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Food coloring not only provides an attractive appearance but also aids in the quality of the food. Currently, colorants derived from natural sources, especially plants, are widely used for food coloring, with many benefits for health and the environment. This study used yellow and purple pigments extracted from Gardenia fruits and Peristrophe leaves for chemical component analysis and antioxidant and toxicity tests. Results from LC/MS analysis demonstrated that the major compounds contributing to the yellow color of the Gardenia extract and purple color of the Peristrophe extract were Crocin‐1 (C44H64O24) and Perisbivalvine B (C13H10N2O4), respectively. Moreover, the physiochemical tests showed that yellow and purple pigments were stable in a wide temperature range from 40 to 100°C. The yellow pigment was stable in a pH range of 1.0–12.0, while the purple pigment was not stable in acid media. These extracts also possessed moderate antioxidant activities with IC50 values of 0.33 g/L and 0.31 g/L for Gardenia and Peristrophe extract, respectively. In addition, toxicity tests on zebrafish embryos indicated that these extracts had low toxic activities with high LD50 values of 1.31 g/L for Gardenia extract and 0.74 g/L for Peristrophe extract. These tested extracts had also no acute toxicity on mice. Conclusively, this study provided important information about the major chemical components, which create yellow and purple colors for the Gardenia and Peristrophe extracts, and strongly suggested that the pigments extracted from Gardenia and Peristrophe can be safely used as food colorants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gardenia flower not only has extremely high ornamental value but also is an important source of natural food and spices, with a wide range of uses. To support the development of gardenia flower products, this study used headspace gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC–IMS) technology to compare and analyze the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of fresh gardenia flower and those after using four different drying methods (vacuum freeze-drying (VFD), microwave drying (MD), hot-air drying (HAD), and vacuum drying (VD)). The results show that, in terms of shape, the VFD sample is almost identical to fresh gardenia flower, while the HAD, MD, and VD samples show significant changes in appearance with clear wrinkling; a total of 59 volatile organic compounds were detected in the gardenia flower, including 13 terpenes, 18 aldehydes, 4 esters, 8 ketones, 15 alcohols, and 1 sulfide. Principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), and partial least-squares regression analysis (PLS-DA) were performed on the obtained data, and the research found that different drying methods impact the VOCs of the gardenia flower. VFD or MD may be the most effective alternative to traditional sun-drying methods. Considering its drying efficiency and production cost, MD has the widest market prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia stenophylla Merr, a member of the genus Gardenia in the family Rubiaceae, possesses significant medicinal and ornamental value and is widely distributed in China. This study reports the newly sequenced chloroplast genome of Gardenia stenophylla Merr. The complete chloroplast genome of Gardenia stenophylla Merr (155,109 bp, GC content of 37.5%) was shown to have a typical quadripartite structure, containing a pair of inverted repeat regions (IRs) of 28,802 bp separated by a large single-copy (LSC) region of 85,396 bp and a small single-copy (SSC) region of 18,109 bp. The chloroplast genome contained 151 genes encoding 106 proteins, 37 tRNAs, and eight rRNAs. The Gardenia stenophylla Merr chloroplast genome displayed the closest phylogenetic relationship to Gardenia jasminoides and Gardenia jasminoides var. grandiflora. These data will assist in future molecular phylogenetics of the Rubiaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia fruit is a popular functional food and raw material for natural pigments. It comes from a wide range of sources, and different products sharing the same name are very common. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important factors that affect the flavor and quality of gardenia fruit. This study used the Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas phase electronic nose with advanced odor analysis performance and high sensitivity to analyze six batches of gardenia fruit from different sources. This study analyzed the VOCs to find a way to quickly identify gardenia fruit. The results show that this method can accurately distinguish the odor characteristics of various gardenia fruit samples. The VOCs in gardenia fruit are mainly organic acid esters, ketones, and aldehyde compounds. By combining principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant factor analysis (DFA), this study found that the hexanal content varied the most in different gardenia fruit samples. The VOCs allowed for the fruit samples to be grouped into two main categories. One fruit sample was quite different from the fruits of other origins. The results provide theoretical support for feasibility of rapid identification and quality control of gardenia fruit and related products