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Advanced atherosclerotic disease increases the risk of stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. We aimed to determine if an abnormal ankle-brachial index (ABI) value as a surrogate of atherosclerotic disease and vascular inflammation provides information on 1-year risk of cardiovascular events after DES implantation. A prospective cohort of 1,437 consecutive patients undergoing DES implantation from January through April 2008 in 26 Spanish hospitals was examined. ABI was calculated by Doppler in a standardized manner. Patients were followed to 12 months after the percutaneous coronary intervention to determine total and cardiovascular mortality, stroke, nonfatal acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and new revascularizations. Association of an abnormal ABI value (i.e., ≤ 0.9 or ≥ 1.4) with outcomes was assessed by conventional logistic regression and by propensity-score analysis. Patients with abnormal ABI values (n = 582, 40.5%) in general had higher global cardiovascular risk, the reason for DES implantation was more often ACS, and had a higher rate of complications during admission (heart failure or stroke or major hemorrhage 11.3% vs 5.3%, p <0.001). An abnormal ABI value was independently associated with 1-year total mortality (odds ratio 2.23, 95% confidence interval 1.13 to 4.4) and cardiovascular mortality (odds ratio 2.06, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 4.22). No independent association was found between an abnormal ABI value and 1-year nonfatal ACS, stroke, and new revascularizations. In conclusion, although an abnormal ABI value was associated with fatal outcomes in patients receiving DESs, no association was found with nonfatal ACS and new revascularizations. A clear relation between abnormal ABI and surrogates of DES thrombosis could not be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The impact of sex on adverse left ventricular remodeling (LVR) after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is unclear due to conflicting results. This study sought to establish sex-based differences in adverse LVR using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) among STEMI patients and their impact on clinical outcomes., Methods and Results: The study included patients with a first STEMI who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). CMR was performed at 6 days (Interquartile range [IQR]: 4-9 days) and after 6 months (6.42 months; IQR: 5.98-7.47 months). Follow-up was 6.94 years (IQR: 4.48-9.32 years).The primary endpoint was the presence of adverse LVR (>15% of LV end-diastolic volume and a decrease of >3% in LV ejection fraction) at 6 months. The secondary endpoint was major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as a combined variable: cardiovascular death, heart failure admission, or ventricular arrhythmias.One thousand sixty-seven patients were included (17.5% women; mean age: 58.71±11.85 years). Women were older and had more cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). There was no association between sex and adverse LVR (OR 0.80; 95%CI 0.39-1.64, P=0.536). MACE occurred in 177 patients (16.7%) and was more frequent in women (22.6% vs. 15.4%, P=0.017). However, after adjusting for baseline differences and CVRF, the female sex was not associated with MACE (HR: 1.21 95% CI, 0.81-1.81, P=0.343)., Conclusions: The higher rate of MACE after STEMI in women compared to men appears to be associated with a higher prevalence of CVRF and comorbidities rather than a more significant occurrence of adverse LVR., (© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the European Society of Cardiology. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.)

Information on mid-term outcomes of percutaneous pulmonary valve replacement (PPVR) with the Edwards Sapien (ES) valve in the native right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) are limited. This study assesses mid-term outcomes in 76 patients who underwent PPVR between 2016 and 2022, comparing native (40.8%) and non-native (59.2%) RVOTs. The primary endpoint was a composite of endocarditis, reinterventions, and cardiovascular death and secondary outcomes included prosthetic valve dysfunction (PVD), tricuspid regurgitation (TR), right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF), and indexed ventricular volumes. The median patient age was 23.9 years. Pulmonary regurgitation was predominant in the native RVOT group (67.7%), while pulmonary stenosis or combined lesions were more common in the non-native group (90.9%). Procedural success was 98.7%. After a median follow-up of 3.3 years, there was no significant difference in freedom from the primary outcome between groups (87.1% native vs. 93.1% non-native, p = 0.875). Endocarditis and reinterventions occurred at 1.2 per 100 patient-years, and PVD at 3.19 per 100 patient-years, with no differences between groups. A 1-year reduction in ventricular volumes and TR was seen only in the non-native group, with no improvement in RVEF. Overall, PPVR with the ES valve demonstrates satisfactory mid-term outcomes in both native and non-native RVOTs., Competing Interests: Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Disclosures statement: Dr. García Del Blanco has served as a proctor for Edwards Lifesciences All other authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose. Consent statements: The authors confirm that we obtained an informed consent waiver from the Institutional Review Board (approval number PR(AG)535/2023, dated 15/12/2023) due to the retrospective nature of the study., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in pediatric patients is rare, especially in cases of chronic total occlusion (CTO) of the left main coronary artery (LMCA), with scarce evidence. These are associated with poorer prognostic outcomes, highlighting the need for timely intervention. In addition, its unique and entirely different pathophysiology compared to that well-studied in adults makes it a clinically challenging scenario for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. Here, we present 2 unique cases of successful PCI for LMCA CTO in pediatric patients at our institution., Competing Interests: The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (© 2025 The Authors.)

