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Desde este enfoque vital surge como iniciativa, el I Encuentro internacional de docentes-estudiantes, investigadores y emprendedores, cuyo objetivo académico insta a presentar el binomio de cooperación académica del docente y su labor investigativa con los estudiantes, permitiendo el espacio para difundir sus productos científicos , en líneas y ejes con enfoque actual en la multidisciplinariedad del saber, y los avances en innovación, ciencia y tecnología y su trascendencia en el emprendedurismo de cada país. En ese sentido, la disertación de magistrales y reconocidos conferencistas internacionales, de Colombia, Argentina, Chile, México, Venezuela, permitieron rescatar la importancia y las reflexiones actuales sobre temas vinculados a la metodología, paradigmas y epistemología investigativa, así como la formación en valores como cultura, además de rescatar la importancia de la educación y su rol en la sociedad del siglo XXI, las nuevas tendencias sobre procesos de aprendizaje desde la psicología, aportes significativos desde el abordaje holístico y la investigación en prospectiva, y los avances en producción científica en países de América Latina, permitió dilucidar problemas, metodologías y propuestas para profundizar desde la academia. De igual manera, agradeciendo la participación de expertos como revisores de las investigaciones, los temas presentados cumplen con la evaluación de pares, los temas se presentaron de diferentes países de América Latina, y diversas instituciones universitarias, dando a conocer en formalidad virtual, la valiosa contribución que desde la educación se promueve para intervenir como actores sociales, políticos, Económicos en la dinámica del contexto local, nacional e internacional. En suma, todos los aportes contribuyen a reflexionar sobre la importancia de la educación, la labor docente, el aporte y la participación activa del estudiante en procesos investigativos que a su vez se extienden a su difusión, a través de eventos, publicaciones científicas. La cultura de educar emprendedores, como actividad exógena de la universidad, es un espacio académico que articula los procesos de vinculación con las organizaciones del medio socio–productivo, posibilitando la red de una plataforma básica de conocimientos y conceptos, de procesos y metodologías de gestión y administración, que permitan dotar a los estudiantes de las competencias esenciales para involucrarse en una sociedad cada vez más competitiva, más interconectada ya su vez más compleja. nacionales e internacionales. En suma, todos los aportes contribuyen a reflexionar sobre la importancia de la educación, la labor docente, el aporte y la participación activa del estudiante en procesos investigativos que a su vez se extienden a su difusión, a través de eventos, publicaciones científicas. La cultura de educar emprendedores, como actividad exógena de la universidad, es un espacio académico que articula los procesos de vinculación con las organizaciones del medio socio–productivo, posibilitando la red de una plataforma básica de conocimientos y conceptos, de procesos y metodologías de gestión y administración, que permitan dotar a los estudiantes de las competencias esenciales para involucrarse en una sociedad cada vez más competitiva, más interconectada ya su vez más compleja. nacionales e internacionales. En suma, todos los aportes contribuyen a reflexionar sobre la importancia de la educación, la labor docente, el aporte y la participación activa del estudiante en procesos investigativos que a su vez se extienden a su difusión, a través de eventos, publicaciones científicas. La cultura de educar emprendedores, como actividad exógena de la universidad, es un espacio académico que articula los procesos de vinculación con las organizaciones del medio socio–productivo, posibilitando la red de una plataforma básica de conocimientos y conceptos, de procesos y metodologías de gestión y administración, que permitan dotar a los estudiantes de las competencias esenciales para involucrarse en una sociedad cada vez más competitiva, más interconectada ya su vez más compleja. todos los aportes contribuyeron a reflexionar sobre la importancia de la educación, la labor docente, el aporte y la participación activa del estudiante en procesos investigativos que a su vez se extienden a su difusión, a través de eventos, publicaciones científicas. La cultura de educar emprendedores, como actividad exógena de la universidad, es un espacio académico que articula los procesos de vinculación con las organizaciones del medio socio–productivo, posibilitando la red de una plataforma básica de conocimientos y conceptos, de procesos y metodologías de gestión y administración, que permitan dotar a los estudiantes de las competencias esenciales para involucrarse en una sociedad cada vez más competitiva, más interconectada ya su vez más compleja. todos los aportes contribuyeron a reflexionar sobre la importancia de la educación, la labor docente, el aporte y la participación activa del estudiante en procesos investigativos que a su vez se extienden a su difusión, a través de eventos, publicaciones científicas. La cultura de educar emprendedores, como actividad exógena de la universidad, es un espacio académico que articula los procesos de vinculación con las organizaciones del medio socio–productivo, posibilitando la red de una plataforma básica de conocimientos y conceptos, de procesos y metodologías de gestión y administración, que permitan dotar a los estudiantes de las competencias esenciales para involucrarse en una sociedad cada vez más competitiva, más interconectada ya su vez más compleja. el aporte y la participación activa del estudiante en procesos investigativos que a su vez se extienden a su difusión, a través de eventos, publicaciones científicas. La cultura de educar emprendedores, como actividad exógena de la universidad, es un espacio académico que articula los procesos de vinculación con las organizaciones del medio socio–productivo, posibilitando la red de una plataforma básica de conocimientos y conceptos, de procesos y metodologías de gestión y administración, que permitan dotar a los estudiantes de las competencias esenciales para involucrarse en una sociedad cada vez más competitiva, más interconectada ya su vez más compleja. el aporte y la participación activa del estudiante en procesos investigativos que a su vez se extienden a su difusión, a través de eventos, publicaciones científicas. La cultura de educar emprendedores, como actividad exógena de la universidad, es un espacio académico que articula los procesos de vinculación con las organizaciones del medio socio–productivo, posibilitando la red de una plataforma básica de conocimientos y conceptos, de procesos y metodologías de gestión y administración, que permitan dotar a los estudiantes de las competencias esenciales para involucrarse en una sociedad cada vez más competitiva, más interconectada ya su vez más compleja.

