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2. Warming patterns in regional climate change projections over the Iberian Peninsula

Author

Gómez Navarro, Juan José, Montávez, J. P., Jiménez Guerrero, Pedro, Jérez, S., García Valero, J. A., González Rouco, J. Fidel, Gómez Navarro, Juan José, Montávez, J. P., Jiménez Guerrero, Pedro, Jérez, S., García Valero, J. A., and González Rouco, J. Fidel

Abstract

© by Gebrüder Borntraeger 2010. Lund Regional-Scale Climate Modelling Workshop (2nd. 2009. Lund, Sweden). This work was funded by the Spanish Ministry of the Environment (project ESCENA, Ref. 20080050084265) and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology (project SPECMORE-CGL2008-06558-C02-02/CLI). The authors also gratefully acknowledge funding from the Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Water (IEA) and the Regional Agency for Science and Technology of Murcia (Fundación Séneca, Ref. 00619/PI/04 and 11047/EE1/09). J.J. GÓMEZ NAVARRO thanks the Spanish Ministry of Education for his Doctoral scholarship (AP2006- 04100). Thanks to the Max Planck Institute and DKRZ for providing the access and computational support necessary to get the GCM simulation data employed in this work. Also thanks to the professor Volker RATH for translating the abstract into German., A set of four regional climate change projections over the Iberian Peninsula has been performed. Simulations were driven by two General Circulation Models (consisting of two versions of the same atmospheric model coupled to two different ocean models) under two different SRES scenario. The XXI century has been simulated following a full-transient approach with a climate version of the mesoscale model MM5. An Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis (EOF) is applied to the monthly mean series of daily maximum and minimum 2-metre temperature to extract the warming signal. The first EOF is able to capture the spatial structure of the warming. The obtained warming patterns are fairly dependent on the month, but hardly change with the tested scenarios and GCM versions. Their shapes are related to geographical parameters, such as distance to the sea and orography. The main differences among simulations mostly concern the temporal evolution of the warming. The temperature trend is stronger for maximum temperatures and depends on the scenario and the driving GCM. This asymmetry, as well as the different warming rates in summer and winter, leads to a continentalization of the climate over the IP., Vier regionale Projektionen des Klimawandels im Bereich der Iberischen Halbinsel werden vorgestellt. Die zu Grunde liegenden numerischen Simulationen wurden durch die Ergebnisse aus je zwei unterschiedlichen globalen Zirkulationsmodellen (GCM) angetrieben, welche jeweils das identische Atmosphärenmodul mit unterschiedlichen Ozeanmodulen kombinieren. Dabei wurden für zwei SRES-Szenarios behandelt. Das XXI. Jahrhundert wurde zeitabhängig mit einer klimatauglichen Version des ursprünglich mesoskaligen MM5-Modells simuliert. Die resultierenden Zeitreihen der täglichen Maximaltemperatur und Minimaltemperatur in 2 m Höhe wurden mit der Methode der empirischen orthogonalen Funktionen (EOF) analysiert, um das Signal der Erwärmung zu extrahieren. Die erste EOF gibt die räumliche Struktur des Erwärmungsmusters wieder. Diese Muster sind deutlich monatsabhängig, unterscheiden sich jedoch kaum für die beiden Szenarios und die Versionen des antreibenden GCM. Ihre Eigenschaften hängen mit geographischen Parametern zusammen, wie zum Beispiel dem Abstand zur Küste und der Orographie. Die wichtigsten Unterschiede zwischen den Simulationen betreffen die zeitliche Entwicklung der Erwärmung. Dieser Trend ist ausgeprägter für die Maximaltemperaturen, und hängt von den Szenarios und den antreibenden GCM ab. Die zunehmenden täglichen Differenzen in Kombination mit den unterschiedlichen Erwärmungsraten in Sommer und Winter bedeuten eine Kontinentalisierung des Klimas der Iberischen Halbinsel., Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (MMA), España, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCYT), España, Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Water (IEA), Fundación Séneca (Agencia de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Región de Murcia), Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte (MECD), España, Depto. de Física de la Tierra y Astrofísica, Fac. de Ciencias Físicas, TRUE, pub

Published
2023

6. Characterization of surface winds over the Iberian Peninsula

Author

Montávez, J. P., Lorente-Plazas, R., Jimenez, P. A., Jerez, S., García-Valero, J. A., Gómez-Navarro, J. J., and Jimenez-Guerrero, P.

Subjects
530 Physics
Abstract

This work presents a characterization of the surface wind climatology over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). For this objective, an unprecedented observational database has been developed. The database covers a period of 6years (2002–2007) and consists of hourly wind speed and wind direction data recorded at 514 automatic weather stations. Theoriginal observations underwent a quality control process to remove rough errors from the data set. In the first step, the annual and seasonal mean behaviour of the wind field are presented. This analysis shows the high spatial variability of the wind as a result of its interaction with the main orographic features of the IP. In order to simplify the characterization of the wind, a clustering procedure was applied to group the observational sites with similar temporal wind variability. A total of 20 regions are identified. These regions are strongly related to the main landforms of the IP. The wind behaviour of each region, characterized by the wind rose (WR), annual cycle (AC) and wind speed histogram, is explained as the response of each region to the main circulation types (CTs) affecting the IP. Results indicate that the seasonal variability of the synoptic scale is related with intra-annual variability and modulated by local features in the WRs variability. The wind speed distribution not always fit to a unimodal Weibull distribution consequence of interactions at different atmospheric scales. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of surface winds. Taken together, the wind database created, the methodology used and the conclusion extracted are a benchmark for future works based on the wind behaviour.