Introduction and Objectives: This article presents the 2023 activity report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC)., Methods: All interventional cardiology laboratories in Spain were invited to participate in an online survey. Data analysis was carried out by an external company and subsequently reviewed and presented by the members of the ACI-SEC board., Results: A total of 119 hospitals participated. The number of diagnostic studies decreased by 1.8%, while the number of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) showed a slight increase. There was a reduction in the number of stents used and an increase in the use of drug-coated balloons. The use of intracoronary diagnostic techniques remained stable. For the first time, data on PCI guided by intracoronary imaging was reported, showing a 10% usage rate in Spain. Techniques for plaque modification continued to grow. Primary PCI increased, becoming the predominant treatment for myocardial infarction (97%). Noncoronary structural procedures continued their upward trend. Notably, the number of left atrial appendage closures, patent foramen ovale closures, and tricuspid valve interventions grew in 2023. There was also a significant increase in interventions for acute pulmonary embolism., Conclusions: The 2023 Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry indicates a stabilization in coronary interventions, together with an increase in complexity. There was consistent growth in procedures for both valvular and nonvalvular structural heart diseases., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To assess the prognostic impact of a routine invasive strategy according to the frailty burden in patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) from the MOSCA-FRAIL clinical trial., Methods: The MOSCA-FRAIL trial randomized 167 frail patients, defined by a Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) ≥ 4, with NSTEMI to an invasive or conservative strategy. The primary endpoint was the number of days alive and out of hospital (DAOH) one year after discharge. For this subanalysis, we compared the impact of an invasive strategy on the outcomes between vulnerable (CFS = 4, n = 43) and frail (CFS > 4, n = 124) patients., Results: Compared to vulnerable patients, frail patients presented lower values of DAOH (289.8 vs. 320.6, P = 0.146), more readmissions (1.03 vs. 0.58, P = 0.046) and higher number of days spent at the hospital during the first year (10.8 vs. 3.8, P = 0.014). The causes of readmission were mostly non-cardiac (56%). Among vulnerable patients, DAOH were similar regardless of strategy (invasive vs. conservative: 325.7 vs. 314.7, P = 0.684). Among frailest patients, the invasive group tended to have less DAOH (267.7 vs. 311.1, P = 0.117). Indeed, patients with CFS > 4, invasively managed lived 29 days less than their conservative counterparts. In contrast, there were no differences in the subgroup with CFS = 4., Conclusions: Adult patients with frailty and NSTEMI showed different prognosis according to the degree of frailty. A routine invasive strategy does not improve outcomes and might be harmful to the frailest patients., (© 2024 JGC All rights reserved; www.jgc301.com.)

Background: The current incidence and outcomes of structural transcatheter procedures in heart transplant (HTx) recipients and left-ventricular assist devices (LVAD) carriers is unknown., Aims: To provide insights on structural transcatheter procedures performed across HTx and LVAD patients in Spain., Methods: Multicenter, ambispective, observational nationwide registry., Results: Until May/2023, 36 percutaneous structural interventions were performed (78% for HTx and 22% for LVAD) widely varying among centers (0%-1.4% and 0%-25%, respectively). Percutaneous mitral transcatheter edge-to-edge (TEER) was the most common (n = 12, 33.3%), followed by trancatheter aortic valve replacement (n = 11, 30.5%), and tricuspid procedures (n = 9, 25%). Mitral TEER resulted in mild residual mitral regurgitation in all but one case, mean gradient was <5 mmHg in 75% of them at 1-year, with no mortality and 8.3% re-admission rate. Tricuspid TEER resulted in 100% none/mild residual regurgitation with a 1-year mortality and readmission rates of 22% and 28.5%, respectively. Finally, trancatheter aortic valve replacement procedures (n = 8 in LVADs due to aortic regurgitation and n = 3 in HTx), were successful in all cases with one prosthesis degeneration leading to severe aortic regurgitation at 1-year, 18.2% mortality rate and no re-admissions. Globally, major bleeding rates were 7.9% and 12.5%, thromboembolic events 3.7% and 12.5%, readmissions 37% and 25%, and mortality 22% and 25%, in HTx and LVADs respectively. No death was related to the implanted transcatheter device., Conclusions: Most centers with HTx/LVAD programs perform structural percutaneous procedures but with very inconsistent incidence. They were associated with good safety and efficacy, but larger studies are required to provide formal recommendations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To analyze if the implementation of a multidisciplinary extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) program in a tertiary hospital in Spain is feasible and could yield survival outcomes similar to international published experiences., Design: Retrospective observational cohort study., Setting: One tertiary referral university hospital in Spain., Patients: All adult patients receiving ECPR between January 2019 and April 2023., Interventions: Prospective collection of variables and follow-up for up to 180 days., Main Variables of Interest: To assess outcomes, survival with good neurological outcome defined as a Cerebral Performance Categories scale 1-2 at 180 days was used. Secondary variables were collected including demographics and comorbidities, cardiac arrest and cannulation characteristics, ROSC, ECMO-related complications, survival to ECMO decannulation, survival at Intensive Care Unit (ICU) discharge, survival at 180 days, neurological outcome, cause of death and eligibility for organ donation., Results: Fifty-four patients received ECPR, 29 for OHCA and 25 for IHCA. Initial shockable rhythm was identified in 27 (50%) patients. The most common cause for cardiac arrest was acute coronary syndrome [29 (53.7%)] followed by pulmonary embolism [7 (13%)] and accidental hypothermia [5 (9.3%)]. Sixteen (29.6%) patients were alive at 180 days, 15 with good neurological outcome. Ten deceased patients (30.3%) became organ donors after neuroprognostication., Conclusions: The implementation of a multidisciplinary ECPR program in an experienced Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation center in Spain is feasible and can lead to good survival outcomes and valid organ donors., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier España, S.L.U. and SEMICYUC. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Invasive management in frail patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) remains controversial. We investigated the impact of various geriatric conditions., Methods: The MOSCA-FRAIL trial included 167 adults aged ≥ 70 years with frailty (Clinical Frailty Scale [CFS] ≥ 4 points) and NSTEMI, who were randomized to either an invasive (n=84) or conservative (n=83) strategy. In addition to frailty, we measured activities of daily living (Barthel index), cognitive impairment (Pfeiffer test), and comorbidities (Charlson index). The primary endpoint was the difference (invasive minus conservative) in restricted mean survival time (RMST) for all-cause mortality at a median follow-up of 3.9 years., Results: A total of 93 patients died. The RMST difference favored invasive management at the CFS 25th percentile (CFS=4; 157 days, 95%CI, 18-295; P=.027), which changed to a nonsignificant effect at the 50th and 75th percentiles. The RMST difference remained nonsignificant, irrespective of the severity of other geriatric assessments. In time-to-event analysis, invasive management was associated with an initially lower life expectancy, peaking at around 1 year, among all subgroups. However, patients with CFS=4 experienced a benefit at the end of follow-up (181 days, 95%CI, 19-343), whereas those with CFS >4 did not (-16 days, 95%CI, -217 to 186; interaction P=.16). Subgroups defined by other geriatric markers showed a similar time-dependent trend, albeit with weaker statistical interaction., Conclusions: Among adults with frailty and NSTEMI, the CFS might be useful for evaluating the relative risks and benefits of invasive management. A CFS >4 could serve as a valuable threshold for decision-making., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Impact of gender on long-term outcomes after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) remains uncertain. We aimed to investigate gender-specific differences in TAVI and its impact on outcomes., Methods: This analysis used data from the prospective Spanish TAVI registry, which included consecutive TAVI patients treated in 46 Spanish centers from 2009 to 2021. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at 12 months. Secondary endpoints included in-hospital and 30-day mortality and TAVI-related complications. Adjusted logistic and Cox regression analyses were performed., Results: The study included 12 253 consecutive TAVI patients with a mean age of 81.2±6.4 years. Women (53.9%) were older, and had a higher STS-PROM score (7.0±7.0 vs 6.2±6.7; P < .001) than men. Overall, the TAVI-related complication rate was similar between women and men, with specific gender-related complications. While women more frequently developed in-hospital vascular complications (13.6% vs 9.8%; P <.001) and cardiac tamponade (1.5% vs 0.6%; P=.009), men showed a higher incidence of permanent pacemaker implantation (14.5% vs 17.4%; P=.009). There was no difference in all-cause mortality either in hospital (3.6% vs 3.6%, adjusted OR, 1.01; 95%CI, 0.83-1.23; P=.902), at 30 days (4.2% vs 4.2%, adjusted OR, 0.90; 95%CI, 0.65-1.25; P=.564) or at 1 year (11% vs 13%, adjusted HR, 0.94; 95%CI, 0.80-1.11; P=.60)., Conclusions: Women treated with TAVI are older and have more comorbidities than men, leading to distinct complications between genders. Nevertheless, all-cause mortality in the short-term and at 1-year was similar between men and women., (Copyright © 2024 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: In patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) provide similar results to drug-coated balloons (DCBs) but are inferior to drug-eluting stents (DES) at 1 year. However, the long-term efficacy of BVS in these patients remains unknown., Objectives: This study sought to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of BVS in patients with ISR., Methods: RIBS VI (Restenosis Intrastent: Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds Treatment; NCT02672878) and RIBS VI Scoring (Restenosis Intrastent: Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds Treatment With Scoring Balloon; NTC03069066) are prospective multicenter studies designed to evaluate the results of BVS in patients with ISR (N = 220). The inclusion and exclusion criteria were identical to those used in the RIBS IV (ISR of DES) (Restenosis Intra-stent of Drug-eluting Stents: Drug-eluting Balloon vs Everolimus-eluting Stent; NCT01239940) and RIBS V (ISR of bare-metal stents) (Restenosis Intra-stent of Bare Metal Stents: Paclitaxel-eluting Balloon vs Everolimus-eluting Stent; NCT01239953) randomized trials (including 249 ISR patients treated with DCBs and 249 ISR patients treated with DES). A prespecified comparison of the long-term results obtained with these treatment modalities (ie, DES, DCBs, and BVS) was performed., Results: Clinical follow-up at 3 years was obtained in all (100%) 718 patients. The 3-year target lesion revascularization rate after BVS was 14.1% (vs 12.9% after DCBs [not significant], and 5.2% after DES [HR: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.47-5.36; P = 0.001]). In a landmark analysis (>1 year), the target lesion revascularization rate after BVS was higher than after DES (adjusted HR: 3.41; 95% CI: 1.15-10.08) and DCBs (adjusted HR: 3.33; 95% CI: 1.14-9.70). Very late vessel thrombosis was also more frequent with BVS (BVS: 1.8%, DCBs: 0.4%, DES: 0%; P = 0.03)., Conclusions: In patients with ISR, late clinical results of DES are superior to those obtained with DCBs and BVS. Beyond the first year, DCBs are safer and more effective than BVS., Competing Interests: Funding Support and Author Disclosures The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 American College of Cardiology Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Percutaneous mitral paravalvular leak (PVL) closure techniques are an effective and safe alternative to surgical treatment, but data regarding long-term outcomes are scarce. We aim to describe the impact of successful percutaneous mitral PVL closure on long-term outcomes., Methods: All consecutive patients in whom a first-attempt percutaneous mitral PVL closure was performed in a single tertiary centre