Bats are important natural reservoir hosts of a diverse range of viruses that can be transmitted to humans and have been suggested that could play an important role in the Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission cycle. However, the exact role of these animals as reservoirs for Flaviviruses is still controversial. To further expand our understanding of the role of bats in the ZIKV transmission cycle in Latin America, we carried an experimental infection in wild-caught Artibeus bats and sampled several free-living neotropical bats over three countries of the region. Experimental ZIKV infection was made in free-ranging adult bats (4 females and 5 males). The most relevant gross findings were hemorrhages in the bladder, stomach and patagium. Significant histological findings included inflammatory infiltrate consisting of a predominance of neutrophils and lymphocytes, in addition to degeneration in the reproductive tract of males and females. This suggests that bat reproduction might be at some level affected by ZIKV. Leukopenia was also observed in some inoculated animals. Hemorrhages, genital alterations, and leukopenia are suggestive to be caused by ZIKV, however, since these are wild-caught bats, we can not exclude other agents. Excretion of ZIKV by qPCR was detected (low titles) in only two urine samples in two inoculated animals. All other animals and tissues tested negative. Finally, no virus-neutralizing Abs were found in any animal. To determine ZIKV infection in nature, a total of 2056 bats were blood sampled for ZIKV detection by qPCR. Most of the sampled individuals belonged to the genus Pteronotus sp. (23%), followed by the species Carollia sp. (17%); Anoura sp. (14%), and Molossus sp. (13.7 %). No sample of any tested species resulted positive to ZIKV by qPCR.These results together suggest that bats are not efficient amplifiers or reservoirs of ZIKV and may not have an important role in ZIKV transmission dynamics.Author summaryIn previous works made in 2008-2009, we have found the presence of antibodies against Flaviviruses and viral RNA has been detected in Neotropical chiropterans of Mexico, which led us to support the hypothesis that these animals could be reservoirs of Flaviviruses. As controversial opinions have been exposed, and based on a previous (2019) experimental ZIKV infection made in Colorado State University using adult Artibeus males from a captive colony, in this work we also experimentally infected adult Artibeus males complementarily adding females and using free-living animals instead of laboratory bats. We also monitored a diverse range of natural bat populations in Latin America for the presence of viral RNA against ZIKV in blood. A plaque reduction seroneutralization test was used for the detection of antibodies against ZIKV. Similar to the previous work, we found histopathological alteration in male testicles but also in ovaries and oviducts of females, as well as gliosis and multifocal necrosis in pyramidal neurons and Purkinge cells of inoculated animals. Only two urine samples from inoculated animals showed viral RNA. Additionally, leukopenia and lymphoid follicular splenic hyperplasia were evidenced. Differing to what was reported, no neutralizing antibodies against ZIKV were detected in any sample. Viral RNA within the blood was not present in any of the 2056 bat samples collected in French Guyana, Peru and Costa Rica and proceeding from 33 bat genera. These results together suggest that bats are not efficient amplifiers or reservoirs of ZIKV and might not have an important role on ZIKV transmission dynamics.