in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We employed a straightforward microwave-assisted extraction technique to investigate the presence of carbon dots (CDs) in Chinese herbal extracts derived from fructus gardeniae and gardenia charcoal, designated as CDs-1 and CDs-2, respectively. The found CDs exhibited unique photoluminescence with quantum yields of 0.95% for CDs-1 and 1.81% for CDs-2, indicating significant potential for bioimaging applications. Both CD types maintain approximately 80% of their fluorescence intensity after 120 min of continuous 365 nm UV exposure, underscoring their stability and suitability for prolonged biological studies. Moreover, antioxidant activity tests showed that CDs-2 have a higher scavenging capacity, with an SC-50 value of 21.7 mg/mL, compared to 35.9 mg/mL for CDs-1, attributed to their higher content of surface functional groups during the extraction procedure. Notably, the results indicated that the carbonization process of fructus gardeniae leads to the formation of CDs, suggesting a potential link between traditional herbal treatments and modern nanotechnology. This research demonstrates that active compounds in Chinese herbal medicine could possess therapeutic properties when adsorbed on the surface of CDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, the lignin composition was analysed in normal and reaction wood samples grown at three stem inclination angles in Gardenia jasminoides, which forms compression wood-like reaction wood. Lignin content among the samples was not significantly different. However, the reaction wood samples with larger stem inclination angles showed a lower syringyl/guaiacyl ratio. In conclusion, the degree of inclination affected the lignin composition in G. jasminoides reaction wood, and qualitative changes in lignin might be necessary to mechanically support the stems in this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractIt is well-known that the hepatotoxicity of drugs can significantly influence their clinical use. Despite their effective therapeutic efficacy, many drugs are severely limited in clinical applications due to significant hepatotoxicity. In response, researchers have created several machine learning-based hepatotoxicity prediction models for use in drug discovery and development. Researchers aim to predict the potential hepatotoxicity of drugs to enhance their utility. However, current hepatotoxicity prediction models often suffer from being unverified, and they fail to capture the detailed toxicological structures of predicted hepatotoxic compounds. Using the 56 chemical constituents of Gardenia jasminoides as examples, we validated the trained hepatotoxicity prediction model through literature reviews, principal component analysis (PCA), and structural comparison methods. Ultimately, we successfully developed a model with strong predictive performance and conducted visual validation. Interestingly, we discovered that the predicted hepatotoxic chemical constituents of Gardenia possess both toxic and therapeutic effects, which are likely dose-dependent. This discovery greatly contributes to our understanding of the dual nature of drug-induced hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is an evergreen shrub with white fragrant flowers, and it is cultivated for its ornamental, aromatic and medicinal value. The present study aimed to select desirable genotypes for potential commercial exploitation as pot plants or use in perfumery. Thus, 32 genotypes of G. jasminoides plants derived from seedlings, whose seeds were obtained from Australia and the USA, were evaluated for their genetic diversity in relation to four commercial cultivars ('Pelion', 'Joy', 'Grandiflora' and 'Kimberly', used as reference cultivars) using ISSR and SCoT markers. A cluster analysis separated the gardenia genotypes into the following three clusters: one cluster comprised the 16 genotypes originating from Australia, one included the 16 genotypes originating from the USA, and the third cluster contained the four reference cultivars. In other words, there was a clear demarcation of the genotypes investigated according to their geographical origin. In addition, the gardenia genotypes were evaluated for their morphological and chemical characteristics. Thus, flower- and leaf-related traits with ornamental value were measured, while the volatile compounds of flower extracts were identified with GC-MS analysis. Genotype 29-5 was selected for its acceptable morphological traits and genotype 51-8 for its rich volatile compounds. The major volatile compounds responsible for the floral aroma of the various gardenia genotypes examined were α-farnesene, benzyl tiglate, cis-3-hexenyltiglate, jasminelactone and linalool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides) is a popular and economically vital plant known for its ornamental and medicinal properties. Despite its widespread cultivation, there has been no documentation of plant viruses on gardenia yet. In the present study, gardenia leaves exhibiting symptoms of plant viral diseases were sampled and sequenced by both metatranscriptome and small RNA sequencing. As a consequence, bean common mosaic virus (BCMV) was identified in gardenia for the first time and named BCMV-gardenia. The full genome sequence of BCMV-gardenia is 10,054 nucleotides (nt) in length (excluding the poly (A) at the 3′ termini), encoding a large polyprotein of 3,222 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that the N-termini of the polyprotein encoded by BCMV-gardenia is less conserved when compared to other BCMV isolates, whereas the C-termini is the most conserved. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic analysis showed that BCMV-gardenia was clustered closely with other BCMV isolates identified outside the leguminous plants. Our results indicated that the majority of BCMV-gardenia virus-derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) were 21 nt and 22 nt, with 21 nt being more abundant. The first nucleotide at the 5′ termini of vsiRNAs derived from BCMV-gardenia preferred U and A. The ratio of vsiRNAs derived from sense (51.1%) and antisense (48.9%) strands is approaching, and the distribution of vsiRNAs along the viral genome is generally even, with some hot spots forming in local regions. Our findings could provide new insights into the diversity, evolution, and host expansion of BCMV and contribute to the prevention and treatment of this virus.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum SN13T is a probiotic plant-derived lactic acid bacterium that can grow in various medicinal plant extracts. In this study, we fermented an aqueous extract of gardenia fructus, the fruit of a medicinal plant, with SN13T, such that the bioactivity of the extract was potentiated after fermentation to suppress the release of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as downregulate inflammatory genes in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. This increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity was mediated through bioconversion of the iridoid glycoside geniposide to its aglycone genipin via the supposed hydrolytic action of β-glucosidases harbored by SN13T. In the complete genome of SN13T, ten putative genes encoding β-glucosidases of glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 1 organized among eight gene operons were identified. Transcriptional profiling revealed that two 6-phospho-β-glucosidase genes, pbg9 and SN13T_1925, located adjacently in the gene operon SN13T_1923, were transcribed significantly more than the remaining genes during fermentation of the gardenia extract. This suggests the role of these β-glucosidases in bioconversion of geniposide to genipin and the subsequent enhanced bioactivity of the gardenia fructus extract after fermentation with SN13T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies used to take the regular configuration as the element of the cellular structures, then carry out geometric optimization on the initial structures. Nowadays, more and more bionic metamaterial have been studied for their unique properties, such as bionic honeycomb tubular nested structure, bionic sinusoidal honeycomb, butterfly honeycomb, bamboo and beetle forewing thin-walled structures. Here, we report a novel gardenia-shaped honeycomb (GSH) by observing the gardenia from nature. Two valuable mechanical properties within GSH were explored in this study, which can simultaneously provide good deformability and zero Poisson's ratio effect. To understand the mechanical properties of GSH, we show by theoretical, numerical, and experimental methods where is a good agreement. The developed theoretical models for calculating the in-plane elastic modulus are based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theorem and energy principle. The numerical and experimental tensile process at coincident strain were captured to strongly show the deformability of GSH. The findings of this study provide essential guidance for the design of GSH structures with the desired mechanical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the trend of low-carbon emissions and environmentally friendly development, this paper extracted natural dye from gardenia for cellulose fiber dyeing and endowed them with UV resistance and antibacterial properties. And more attention was paid to the dye structure of the gardenia yellow dye and its alkali-hydrolyzed gardenia yellow dye on dye uptake, UV–visible absorption characteristic peak as well as functional finishing. The main dye components of gardenia yellow dye and its alkali-hydrolyzed gardenia yellow dye were measured by the UV–visible and LC–MS spectrum. The crocin, which was the main dye components in the gardenia yellow dye, presented higher maximum absorption wavelength and darker colors compared with alkali-hydrolyzed gardenia yellow dye, which the main dye components was croceic acid. The cotton fabrics dyed with gardenia yellow dye or alkali-hydrolyzed gardenia yellow dye all indicated well dyeing performacne and functional characteristics such as antioxidant activity, UPF values and antibacterial property against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The main reason for different in the dyeing and functional performance of cotton fabrics dyed with gardenia yellow dye or its alkali-hydrolyzed dye were the removing gentiobiose molecules under alkali treatment, which changed the conjugate systems, ionization capacity, and polyphenols and flavonoids content. And the study examines the dyeing kinetics, adsorption isotherm, and thermodynamics of gardenia yellow dye and its alkali-hydrolyzed gardenia yellow dye on