between January 2010 and October 2021 were included. Clinical variables, procedural details, and procedural success were collected. Patients were classified based on procedural success, defined as no more than mild residual leak. All-cause mortality was the primary endpoint. Cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalizations (HFHs) were key secondary endpoints., Results: Ninety patients (median age 72.5 years [66.0-78.4]; median EuroSCORE-II 8.2 [5.3-12.46]) were included. Although reduction of at least 1 degree in PVL severity was achieved in 82 (91.1%), procedural success was achieved in 47 (52.2%). Chronic kidney disease, previous surgery for PVL, and the presence of multiple jets were independently associated with procedural failure. After a median follow-up of 3.2 (1.2-5.2) years, mortality rate was higher in the procedural failure group (27.3 per 100 patients-years) compared with the group with successful closure (8.2 per 100 patient-years). Procedural failure was associated with all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 2.59; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-4.78), cardiovascular death (aHR, 3.53; 95% CI, 1.67-7.49) and HFH (aHR, 3.27; 95% CI,1.72-6.20)., Conclusions: A successful reduction in PVL to mild or absent is associated with improved rates of all-cause death, cardiovascular death, and HFHs., (Copyright © 2023 Canadian Cardiovascular Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Previous studies have documented a high rate of implantation success with the ACURATE neo2 valve, as well as a reduction in paravalvular leak (PVL) compared to its predecessor, the ACURATE neo. However, there are no studies that have reviewed and compared the long-term clinical and hemodynamic outcomes of these patients., Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the results of the ACURATE neo transcatheter aortic valve in a real-world context, and to compare the results of the outcomes of both generations of this device (ACURATE neo and ACURATE neo2), with a specific focus on procedural success, safety, and long-term effectiveness., Methods: A prospective study including all consecutive patients treated with the ACURATE neo device in seven hospitals was conducted (Clinical Trials Identification Number: NCT03846557). The primary endpoint consisted of a composite of adverse events, including mortality, aortic insufficiency, and other procedural complications. As the second-generation device (ACURATE neo2) replaced the ACURATE neo during the study period, hemodynamic and clinical results before admission, at 30 days, and at 1 year of follow-up were compared between the two generations., Results: A total of 296 patients underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation with the ACURATE device, with 178 patients receiving the ACURATE neo and 118 patients receiving the ACURATE neo2. In the overall population, the absence of device success occurred in 14.5%. The primary reason for the absence of device success was the presence of para-valvular regurgitation ≥ 2. There were no instances of coronary occlusions, valve embolization, annulus rupture, or procedural deaths. ACURATE neo2 was associated with a significantly higher device success rate (91.7% vs. 82%, p = 0.04), primarily due to a significantly lower rate of para-valvular regurgitation, which remained significant at 1 year., Conclusion: The use of ACURATE neo and neo2 transcatheter aortic valves is associated with satisfactory clinical results and an extremely low rate of complications. The ACURATE neo2 enables a significantly higher device success rate, primarily attributed to a significant reduction in the rate of PVL., (© 2024 The Authors. Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Importance: The MOSCA-FRAIL randomized clinical trial compared invasive and conservative treatment strategies in patients with frailty with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI). It showed no differences in the number of days alive and out of the hospital at 1 year., Objective: To assess the outcomes of the MOSCA-FRAIL trial during extended follow-up., Design, Setting, and Participants: The MOSCA-FRAIL randomized clinical trial was conducted at 13 hospitals in Spain between July 7, 2017, and January 9, 2021, and included 167 adults (aged ≥70 years) with frailty (Clinical Frailty Scale score ≥4) and NSTEMI. In this preplanned secondary analysis, follow-up was extended to January 31, 2023. Data analysis was performed from April 5 to 29, 2023, using the intention-to-treat principle., Interventions: Patients were randomized to a routine invasive (coronary angiography and revascularization if feasible [n = 84]) or a conservative (medical treatment with coronary angiography only if recurrent ischemia [n = 83]) strategy., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was the difference in restricted mean survival time (RMST). Secondary end points included readmissions for any cause, considering recurrent readmissions., Results: Among the 167 patients included in the analysis, the mean (SD) age was 86 (5) years; 79 (47.3%) were men and 88 (52.7%) were women. A total of 93 deaths and 367 readmissions accrued. The RMST for all-cause death over the entire follow-up was 3.13 (95% CI, 2.72-3.60) years in the invasive and 3.06 (95% CI, 2.84-3.32) years in the conservative treatment groups. The RMST analysis showed inconclusive differences in survival time (invasive minus conservative difference, 28 [95% CI, -188 to 230] days). Patients under invasive treatment tended to have shorter survival in the first year (-28 [95% CI, -63 to 7] days), which improved after the first year (192 [95% CI, 90-230] days). Kaplan-Meier mortality curves intersected, displaying higher mortality to 1 year in the invasive group that shifted to a late benefit (landmark analysis hazard ratio, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.33-0.99]; P = .045). Early harm was more evident in the subgroup with a Clinical Frailty Scale score greater than 4. No differences were found for the secondary end points., Conclusions and Relevance: In this extended follow-up of a randomized clinical trial of patients with frailty and NSTEMI, an invasive treatment strategy did not improve outcomes at a median follow-up of 1113 (IQR, 443-1441) days. However, a differential distribution of deaths was observed, with early harm followed by later benefit. The phenomenon of depletion of susceptible patients may be responsible for this behavior., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03208153.

