for an emerging aquaculture species in the country.

C19H24N2O6, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 8.3611(7) Å, b = 9.0521(8) Å, c = 13.8988(8) Å, β = 106.710(5)°, V = 1007.52(14) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0428, wRref(F2) = 0.1174, T = 293(2) K.

C17H23NO5, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 6.0479(9) Å, b = 9.7032(10) Å, c = 14.711(2) Å, β = 94.174(9)°, V = 861.0(2) Å3, Z = 2, Rgt(F) = 0.0440, wRref(F2) = 0.1436, T = 293(2) K.

C14H19NO2S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 8.6849(10) Å, b = 18.740(2) Å, c = 10.0465(12) Å, β = 112.845(3)°, V = 1506.9(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0685, wRref(F2) = 0.2023, T = 293(2) K.

C18H24N2O5, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 11.4784(7) Å, b = 9.0180(8) Å, c = 17.9483(17) Å, β = 92.823(7)°, V = 1855.6(3) Å3, Z = 4, Rgt(F) = 0.0505, wRref(F2) = 0.1611, T = 293 K.

We confirmed the emergence of bluetongue virus (BTV) in 5 wild ruminant species in Spain. BTV seroprevalence was high and dispersed with time, with a south-to-north gradient. Our results suggest a complex epidemiology of BTV and underline the need for additional research on wildlife in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La corriente regalista en las principales monarquías católicas asumió los principios del antijesuitismo como una de sus características más sobresalientes a mediados del Setecientos. La ofensiva contra la Compañía de Jesús llevada a cabo desde la monarquía portuguesa fue un precedente que tuvo su reflejo en los territorios gobernados por la Casa de Borbón, que a la postre se coaligaron en un frente diplomático para conseguir la extinción pontificia de la Orden en 1773. En ese largo y complicado proceso, nuestra intención es visibilizar el papel de las mujeres, provenientes de todos los estamentos sociales del Antiguo Régimen, demostrando su participación, en uno u otro bando de la pugna entre el antijesuitismo y los defensores de la Compañía, en un momento clave en las monarquías ibéricas por sus implicaciones sociales, políticas y religiosas.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar, en términos de su consistencia cardinal, ordinal y dicotómica, cinco indicadores alternativos de especialización comercial. Tres están basados en el enfoque de las ventajas comparativas reveladas: una versión simétrica del índice de Balassa, el chi-cuadrado y el índice de Ventajas Relativas del Comercio. Los otros dos están basados en el enfoque de la balanza comercial: una variante del índice de Michaely y otra del índice de Iapadre. Se aplica al caso particular del comercio mundial de mantequilla de Argentina y Uruguay en el período 1995-2006. Los resultados varían entre los dos países, habiéndose encontrado que algunos indicadores podrían utilizarse de manera sustitutiva mientras que otros deberían utilizarse de manera complementaria. En términos económicos, se detecta una especialización fluctuante según los años en Argentina y mucha estabilidad en Uruguay. // This study aims to evaluate, in terms of their cardinal, ordinal, and dichotomy consistency, five alternative comercial specialization indicators: a Balassa symmetric index version; a Chi-Squared Index; and the Relative Trade Advantage Index, all these three based on revealed comparative advantage theory; and two additional: Michaely Index variation, and Iapadre Index variation, based on trade balance flows. It is applied to the particular case of Argentina and Uruguay butter world trade during 1995-2006. The results vary for both countries. Some indicators are found to be useful as substitutes while other in a complementary manner. Economically, the indicators show that the Argentine specialization fluctuates among years while the Uruguayan is very stable.

This paper analyzes the impact of the real exchange rate (RER) on domestic supply and export of dairy products from Argentina during the period 2000-2012. For this is estimate a series of models that incorporate different measures of RER. The results show that all measures of the RER are statistically significant, with a greater impact on exports than domestic supply. Disaggregating the bilateral RER, we find that the nominal exchange rate and domestic inflation are significant in determining the fate of the deal. It also emphasizes the importance of primary milk production as a determinant of exports.

El presente trabajo analiza el impacto del tipo de cambio real (TCR) sobre la oferta doméstica y exportable de los productos lácteos de Argentina durante el período 2000-2012. Para ello se estiman una serie de modelos que incorporan diferentes medidas del TCR. Los resultados muestran que todas las medidas del TCR son estadísticamente significativas, con un impacto mayor en las exportaciones que en la oferta doméstica. Al desagregar el TCR bilateral, se tiene que el tipo de cambio nominal y la inflación doméstica son significativos en la determinación de los destinos de la oferta. Se destaca también la importancia de la producción primaria de leche como determinante de las exportaciones.

El proceso de expulsión de los jesuitas portugueses fue seguido con una gran expectación en España, tanto por los círculos anti-jesuitas como por los jesuitas españoles y sus partidarios. El presente trabajo expone algunos de los ejemplos que muestran la implicación de los jesuitas españoles y su entorno social en la defensa y auxilio de los jesuitas portugueses para neutralizar la política antijesuita auspiciada por el Secretario de los Negocios del Reino portugués, el futuro marqués de Pombal.