the cationic cotton. It is expected that achievement of this research provide guide to the value adding utilization of agricultural by-products from crop industries and view to investigate the effect of dye composition on the dyeing and functional performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder that gives rise to motor incoordination and progressive functional disabilities. Although pharmacological interventions have revealed promising prospects in the management of SCA3, adverse effects may become unbearable. The use of herbal remedies in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) may serve as potential alternative medicines to delay the progression of the disease. This systematic review is intended to identify, appraise, and summarize the findings of studies pertaining to the therapeutic roles of herbal remedies in TCM targeting oxidative stress in the management of SCA3. A literature search for relevant articles published from 1 January 2013 to 30 June 2023 in three databases, namely PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus, was carried out according to the procedures of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). A total of ten preclinical studies met the inclusion criteria of the systematic review. We recognized the therapeutic potential of Brassica napus, Codonopsis pilosula, Curcuma sp., Gardenia jasminoides, Gastrodia elata, Ginkgo biloba, Glycyrrhiza inflata, Hericium erinaceus, Hyptis sp., Paeonia lactiflora, Panax ginseng, Poria cocos, Pueraria lobata, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Scrophularia ningpoensis. We identified the types of preclinical models expressing polyglutamine (polyQ) expanded mutant protein (mATXN3), inducers of oxidative stress that mimic the SCA3 pathogenesis, and effective doses of the herbal remedies. The modes of action contributing to the attenuation of oxidative stress are activation of antioxidant pathways, ubiquitin–proteasome system and autophagy, regulation of apoptosis, proinflammatory signaling pathway and chaperones, regulation of mitochondrial function and biogenesis, and restoration of neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. In conclusion, herbal remedies in TCM may possibly delay the progression of SCA3, therefore providing justification for clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is abundant in crocin and has a longstanding historical usage both as a dietary and natural ethnic medicine. Enhanced studies have increasingly revealed the intricate interplay between glycolipid metabolism and gut microbiota, wherein their imbalance is regarded as a pivotal indicator of metabolic disorders. Currently, the precise molecular mechanism of the crude extract of crocin from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GC) targeting gut microbiota to regulate glycolipid metabolism disorder is still unclear. Firstly, we explored the effect of GC on digestive enzymes (α-amylase and α-glucosidase) in vitro. Secondly, we investigated the effect of GC on the physical and chemical parameters of high-fat diet (HFD) rats, such as body weight change, fasting blood glucose and lipid levels, and liver oxidative stress and injury. Then, 16S rDNA sequencing was used to analyze the effects of GC on the composition and structure of gut microbiota. Finally, the impact of GC on the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway in the intestine was assessed by Western Blotting. In the present study, GC was found to exhibit a hypoglycemic effect in vitro, by inhibition of digestive enzymes. In animal experiments, we observed that GC significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, TC, and TG levels while increasing HDL-C levels. Additionally, GC demonstrated hepatoprotective properties by enhancing liver antioxidative capacity through the upregulation of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px, while reducing ROS. 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that GC had a significant effect on the gut microbiota of HFD rats, mainly by reducing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bateroidota, and significantly affected the genera related to glycolipid metabolism, such as Akkermansia, Ligilactobacillus, Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Prevotellaceae, etc. The Western Blotting results demonstrated that GC effectively downregulated the protein expressions of TLR4, Myd88, and NF-κB in the intestine of HFD rats, indicating that GC could target the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway to interfere with glycolipid metabolism disorder. Correlation analysis revealed that GC could target the Akkermansia-TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB pathway axis which attenuates glycolipid metabolism disorder. Therefore, this study establishes the foundation for GC as a novel therapeutic agent for glycolipid metabolism disorder chemoprevention, and it introduces a novel methodology for harnessing the potential of natural botanical extracts in the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia is a genus of about 140 different plant species of the Rubiaceae family. Previous studies have shown that terpenes and phenolics extracted from Gardenia sp. showed numerous potential bioactivities. In this study, the chemical constituents of G. angkorensis, their