Background Coronary artery calcium (CAC) has prognostic value for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in asymptomatic individuals, whereas its role in symptomatic patients is less clear. Purpose To assess the prognostic value of CAC scoring for MACE in participants with stable chest pain initially referred for invasive coronary angiography (ICA). Materials and Methods This prespecified subgroup analysis from the Diagnostic Imaging Strategies for Patients With Stable Chest Pain and Intermediate Risk of Coronary Artery Disease (DISCHARGE) trial, conducted between October 2015 and April 2019 across 26 centers in 16 countries, focused on adult patients with stable chest pain referred for ICA. Participants were randomly assigned to undergo either ICA or coronary CT. CAC scores from noncontrast CT scans were categorized into low, intermediate, and high groups based on scores of 0, 1-399, and 400 or higher, respectively. The end point of the study was the occurrence of MACE (myocardial infarction, stroke, and cardiovascular death) over a median 3.5-year follow-up, analyzed using Cox proportional hazard regression tests. Results The study involved 1749 participants (mean age, 60 years ± 10 [SD]; 992 female). The prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) at CT angiography rose from 4.1% (95% CI: 2.8, 5.8) in the CAC score 0 group to 76.1% (95% CI: 70.3, 81.2) in the CAC score 400 or higher group. Revascularization rates increased from 1.7% to 46.2% across the same groups ( P < .001). The CAC score 0 group had a lower MACE risk (0.5%; HR, 0.08 [95% CI: 0.02, 0.30]; P < .001), as did the 1-399 CAC score group (1.9%; HR, 0.27 [95% CI: 0.13, 0.59]; P = .001), compared with the 400 or higher CAC score group (6.8%). No significant difference in MACE between sexes was observed ( P = .68). Conclusion In participants with stable chest pain initially referred for ICA, a CAC score of 0 showed very low risk of MACE, and higher CAC scores showed increasing risk of obstructive CAD, revascularization, and MACE at follow-up. Clinical trial registration no. NCT02400229 © RSNA, 2024 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Hanneman and Gulsin in this issue.

Introduction and Objectives: This article presents the annual activity report of the Interventional Cardiology Association of the Spanish Society of Cardiology (ACI-SEC) for the year 2022., Methods: All Spanish centers with catheterization laboratories were invited to participate. Data were collected online and were analyzed by an external company in collaboration with the members of the board of the ACI-SEC., Results: A total of 111 centers participated. The number of diagnostic studies increased by 4.8% compared with 2021, while that of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) remained stable. PCIs on the left main coronary artery increased by 22%. The radial approach continued to be preferred for PCI (94.9%). There was an upsurge in the use of drug-eluting balloons, as well as in intracoronary imaging techniques, which were used in 14.7% of PCIs. The use of pressure wires also increased (6.3% vs 2021) as did plaque modification techniques. Primary PCI continued to grow and was the most frequent treatment (97%) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Most noncoronary procedures maintained their upward trend, particularly percutaneous aortic valve implantation, atrial appendage closure, mitral/tricuspid edge-to-edge therapy, renal denervation, and percutaneous treatment of pulmonary arterial disease., Conclusions: The Spanish cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention registry for 2022 reveals a rise in the complexity of coronary disease, along with a notable growth in procedures for valvular and nonvalvular structural heart disease., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: Drug-eluting stents (DES) are considered the therapy of choice in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI); however, a low persistent rate of revascularizations and stent thrombosis exist over the time. We have previously shown that a paclitaxel (PTX)-drug-coated balloon (DCB) after a bare-metal stent (BMS) implantation (DCB-combined strategy) yields superior angiographic and clinical results compared to BMS in the short term. However, the long-term safety and efficacy of this approach remain uncertain., Methods: An 8-year clinical follow-up was conducted on patients enrolled in the randomized PEBSI-1 trial (NCT01839890). The original trial included patients who suffered a STEMI, patients were randomly assigned to receive a DCB-combined strategy or BMS only and the primary endpoint was in-stent late luminal loss (LLL) at 9-month follow-up. After the completion of this study, death, myocardial re-infarction, ischemia-driven repeated revascularizations included target lesion revascularization (TLR) and target vessel revascularization (TVR), and stent thrombosis, were assessed by yearly contact by a clinical visit, telephone or by electronic records. These outcomes were adhered to ARC-2 criteria., Results: The rate of incomplete follow-up was very low, with only 3 out of 111 patients (2.7%) in the DCB-combined strategy group and 1 out of 112 patients (0.9%) in the BMS group. At 8 years there were a lower rate of TVR [3.7% vs. 14.3%; hazard ratio (HR): 0.243; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.081-0.727; P=0.006], and a trend towards lower TLR (2.8% vs. 8.9%; HR: 0.300; 95% CI: 0.083-1.090; P=0.052) in the DCB-combined strategy group. No statistical difference between the DCB-combined strategy and BMS groups were found for all causes of death, deaths from cardiovascular disease, reinfarctions or stent thrombosis. Notably in the DCB-combined strategy group, no episode of stent thrombosis occurred after the first year. Similarly, there were no cardiovascular deaths, TVR and TLR in the DCB-combined strategy group after 5 years. In contrast, during the period from year 5 to 8, the BMS group experienced an additional cardiovascular death, as well as one case of TVR, one case of TLR, and one case of stent thrombosis., Conclusions: In STEMI patients, the DCB-combined strategy maintains its safety and clinical efficacy over time. Our rates of TVR, TLR, and very late stent thrombosis (VLST) at very long-term are the lowest ever found in a STEMI trial. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential superiority of this novel strategy as compared with new-generation DES to prevent very late events in these patients., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT01839890., Competing Interests: Conflicts of Interest: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form (available at https://cdt.amegroups.com/article/view/10.21037/cdt-22-623/coif). The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (2023 Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy. All rights reserved.)