Blood-feeding arthropods play a major role in the transmission of several flaviviruses, which represent an important problem for human health. Currently, dengue is one of the most important arboviral emerging diseases worldwide. Furthermore, some previous studies have reported the presence of viral nucleic acids and antibodies against dengue virus (DENV) in wild animals. Our knowledge of the role played by wildlife reservoirs in the sylvatic transmission and maintenance of DENV remains limited. Our objective was to screen blood-feeding ectoparasites (bat flies) and their common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) hosts, for flaviviruses in Hidalgo, Mexico. We detected Flavivirus sequences in 38 pools of ectoparasites (Diptera: Streblidae, Strebla wiedemanni and Trichobius parasiticus) and 8 tissue samples of D. rotundus by RT-PCR and semi-nested PCR using FlaviPF1S, FlaviPR2bis, and FlaviPF3S primers specific for NS5, a gene highly conserved among flaviviruses. Phylogenetic inference analysis performed using the maximum likelihood algorithm implemented in PhyML showed that six sequences clustered with DENV (bootstrap value = 53.5%). Although this study supports other reports of DENV detection in bats and arthropods other than Aedes mosquitoes, the role of these ectoparasitic flies and of hematophagous bats in the epidemiology of DENV still warrants further investigation.

Bartonellae are emerging blood-borne bacteria that have been recovered from a wide range of mammalian species and arthropod vectors around the world. Bats are now recognized as a potential wildlife reservoir for a diverse number of Bartonella species, including the zoonotic Candidatus B. mayotimonensis. These bat-borne Bartonella species have also been detected in the obligate ectoparasites of bats, such as blood-feeding flies, which could transmit these bacteria within bat populations. To better understand this potential for transmission, we investigated the relatedness between Bartonella detected or isolated from bat hosts sampled in Mexico and their ectoparasites. Bartonella spp. were identified in bat flies collected on two bat species, with the highest prevalence in Trichobius parasiticus and Strebla wiedemanni collected from common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus). When comparing Bartonella sequences from a fragment of the citrate synthase gene (gltA), vector-associated strains were diverse and generally close to, but distinct from, those recovered from their bacteremic bat hosts in Mexico. Complete Bartonella sequence concordance was observed in only one bat-vector pair. The diversity of Bartonella strains in bat flies reflects the frequent host switch by bat flies, as they usually do not live permanently on their bat host. It may also suggest a possible endosymbiotic relationship with these vectors for some of the Bartonella species carried by bat flies, whereas others could have a mammalian host.

