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BackgroundSuccessful lung transplantation for patients with pulmonary fibrosis from telomerase mutations may be limited by systemic complications of telomerase dysfunction, including myelosuppression, cirrhosis, and malignancy. We describe clinical outcomes in 14 lung transplant recipients with telomerase mutations.MethodsSubjects underwent lung transplantation between February 2005 and April 2014 at 5 transplant centers. Data were abstracted from medical records, focusing on outcomes reflecting post-transplant treatment effects likely to be complicated by telomerase mutations.ResultsThe median age of subjects was 60.5 years (interquartile range = 52.0-62.0), 64.3% were male, and the mean post-transplant observation time was 3.2 years (SD ± 2.9). A mutation in telomerase reverse transcriptase was present in 11 subjects, a telomerase RNA component mutation was present in 2 subjects, and an uncharacterized mutation was present in 1 subject. After lung transplantation, 10 subjects were leukopenic and 5 did not tolerate lymphocyte anti-proliferative agents. Six subjects developed recurrent lower respiratory tract infections, 7 developed acute cellular rejection (A1), and 4 developed chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Eight subjects developed at least 1 episode of acute renal failure and 10 developed chronic renal insufficiency. In addition, 3 subjects developed cancer. No subjects had cirrhosis. At data censorship, 13 subjects were alive.ConclusionsThe clinical course for lung transplant recipients with telomerase mutations is complicated by renal disease, leukopenia with intolerance of lymphocyte anti-proliferative agents, and recurrent lower respiratory tract infections. In contrast, cirrhosis was absent, acute cellular rejection was mild, and development of chronic lung allograft dysfunction was comparable to other lung transplant recipients. Although it poses challenges, lung transplantation may be feasible for patients with pulmonary fibrosis from telomerase mutations.

Objectives: Although diffuse alveolar damage, a subtype of acute lung injury (ALI), is the most common microscopic pattern in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), other pathologic patterns have been described. The aim of the study was to review autopsies from COVID-19 decedents to evaluate the spectrum of pathology and correlate the results with clinical, laboratory, and radiologic findings.Methods: A comprehensive and quantitative review from 40 postmortem examinations was performed. The microscopic patterns were categorized as follows: "major" when present in more than 50% of cases and "novel" if rarely or not previously described and unexpected clinically.Results: Three major pulmonary patterns were identified: ALI in 29 (73%) of 40, intravascular fibrin or platelet-rich aggregates (IFPAs) in 36 (90%) of 40, and vascular congestion and hemangiomatosis-like change (VCHL) in 20 (50%) of 40. The absence of ALI (non-ALI) was novel and seen in 11 (27%) of 40. Compared with ALI decedents, those with non-ALI had a shorter hospitalization course (P = .02), chest radiographs with no or minimal consolidation (P = .01), and no pathologically confirmed cause of death (9/11). All non-ALI had VCHL and IFPAs, and clinically most had cardiac arrest.Conclusions: Two distinct pulmonary phenotypic patterns-ALI and non-ALI-were noted. Non-ALI represents a rarely described phenotype. The cause of death in non-ALI is most likely COVID-19 related but requires additional corroboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Proposed criteria for progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease (PF-ILD) have been linked to increased mortality risk, but lung function trajectory after satisfying individual criteria remains unknown. Because survival is rarely employed as the primary end-point in therapeutic trials, identifying PF-ILD criteria that best predict subsequent change in forced vital capacity (FVC) could improve clinical trial design., Methods: A retrospective, multicentre longitudinal cohort analysis was performed in consecutive patients with fibrotic connective tissue disease-associated ILD (CTD-ILD), chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis and idiopathic interstitial pneumonia at three US centres (test cohort) and one UK centre (validation cohort). 1-year change in FVC after satisfying proposed PF-ILD criteria was estimated using joint modelling. Subgroup analyses were performed to determine whether results varied across key subgroups., Results: 1227 patients were included, with CTD-ILD predominating. Six out of nine PF-ILD criteria were associated with differential 1-year change in FVC, with radiological progression of fibrosis, alone and in combination with other features, associated with the largest subsequent decline in FVC. Findings varied significantly by ILD subtype, with CTD-ILD demonstrating little change in FVC after satisfying most PF-ILD criteria, while other ILDs showed significantly larger changes. Findings did not vary after stratification by radiological pattern or exposure to immunosuppressant therapy. Near-term change in FVC after satisfying proposed PF-ILD criteria was heterogeneous depending on the criterion assessed and was strongly influenced by ILD subtype., Conclusions: These findings may inform future clinical trial design and suggest ILD subtype should be taken into consideration when applying PF-ILD criteria., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest: J.M. Oldham reports grants from the National Institutes of Health, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Genentech, Lupin, Gatehouse Bio and AmMax Bio, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: C.T. Lee has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: Z. Wu has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: W.S. Bowman has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: J.V. Pugashetti has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: N. Dao has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: J. Tonkin has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: H. Seede has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: G. Echt has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: A. Adegunsoye reports grants from the National Institutes of Health, personal fees for lectures and consultancy from Boehringer Ingelheim, personal fees for consultancy from Genentech, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: F. Chua has nothing to disclose. Conflict of interest: T.M. Maher has, via his institution, received industry-academic funding from AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline R&D, and has received consultancy or lecture fees from AstraZeneca, Bayer, Blade Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Galapagos, Galecto, GlaxoSmithKline R&D, IQVIA, Pliant, Respivant, Roche and Theravance. Conflict of interest: C.K. Garcia has received institutional funding for research from the National Institutes of Health, Dept of Defense and Boehringer Ingelheim, as well as prior compensation from Pliant Therapeutics Inc. for advisory board service. Conflict of interest: M.E. Strek reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, grants from Novartis, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: C.A. Newton reports grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23HL148498) and NIH National Centre for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR001105), during the conduct of the study; personal fees for consultancy from Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Conflict of interest: P.L. Molyneaux, via his institution, received industry-academic funding from AstraZeneca, and has received speaker and consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and Hoffman-La Roche, outside the submitted work., (Copyright ©The authors 2022. For reproduction rights and permissions contact permissions@ersnet.org.)