Importance: To our knowledge, no randomized clinical trial has compared the invasive and conservative strategies in frail, older patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (NSTEMI)., Objective: To compare outcomes of invasive and conservative strategies in frail, older patients with NSTEMI at 1 year., Design, Setting, and Participants: This multicenter randomized clinical trial was conducted at 13 Spanish hospitals between July 7, 2017, and January 9, 2021, and included 167 older adult (≥70 years) patients with frailty (Clinical Frailty Scale score ≥4) and NSTEMI. Data analysis was performed from April 2022 to June 2022., Interventions: Patients were randomized to routine invasive (coronary angiography and revascularization if feasible; n = 84) or conservative (medical treatment with coronary angiography for recurrent ischemia; n = 83) strategy., Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was the number of days alive and out of the hospital (DAOH) from discharge to 1 year. The coprimary end point was the composite of cardiac death, reinfarction, or postdischarge revascularization., Results: The study was prematurely stopped due to the COVID-19 pandemic when 95% of the calculated sample size had been enrolled. Among the 167 patients included, the mean (SD) age was 86 (5) years, and mean (SD) Clinical Frailty Scale score was 5 (1). While not statistically different, DAOH were about 1 month (28 days; 95% CI, -7 to 62) greater for patients managed conservatively (312 days; 95% CI, 289 to 335) vs patients managed invasively (284 days; 95% CI, 255 to 311; P = .12). A sensitivity analysis stratified by sex did not show differences. In addition, we found no differences in all-cause mortality (hazard ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 0.74-2.85; P = .28). There was a 28-day shorter survival in the invasive vs conservatively managed group (95% CI, -63 to 7 days; restricted mean survival time analysis). Noncardiac reasons accounted for 56% of the readmissions. There were no differences in the number of readmissions or days spent in the hospital after discharge between groups. Neither were there differences in the coprimary end point of ischemic cardiac events (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.54-1.57; P = .78)., Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial of NSTEMI in frail older patients, there was no benefit to a routine invasive strategy in DAOH during the first year. Based on these findings, a policy of medical management and watchful observation is recommended for older patients with frailty and NSTEMI., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03208153.

Background: There is little information available on agreement between fractional flow reserve (FFR) and instantaneous wave-free ratio (iFR) in left main coronary artery (LMCA) intermediate stenosis. Besides, several meta-analyses support the use of FFR to guide LMCA revascularization, but limited information is available on iFR in this setting. Our aims were to establish the concordance between FFR and iFR in intermediate LMCA lesions, to evaluate with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) in cases of FFR/iFR discordance, and to prospectively validate the safety of deferring revascularization based on a hybrid decision-making strategy combining iFR and IVUS., Methods: Prospective, observational, multicenter registry with 300 consecutive patients with intermediate LMCA stenosis who underwent FFR and iFR and, in case of discordance, IVUS and minimal lumen area measurements. Primary clinical end point was a composite of cardiovascular death, LMCA lesion-related nonfatal myocardial infarction, or unplanned LMCA revascularization., Results: FFR and iFR had an agreement of 80% (both positive in 67 and both negative in 167 patients); in case of disagreement (31 FFR+/iFR- and 29 FFR-/iFR+) minimal lumen area was ≥6 mm 2 in 8.7% of patients with FFR+ and 14.6% with iFR+. Among the 300 patients, 105 (35%) underwent revascularization and 181 (60%) were deferred according to iFR and IVUS. At a median follow-up of 20 months, major adverse cardiac events incidence was 8.3% in the defer group and 13.3% in the revascularization group (hazard ratio, 0.71 [95% CI 0.30-1.72]; P =0.45)., Conclusions: In patients with intermediate LMCA stenosis, a physiology-guided treatment decision is feasible either with FFR or iFR with moderate concordance between both indices. In case of disagreement, the use of IVUS may be useful to indicate revascularization. Deferral of revascularization based on iFR appears to be safe in terms of major adverse cardiac events., Registration: URL: https://www., Clinicaltrials: gov; Unique identifier: NCT03767621.