Recently, the presence of antibodies and dengue virus (DV) RNA in neotropical wild mammals, including Desmodus rotundus, was reported. In a previous study, DV was also found in a high percentage (39.6%) of ectoparasitic hematophagous dipters specifics of these hematophagous bats. In order to verify the susceptibility of these ectoparasites to DV, in this work experimental infections with VD2 of organs explants of Strebla wiedemanni and of Melophagus ovinus were performed using C6/36 cells as control. Viral titers (UFP/mL) were determined at 0, 48 and 96 hrs pi. Infected organs were observed by electron microscopy and under the confocal microscopy indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) using specific conjugates against DV. The infected organs of both species of ectoparasites replicated DV at titers similar to those obtained with the C6/36 cell line (≥10

El presente estudio pretende estandarizar el método de Biuret para cuantificar proteínas totales en sueros antibotrópicos polivalentes. Se estudiaron los siguientes parámetros: linealidad, exactitud, precisión, límite de detección y cuantificación. El valor del coeficiente de correlación (0,996 tanto para linealidad del método y del sistema); coeficiente de determinación (0,992 y 0,993 para linealidad del sistema y del método respectivamente). La recuperación lograda en los tres niveles trabajados (98,86%), la recuperación por niveles (99,73; 97,51 y 99,34%). El coeficiente de variación de la precisión del sistema (4,51), nos señala una falta de precisión a este nivel. Sin embargo, respecto a la precisión del método un coeficiente de variación en los tres niveles trabajados (2,81) y por cada nivel (3,69, 3,38 y 1,55), por debajo del valor especificado nos demuestra una concordancia de los resultados

Investigadores Estudiantes

This article presents the preliminary findings of the Survey on Teenagers and Youth Reproductive Behavior in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City, which contains information on 1,010 teenagers and young adults from 10 to 25 years of age interviewed in 1987. The average age was 17 years; 51.7 per cent of those interviewed were male and 48.3 per cent were female. A total of 14.6 per cent were married, being the average age at marriage 19.2 years for males and 17.8 years for females. Menarche occurred at an average age of 12.4 years, and spermarche at 14. Of those interviewed, 32.7 per cent have had sexual intercourse at least once in their lives. The average age at which sexual activity had begun, in the case of males, was 16 years and for females, 17 years. Of this group, 33.8 per cent stated that they had used some form of contraception during the first sexual intercourse; the contraceptive methods used most often were rhythm and withdrawal. The main source of supply of other methods is the pharmacy, in 67 per cent. 18.4 per cent of women had been pregnant, and 20.4 per cent of men's partners had presented this same condition. The first pregnancy occurred at 17.8 years for women and 18.7 for men. Of those men and women with a pregnancy experience 66.1 per cent and 57.3 per cent, respectively, stated that their first pregnancy was an unplanned one. Also, first pregnancy was related to their first marriage in 48.1 per cent of women and 82.4 per cent of male. The data presented here will reinforce current knowledge and will enable us to obtain a profile of the reproductive behavior of teenagers and young adults in the metropolitan area of Mexico City.

The purpose of this article is to provide a brief description of the information that the adolescent and youth population of Mexico City has concerning the knowledge and use of contraceptive methods, as well as the reasons why they do not adopt some contraceptive method during their sexual relations. The data obtained from the Survey on Adolescent and Youth Reproductive Behavior in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City serves as a basis for pointing out several behavior patterns of the male and female population from 10 to 25 years of age. Of those interviewed, 32.7 per cent had had at least one sexual contact; the average age at which sexual relations had begun was 16 years for males and 17 for females. A total of 33.8 per cent of those who had had sexual contact stated that they had used some form of contraception, the principal methods used during first sexual intercourse being rhythm (36.9%); withdrawal (23.6%), and condoms (12.3%). The reasons for not using any contraceptive method were as follows: lack of knowledge regarding the methods, how to use them or where to obtain them (39.4%), and unplanned sexual intercourse (28.9%). During the last sexual contact they had, 70.5 per cent had used a contraceptive. The methods most frequently used were hormonal contraceptives and IUD (40.9%); rhythm (23.8%), and withdrawal and condoms. The reasons why no contraceptive was used in the last sexual contact were: neither partner thought that pregnancy would occur (27.1%) and the sexual contact was unplanned.