Published
2014
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9. Characterization of surface winds over the Iberian Peninsula.

Author

Lorente‐Plazas, R., Montávez, J. P., Jimenez, P. A., Jerez, S., Gómez‐Navarro, J. J., García‐Valero, J. A., and Jimenez‐Guerrero, P.

Subjects
WEIBULL distribution, OROGRAPHIC clouds, MOUNTAIN climate, WIND power
Abstract

ABSTRACT This work presents a characterization of the surface wind climatology over the Iberian Peninsula ( IP). For this objective, an unprecedented observational database has been developed. The database covers a period of 6 years (2002-2007) and consists of hourly wind speed and wind direction data recorded at 514 automatic weather stations. The original observations underwent a quality control process to remove rough errors from the data set. In the first step, the annual and seasonal mean behaviour of the wind field are presented. This analysis shows the high spatial variability of the wind as a result of its interaction with the main orographic features of the IP. In order to simplify the characterization of the wind, a clustering procedure was applied to group the observational sites with similar temporal wind variability. A total of 20 regions are identified. These regions are strongly related to the main landforms of the IP. The wind behaviour of each region, characterized by the wind rose (WR), annual cycle (AC) and wind speed histogram, is explained as the response of each region to the main circulation types ( CTs) affecting the IP. Results indicate that the seasonal variability of the synoptic scale is related with intra-annual variability and modulated by local features in the WRs variability. The wind speed distribution not always fit to a unimodal Weibull distribution consequence of interactions at different atmospheric scales. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of surface winds. Taken together, the wind database created, the methodology used and the conclusion extracted are a benchmark for future works based on the wind behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2015
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17. Changes in the enterocyte cytoskeleton in newborn rats exposed to ethanol in utero.

Author

Montes, J F, Estrada, G, López-Tejero, M D, and García-Valero, J

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cytoskeletal changes after longterm exposure to ethanol have been described in a number of cell types in adult rat and humans. These changes can play a key part in the impairment of nutrient assimilation and postnatal growth retardation after prenatal damage of the intestinal epithelium produced by ethanol intake. AIMS: To determine, in the newborn rat, which cytoskeletal proteins are affected by longterm ethanol exposure in utero and to what extent. ANIMALS: The offspring of two experimental groups of female Wistar rats: ethanol treated group receiving up to 25% (w/v) of ethanol in the drinking fluid and control group receiving water as drinking fluid. METHODS: Single and double electron microscopy immunolocalisation and label density estimation of cytoskeletal proteins on sections of proximal small intestine incubated with monoclonal antibodies against actin, alpha-tubulin, cytokeratin (polypeptides 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, and 18), and with a polyclonal antibody anti-beta 1,4-galactosyl transferase as trans golgi (TG) or trans golgi network (TGN) marker, or both. SDS-PAGE technique was also performed on cytoskeletal enriched fractions from small intestine. Western blotting analysis was carried out by incubation with the same antibodies used for immunolocalisation. RESULTS: Intestinal epithelium of newborn rats from the ethanol treated group showed an overexpression of cytoskeletal polypeptides ranging from 39 to 54 kDa, affecting actin and some cytokeratins, but not tubulin. Furthermore, a cytokeratin related polypeptide of 28-29 kDa was identified together with an increase in free ubiquitin in the same group. It was noteworthy that actin and cytokeratin were abnormally located in the TG or the TGN, or both. CONCLUSIONS: Longterm exposure to ethanol in utero causes severe dysfunction in the cytoskeleton of the developing intestinal epithelium. Actin and cytokeratins, which are involved in cytoskeleton anchoring to plasma membrane and cell adhesion, are particularly affected, showing overexpression, impaired proteolysis, and mislocalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Published
1996

18. The protozoan parasite <e1>Perkinsus atlanticus</e1> elicits a unique defensive response in the clam <e1>Tapes semidecussatus</e1>

Author

MONTES, J. F., RÍO, J. A. DEL, DURFORT, M., and GARCÍA-VALERO, J.

Abstract

The venerid clams, Tapes decussatus and T. semidecussatus, develop a singular defensive response to Perkinsus atlanticus infection. This reaction involves the redifferentiation of recruited granulocytes and the expression de novo of the polypeptide p225. To determine whether the association of this defensive process with the natural parasitism by P. atlanticus is unique, the inflammatory response elicited by inoculations of bacteria, algae and non-viable P. atlanticus pre-zoosporangia in the clam T. semidecussatus was shown. Inoculated areas were heavily infiltrated by granulocytes and delimited by myofibroblast-like cells and extracellular matrix. While bacteria and algae were phagocytosed by the infiltrated granulocytes, pre-zoosporangia were not. After 40 days, neither cell redifferentiation nor the expression of p225 was observed. These findings indicate that both redifferentiation and p225 expression are specifically associated with P. atlanticus infection. After 5-bromodeoxyuridine administration, only a few cells were labelled either in the inoculated zone or in the cellular reaction around P. atlanticus meronts. Significant differences between untreated and inoculated groups were observed in the epicardic connective tissue soon after injection. These results suggest that this anatomical region could be the main site of haemocyte proliferation stimulated after inoculation of foreign bodies in T. semidecussatus.

