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Introducción: La hospitalización del recién nacido y la consecuente separación de su madre, a la que ha estado vinculado durante el embarazo, supone para ésta un cambio en las expectativas sobre su rol y para el niño una experiencia estresante. La lactancia materna está evidenciado que es la mejor alimentación para un recién nacido. Objetivos: Explorar si las madres de niños ingresados en una unidad de hospitalización consideran que la lactancia materna favorece el vínculo afectivo madre-hijo. Metodología: En la Unidad de Neonatología del HUVR, se realizó un cuestionario validado y se exploró en una muestra de diez madres y sus respectivos hijos hospitalizados, alimentados por leche materna, la satisfacción percibida por ambos durante el proceso de lactancia y las repercusiones sobre el vinculo afectivo. Resultados: Las madres manifestaron que la lactancia materna proporciona para ellas beneficios físicos: recuperación del parto, minimización del riesgo de padecer cáncer de mama; beneficios económicos; pero sobretodo, beneficios psicológicos: satisfacción emocional, sentimientos de utilidad, aumento del vínculo afectivo. Una de ellas manifestó sentimientos de desesperanza en la hospitalización, así como falta de información e intimidad. En general, sienten que su hijo durante el amamantamiento se encuentra satisfecho, tranquilo, relajado, seguro, unido a su madre; así mismo la leche materna le facilita la digestión y refuerza su sistema inmunitario, favoreciendo su maduración y recuperación. Conclusiones: La lactancia materna promueve un especial vínculo afectivo entre madre e hijo, consiguiendo beneficios físicos y emocionales para ambos, por lo que hemos de facilitar que no se interrumpa durante la hospitalización. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the era of Piaget and Vygotsky, private speech (PS) has been widely discussed, but in recent years, the avenues for its study have greatly expanded. In this study, we explored the use of a recoding scheme for PS inspired by the studies of Pyotr Galperin. A coding scheme of PS as the form of action (FA) has been proposed (i.e., external social speech, external audible speech, inaudible speech, and mental speech). An exploratory study was conducted to elucidate the appropriateness of the coding scheme both ontogenetically and during tasks. The results showed that both the coding scheme by type of speech and FA were adequate for differentiating ontogenetically between children. However, only the coding schemes of the FA were appropriate for differentiating between children as a function of their performance (i.e., time and scores) in a Tower of London task. Moreover, Galperin's scheme was more suitable when there was redundancy in performance between those with audible and inaudible external speech., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Rivera Valdez, López Cortés and García Flores.)

Background: Acute fetal distress (AFD) is a condition that requires timely diagnosis because it generates hypoxia, acidosis, and even intrauterine death. This study aimed to determine lactate and pH values in the umbilical cord in full-term newborns (NBs) with a history of AFD., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in full-term NBs of mothers with at least one perinatal, neonatal, or gasometric AFD antecedent. Neonatal morbidity was considered: if 1-min Apgar ≤ 6, or advanced neonatal maneuvers, or neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admissions were necessary. The cutoff points were lactate > 4mmol/L and pH < 7.2., Results: Of 66 NBs, 33.3% of mothers presented at least one antecedent for developing AFD; 22.7% presented hypertensive pregnancy disease, 13.6% oligohydramnios, and 63.6% other factors. Perinatally, 28.7% required advanced neonatal resuscitation maneuvers and 7.5% admission to the NICU. In the gasometry, the lactate and pH values for the neonatal morbidity of the NBs' group were 4.726 ± 1.401 and 7.293 ± 0.056, respectively, versus 2.240 ± 0.318 and 7.359 ± 0.022 (p < 0.05) for the group without associated neonatal morbidity., Conclusions: Lactate values in the umbilical cord increased by 25%, and pH decreased by one percent in NBs with a history of AFD and associated morbidity., (Copyright: © 2023 Permanyer.)

Objective: The purpose of our study was to demonstrate the benefits of role play based on a Historical-Cultural perspective with the implementation of symbolic elements generated by the development of drawing of preschool children from suburban origin in a group of normal Mexican preschool children. We predict that the quality of the drawings will be improved after the preschoolers participate in such a role play program., Methods: A pre-experimental study was carried out, with pre-test and post-test assessments. The drawings were assessed with quantitative (frequencies of the quality of the parameters) and qualitative (characteristics of the children's drawings) methods. The role play program was based on Elkonin's method, activity theory, and P. Ya Galperin's formation by stages of mental actions. The program encouraged the use of graphic signs and symbols, with the intention of representing situations, actions, objects, and/or contents. Twenty-six preschool children participated in our study., Results: To know the effect of the role play program with symbolic elements on the drawing of preschool children, we performed a quantitative and qualitative analysis, a Wilcoxon test contrast between the initial and final assessment. Both analyses showed a significant increase in the scores in all the tasks with a medium-large effect size, being the largest "Pictograms" and "Drawing of the route"; and in the analysis of the qualitative parameters, specifically in "Maintains the objective," a significant increase was found in all the tasks., Discussion: Role play, being the main activity in preschool age, develops all aspects of the child's psychic life. The importance of role play in a preschool child makes it possible to work in the zone of proximal development with the regulatory function of language, with the planning, execution, and control of playful activity and, most importantly, with the use of various materials and perceptual-graphics tools. These findings showed an improvement in the development and complexity of the symbolic function in the drawings., Conclusion: Role play, as a work methodology in preschool age, leads to the use of new meaning systems that prepare the child to carry out present and future complex symbolic actions., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Bonilla-Sánchez, García-Flores, Méndez-Balbuena, Silva-González and Ramírez-Arroyo.)