Introduction and Objectives: Equal opportunities to access technical advances with recognized clinical value should be a priority of the publicly-funded health system. We analyzed variability among all the Spanish autonomous communities in the use of cardiovascular techniques with an established indication and its relationship with economic indicators, burden of disease, and hospital mortality., Methods: The activity registries of various Associations of the Spanish Society of Cardiology from 2011 to 2019 were analyzed for coronary angiography, overall percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), primary PCI, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD), cardiac resynchronization therapy, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Economic indices (gross domestic product and per capita health care expenditure) were obtained from public sources and data on attendance rates and mortality from the Resources and Quality in Cardiology (RECALCAR) reports of the Spanish Society of Cardiology. We analyzed the coefficient of variation for activity and the correlation of activity with regional economic indices, attendance rates, and risk-adjusted rates of in-hospital mortality., Results: We identified wide variability in the use of technologies, especially for primary PCI (18%), ICD (22%), cardiac resynchronization therapy (36%), and TAVR (42%). A certain correlation with attendance rates was seen only for overall PCI and ICD. In general, no significant correlation was found between the use of the techniques and the economic indices of wealth and expenditure. The correlation with in-hospital mortality showed no significant results, although this was the analysis with the greatest limitations because the impact of these techniques on survival is exerted more in the mid- and long-term., Conclusions: The results of this study, despite its inherent limitations, show marked variability between autonomous communities in the use of cardiovascular technologies, which is not explained by economic differences or by hospital attendance rates due to the corresponding diseases., (Copyright © 2022 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Background: incomplete strut coverage determines the risk of stent thrombosis in the first months after stent implantation., Aims: To evaluate the potential better early healing of a novel probucol coated polymer free ultra-thin strut sirolimus eluting stent (PF-SES). [Clinical trial unique identifier: NCT02785237]., Methods: Patients with two (angiographically similar) lesions with clinical indication for PCI were enrolled. The investigated stent was compared to a thin strut, bioresorbable polymer, sirolimus eluting stent (BP-SES). Every patient received both stents, one in each lesion, assigned in a randomized sequence. OCT was systematically performed at 3 months. Primary end point was the difference in the proportion of covered struts at 3 months (defined as ≥20 μm of tissue coverage). Secondary end points included differences in percentage of uncovered struts (0 μm coverage), mean strut coverage thickness, and malapposed struts' coverage proportion. Major adverse cardiac events (cardiac death, myocardial infarction, target lesion revascularization, and definite or probable stent thrombosis) at 12 months were also evaluated., Results: 70 patients were included. At 3 months, a consistent and significantly higher strut coverage rate (≥20 μm) was observed in PF-SES as compared to BP-SES, both for well apposed (87.3% versus 79.1%, p < 0.001) and malapposed struts (50.4% vs 37.8%, p 0.00). Uncoverage rate (0 μm) was also significantly lower for the PF-SES (3.1% vs 5.3%, p < 0.001). There were no differences in clinical endpoints., Conclusion: The probucol coated non-polymeric ultra-thin strut sirolimus eluting stent showed a significantly better early strut coverage at 3 months., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objectives: Transaxillary access (TXA) has become the most widely used alternative to transfemoral access (TFA) in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). The aim of this study was to compare total in-hospital and 30-day mortality in patients included in the Spanish TAVI registry who were treated by TXA or TFA access., Methods: We analyzed data from patients treated with TXA or TFA and who were included in the TAVI Spanish registry. In-hospital and 30-day events were defined according to the recommendations of the Valve Academic Research Consortium. The impact of the access route was evaluated by propensity score matching according to clinical and echocardiogram characteristics., Results: A total of 6603 patients were included; 191 (2.9%) were treated via TXA and 6412 via TFA access. After adjustment (n=113 TXA group and n=3035 TFA group) device success was similar between the 2 groups (94%, TXA vs 95%, TFA; P=.95). However, compared with the TFA group, the TXA group showed a higher rate of acute myocardial infarction (OR, 5.3; 95%CI, 2.0-13.8); P=.001), renal complications (OR, 2.3; 95%CI, 1.3-4.1; P=.003), and pacemaker implantation (OR, 1.6; 95%CI, 1.01-2.6; P=.03). The TXA group also had higher in-hospital and 30-day mortality rates (OR, 2.2; 95%CI, 1.04-4.6; P=.039 and OR, 2.3; 95%CI, 1.2-4.5; P=.01, respectively)., Conclusions: Compared with ATF, TXA is associated with higher total mortality, both in-hospital and at 30 days. Given these results, we believe that TXA should be considered only in those patients who are not suitable candidates for TFA., (Copyright © 2021 Sociedad Española de Cardiología. Published by Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

Currently, both drug-eluting stents (DES) and drug-eluting balloons are recommended in patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR) of metallic stents. However, the clinical results of repeated interventions in patients with restenosis of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) remain unsettled. We sought to assess the results of interventions in patients with BVS-ISR as compared with those obtained in patients with ISR of DES and bare-metal stents (BMS). Restenosis Intrastent: Treatment of Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffolds Restenosis (RIBS VII) is a prospective multicenter study (23 Spanish sites) that included 117 consecutive patients treated for BVS-ISR. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were similar to those of previous RIBS studies. Patients in the RIBS IV (DES-ISR, n = 309) and RIBS V (BMS - ISR, n = 189) randomized trials, were used as controls. Most patients with BVS-ISR were treated with DES (76%). Patients with BVS-ISR were younger, had larger vessels, and after interventions had higher in-segment residual diameter stenosis (19 ± 13%, 15 ± 11%, 15 ± 12%, p <0.001) than those treated for DES-ISR and BMS-ISR, respectively. At 1-year clinical follow-up (obtained in 100% of patients) target lesion revascularization (6%) was similar to that seen in patients with DES-ISR and BMS-ISR (8.7% and 3.7%, p = 0.32). Freedom from death, myocardial infarction, and target vessel revascularization (primary clinical end point) was 8.5%, also similar to that found in patients with DES-ISR and BMS-ISR (14.2% and 7.4%, p = 0.09). Results were also similar when only patients treated with DES in each group were compared and remained unchanged after adjusting for potential confounders in baseline characteristics. Time to BVS-ISR did not influence angiographic or clinical results. This study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of coronary interventions for patients presenting with BVS-ISR. One-year clinical results in these patients are comparable to those seen in patients with ISR of metallic stents (ClinicalTrials.gov ID:NCT03167424)., Competing Interests: Disclosures The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The BioFreedom drug-coated stent with a stainless steel platform (BF-SS) has been demonstrated to be efficacious in patients at high bleeding risk and receiv-ing only one-month dual antiplatelet therapy., Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the new BioFreedom Ultra drug-coated stent with a thin-strut cobalt-chromium platform (BF-CoCr) compared to the BF-SS in an all-comers population undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)., Methods: This was a prospective, multicentre, non-inferiority trial. The primary endpoint was in-stent late lumen loss (LLL) as determined by quantitative coronary angiography at nine-month follow-up. Clinical evaluation was performed at one year., Results: A total of 200 patients were randomised (1:1) to either the BF-CoCr or the BF-SS stent at eight centres in Spain and Denmark. Baseline clinical and lesion characteristics were similar between the groups. Mean age was 66 years and 23% were female. The mean number of stents implanted per patient was 1.5. At nine-month follow-up, mean in-stent LLL was 0.34±0.49 mm in the BF-CoCr group versus 0.29±0.37 mm in the BF-SS group, p=0.005 for non-inferiority. At one year, target lesion failure was similar between the groups (7.3% in BF-CoCr vs 9.3% in the BF-SS group; p=0.60)., Conclusions: The BF-CoCr was non-inferior to the BF-SS in terms of in-stent LLL at nine months. Larger studies powered for clinical endpoints are warranted to compare the efficacy of this new platform with currently available DES.