Published
1997

20. Deficient pulmonary IFN-ß expression in COPD patients

Author

Juan F. Montes, Jordi Olloquequi, Laura Texidó, Mireia Martín-Satué, Esther Rodríguez, Jaume Ferrer Sancho, José García-Valero, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut Català de la Salut, [García-Valero J, Montes JF] Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. [Olloquequi J] Departament de Biologia Cel•lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile. [Rodríguez E, Ferrer Sancho J] Servei de Pneumologia, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain. [Martín-Satué M] Departament de Patologia i Teràpia Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain. [Texidó L] Departament de Patologia i Teràpia Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., and Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Male, Pulmons - Malalties obstructives - Complicacions, Interferon-Induced Helicase, IFIH1, Pulmonology, Physiology, Interferon Regulatory Factor-7, Interferó, Immunostaining, Biochemistry, Epithelium, Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/complicaciones [Otros calificadores], White Blood Cells, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, 0302 clinical medicine, Animal Cells, Immune Physiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/inmunología [Otros calificadores], Alveolar Macrophages, Lung, Malalties pulmonars obstructives cròniques, Staining, Pulmons - Malalties obstructives - Aspectes immunològics, Innate Immune System, COPD, Multidisciplinary, Biological Factors::Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins::Cytokines::Interferons::Interferon Type I::Interferon-beta [CHEMICALS AND DRUGS], Middle Aged, enfermedades respiratorias::enfermedades pulmonares::enfermedades pulmonares obstructivas::enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica [ENFERMEDADES], medicine.anatomical_structure, Cytokines, Immunohistochemistry, Medicine, DEAD Box Protein 58, Interferon, Female, Cellular Types, Anatomy, Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::Otros calificadores::/deficiencia [Otros calificadores], Research Article, Signal Transduction, Cell type, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Immune Cells, Science, Immunology, Other subheadings::Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/deficiency [Other subheadings], Respiratory physiology, Research and Analysis Methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/immunology [Other subheadings], medicine, Humans, Respiratory Physiology, Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, Autocrine signalling, Immunodeficiència, Blood Cells, Innate immune system, Respiratory Tract Diseases::Lung Diseases::Lung Diseases, Obstructive::Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive [DISEASES], business.industry, factores biológicos::péptidos y proteínas de señalización intercelular::citocinas::interferones::interferón de tipo I::interferón beta [COMPUESTOS QUÍMICOS Y DROGAS], Biology and Life Sciences, Proteins, Cell Biology, Interferon-beta, Molecular Development, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Biological Tissue, 030104 developmental biology, 030228 respiratory system, Specimen Preparation and Treatment, Immune System, Respiratory Infections, Interferons, business, Other subheadings::Other subheadings::/complications [Other subheadings], Developmental Biology
Abstract

This study was supported by the grants received by JFS from the Health Research Fund (Madrid, Spain; FIS 04/0635) and the Sociedad Española de Pneumologia (SEPAR 165 2012). None of the funders played any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. We thank the patients who participated in this study; Dr. Joaquim Majó and Dr. María Ánge-les Montero (Anatomic Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain) for their valuable help in the histopathologic study of lung samples; Tania Martínez, for her technical support; Dr. Gloria Gannaway for her linguistic advice; and Dr. Marc Miravitlles and Dr. Joan Mª Vianney Blasi for their critical reading of the manuscript. COPD patients are prone to acute infectious exacerbations that impair their quality of life and hamper prognosis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the in situ IFN-Ǝ response in the lungs of stable COPD and non-COPD patients. Lung samples from 70 subjects (9 control never smokers, 19 control smokers without COPD, 21 patients with moderate COPD and 21 patients with very severe COPD) were studied for the expression of IFN-Ǝ, its main transcription factor, IRF-7, and two products of its autocrine function, namely RIG-I and MDA-5, by immunohistochemical techniques and quantitative real-time PCR. IFN-β, IRF-7, RIG-I and MDA-5 were widely detected in most lung cell types. In epithelial tissues and alveolar macrophages, IFN-Ǝ and IRF-7 labeling scores were decreased up to 65% and 74%, respectively, for COPD patients, paralleling an analogous reduction (43% and 65%, respectively) in the amount of their lung mRNA. Moreover, this decreased production of IFN-Ǝ in COPD patients correlated with a similar decrease in the expression of RIG-I and MDA-5, two essential members of the innate immune system. Our study indicates that most lung cells from stable COPD patients show a constitutive decreased expression of IFN-β, IRF-7, RIG-I and MDA-5, suggesting that this deficiency is the main cause of their acute viral exacerbations.

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