Background: Leukemia is the most frequent cancer in children and adolescents, and it has a high prevalence of depression and anxiety which deteriorates the quality of life related to health. The symptoms of depression and anxiety may go unnoticed by the physician as a normal response during cancer treatment., Objective: To determine the prevalence of depression, anxiety and health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with leukemia., Material and Methods: study with the participation of Mexican children and adolescents with leukemia whose depression was determined with the Childhood Depression Inventory, their anxiety with the Spence Childhood Anxiety Scale, and their health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with PedsQL 4.0., Results: 37 participants, with a median age of 11 years (8-14 years); 19 (51.4%) were male. The marital status of the parents in 25 participants (67.5%) was married, in 10 (27%) had a domestic partnership, in one (2.7%) had divorced parents and in one it was single (2.7%). The prevailing religion was Catholic in 29 (78.3%); 16 patients (43.2%) reported depression, 10% anxiety and 94.5% reported an adequate health-related quality of life, with an average of 74.2 +- 16.2., Conclusions: Depression was the most prevalent, followed by anxiety. Health-related quality of life was reported as good. The harmful impact is still prevalent in a vulnerable population, which must be attended in a comprehensive and timely manner at all levels of care., (© 2022 Revista Médica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

Background: The main risk factors studied that have an influence on mortality from COVID-19 have so far been inconclusive in the world literature, mainly in relation to the male gender., Objective: To determine which are the main risk factors that influence a higher mortality from COVID-19., Material and Methods: A case-control study was conducted, including 1190 patients with positive RT-PCR. The risk factors studied were: gender, age, systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), Diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, smoking, immunosuppressants, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), influenza vaccine. In the Group of Cases: they died from COVID-19 (n = 576), while in the Controls group: they survived (n = 614). The statistical plan included cross-tables and multivariate logistic regression model to determine the influence of these risk factors on mortality from COVID-19., Results: We found no statistically significant differences between cases and controls in relation to gender. However, the cases were aged >60 years, SAH, DM, obesity compared to controls., Conclusions: Male gender was not a risk factor for mortality from COVID-19, however, other risk factors such as age over 60 years, being hypertensive, diabetic and obese, were corroborated as such for a higher mortality from COVID-19., (© 2022 Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)

Among neurodevelopmental disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the main cause of school failure in children. Notably, visuospatial dysfunction has also been emphasized as a leading cause of low cognitive performance in children with ADHD. Consequently, the present study aimed to identify ADHD-related changes in electroencephalography (EEG) characteristics, associated with visual object processing in school-aged children. We performed Multichannel EEG recordings in 16-year-old children undergoing Navon's visual object processing paradigm. We mapped global coherence during the processing of local and global visual stimuli that were consistent, inconsistent, or neutral. We found that Children with ADHD showed significant differences in global weighted coherence during the processing of local and global inconsistent visual stimuli and longer response times in comparison to the control group. Delta and theta EEG bands highlighted important features for classification in both groups. Thus, we advocate EEG coherence and low-frequency EEG spectral power as prospective markers of visual processing deficit in ADHD. Our results have implications for the development of diagnostic interventions in ADHD and provide a deeper understanding of the factors leading to low performance in school-aged children.

Among the strategies to avoid COVID-19 disease that affects the world population it is keeping away from contagion through confinement and social distancing, which can cause in children and adolescents a change in the psychosocial environment with a high prevalence of psychological and psychiatric disorders, such as stress, anxiety disorders, depressive disorders, risk of suicide and eating disorders. During confinement, were made school closures, shutdowns of recreational and sports spaces, cancellation of outdoor activities, which can have consequences in social habits, sleep, modifications in the eating pattern that entails alterations in anthropometric variables, neurophysiological alterations with behaviors that affect mental health, in addition to the frustration of not executing plans, fear, boredom and the uncertainty of the duration of the pandemic could lead to further stress. Social distancing favors a reduction in interaction, is related to anxiety, stress and depression, in addition to the concern of infecting the family. These scenarios can generate stress for parents, domestic violence and uncontrolled use of the internet. Children and adolescents are vulnerable populations that adapt to the environment in crisis. The objective of this work was to review the influence of confinement and social distancing on stress, anxiety and depression in children and adolescents., (© 2022 Revista Medica del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social.)