Background: During COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, elective procedures were canceled or postponed, mainly due to health care systems overwhelming., Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the consequences of interrupting invasive procedures in patients with chronic cardiac diseases due to the COVID-19 outbreak in Spain., Methods: The study population is comprised of 2,158 patients that were pending on elective cardiac invasive procedures in 37 hospitals in Spain on the 14th of March 2020, when a state of alarm and subsequent lockdown was declared in Spain due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These patients were followed-up until April 31th., Results: Out of the 2,158 patients, 36 (1.7%) died. Mortality was significantly higher in patients pending on structural procedures (4.5% vs. 0.8%, respectively; p < .001), in those >80 year-old (5.1% vs. 0.7%, p < .001), and in presence of diabetes (2.7% vs. 0.9%, p = .001), hypertension (2.0% vs. 0.6%, p = .014), hypercholesterolemia (2.0% vs. 0.9%, p = .026) [Correction added on December 23, 2020, after first online publication: as per Dr. Moreno's request changes in p-values were made after original publication in Abstract.], chronic renal failure (6.0% vs. 1.2%, p < .001), NYHA > II (3.8% vs. 1.2%, p = .001), and CCS > II (4.2% vs. 1.4%, p = .013), whereas was it was significantly lower in smokers (0.5% vs. 1.9%, p = .013). Multivariable analysis identified age > 80, diabetes, renal failure and CCS > II as independent predictors for mortality., Conclusion: Mortality at 45 days during COVID-19 outbreak in patients with chronic cardiovascular diseases included in a waiting list due to cancellation of invasive elective procedures was 1.7%. Some clinical characteristics may be of help in patient selection for being promptly treated when similar situations happen in the future., (© 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Background: During COVID-19 pandemic, elective invasive cardiac procedures (ICP) have been frequently cancelled or postponed. Consequences may be more evident in patients with diabetes., Objectives: The objective was to identify the peculiarities of patients with DM among those in whom ICP were cancelled or postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as to identify subgroups in which the influence of DM has higher impact on the clinical outcome., Methods: We included 2,158 patients in whom an elective ICP was cancelled or postponed during COVID-19 pandemic in 37 hospitals in Spain. Among them, 700 (32.4%) were diabetics. Patients with and without diabetes were compared., Results: Patients with diabetes were older and had a higher prevalence of other cardiovascular risk factors, previous cardiovascular history and co-morbidities. Diabetics had a higher mortality (3.0% vs. 1.0%; p = 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (1.9% vs. 0.4%; p = 0.001). Differences were especially important in patients with valvular heart disease (mortality 6.9% vs 1.7% [p < 0.001] and cardiovascular mortality 4.9% vs 0.9% [p = 0.002] in patients with and without diabetes, respectively). In the multivariable analysis, diabetes remained as an independent risk factor both for overall and cardiovascular mortality. No significant interaction was found with other clinical variables., Conclusion: Among patients in whom an elective invasive cardiac procedure is cancelled or postponed during COVID-19 pandemic, mortality and cardiovascular mortality is higher in patients with diabetes, irrespectively on other clinical conditions. These procedures should not be cancelled in patients with diabetes.

Background: Currently drug-eluting stents (DES) and drug-eluting balloons are recommended in patients with in-stent restenosis (ISR). However, the efficacy of bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) after scoring balloon (SCB) predilation in these patients is unknown., Methods: RIBS VI (NCT02672878) and RIBS VI 'Scoring' (NCT03069066) are prospective multicentre studies assessing the value of BVS in patients with ISR. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were identical in both studies. Results of conventional BVS implantation (112 patients) were compared with those obtained with systematic SCB therapy before BVS (108 patients). Angiographic follow-up was scheduled for all patients., Results: On late angiography (93% of eligible patients) the in-segment minimal lumen diameter (primary end-point) (1.88 ± 0.5 vs. 1.90 ± 0.4 mm, P = 0.81), % diameter stenosis (28 ± 17 vs. 29 ± 15%), late lumen loss (0.23 ± 0.4 vs. 0.22 ± 0.4 mm) and binary restenosis rate (8.5 vs. 9.3%) were similar in the conventional BVS and SCB + BVS groups, respectively. At 1-year follow-up (100% of patients) target lesion revascularization (TLR) requirement (9.8 vs. 11.1%) was similar with the two strategies. Freedom from cardiac death, myocardial infarction and TLR was 88% and 87%, respectively. Results remained unchanged after adjusting for potential baseline confounders and were consistent in 10 prespecified subgroups., Conclusion: This study suggests that results of conventional BVS implantation in patients with ISR are not improved by systematic predilation with SCB. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT02672878 (RIBS VI) and NCT03069066 (RIBS VI 'Scoring')., (Copyright © 2020 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)