cytotoxic and αglucosidase inhibition activities were investigated. The phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of G. angkorensis leaves growing in Vietnam has led to the isolation of 19α-hydroxyoleanolic acid 3-Ο-β-D-glucuronopyranoside (1), chikusetsusaponin IVa, 3 β, 16 β, 21 β, 23, 24-pentahydroxy urs-12,18,20-trien-28-oic acid-γ-lactone (3), linalool glucoside and linalyl 6-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (5). The identities of the compounds were based on the analysis of their NMR data. Compound 1 showed moderate inhibition against αglucosidase with IC50 value of 58.01 ± 4.45 µM while compounds 3 (IC50 186.60 ± 4.68 µM) and 5 (IC50 239.53 ± 7.22 µM) exhibited weak cytotoxicity against the KB cell line and Hep G2 cell line (IC50 values 180.80 ± 7.16 µM, 253.95 ± 8.14 µM). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was conducted in the Department of Horticulture and Landscaping/ College of Agriculture/ University of Anbar during the growing season 2021-2022 in the greenhouse to study the effect of shading, iron and sulfur on Gardenia seedlings planted in pots with a diameter of 35 cm. With three replications, the averages were compared with the L.S.D. test at a probability level of 5%. The results showed that the gardenia plant responds to shading and fertilization with iron and sulfur, and the interaction treatment showed a high significant increase and gave the highest rate in the number of flower buds, the number of petals, the diameter of the flowers and the weight of the flowers amounted to 40,440 flower buds plant-1, 25,883 petal flower-1, 88.185 mm and 23.667 gm sequentially, in addition to recording the highest average leaf content of total chlorophyll amounted to 41,400 mg/100 g tissue and the highest rate of total leaf area amounting to 9437.463 cm2 plant-1. The interaction treatment (S1F3) significantly outperformed the rest of the treatments in iron and sulfur content of leaves by giving it the highest The average iron content was 119.417 mg kg-1 dry matter, and the highest sulfur content of leaves was 195,000 mg kg-1 dry matter.

The essay retraces the cultural framework and the editorial genesis of Alfredo Cattabiani's book Florario. Miti, leggende e simboli di fiori e piante, that had been published in 1996 and that became a Mondadori editor's long seller in the publishing series "Oscar". Cattabiani's work is part of a more complex editorial project named after «Storia dell'immaginario» (history of imaginary), divided into several volumes, where the articles written between 1986 and 2000 for the gardening magazine «Gardenia» merged, even in a partially re-elaborated form. The essay aims at focusing the fruitful contribution that Cattabiani gave to the understanding and the divulgation of the plant symbolism in an anthropological perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an age of climate and ecological breakdown, questions of how we relate to the natural world and the more-than-human beings around us are more important than ever. This ethnography seeks to bring these questions to the Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden in Cape Town, South Africa, a place known for its conservation and tourism value, by taking an experimental multispecies approach. Multispecies ethnography is particularly useful for these types of explorations as it allows the stories of the more-than-human to emerge from the periphery and be put in conversation with the human. This ethnography found that despite Kirstenbosch's socioecological benefits, the intimacy fostered between humans and more-than-humans in the gardens is distinctly human-centric and centres on a colonial construction of nature and natural beauty. Practices of photography and viewing and the commercialisation of the gardens reinforce such a relationship, producing a space where human needs and desires are prioritised and the boundary between humans and more-than-humans reified. This multispecies approach to human–environment interactions highlights the potential failures of western conservation practices and contributes to the growing exploration of complex human–nature relationships in ways that are deeper and kinder and that recognise nature's agency and animacy in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Gardenia fruit pomace (GFP) is an industrial by‐product containing abundant bioactive components. Incorporating GFP into wheat flour improves the exterior quality of food and enhances healthy functions. This study developed a suitable GFP‐fortified wheat product by applying different cooking methods (steaming, boiling and baking). The fate of bioactive crocin derivatives, physical properties and in vitro digestion of GFP‐fortified wheat products was evaluated. The results showed that the steaming, boiling and baking treatments reduced the trans‐crocin‐4 content by 14.41%, 27.54% and 35.17%, respectively, but had no significant effect on geniposide. Combined with the colour change, the steaming treatment was suitable for developing GFP‐fortified steamed bread. With increasing GFP concentration, the increasing b* value indicated that the steamed bread developed a yellow hue. Meanwhile, GFP enrichment of steamed bread could retain most crocins and slow starch digestion by decreasing rapidly digestible starch content. Furthermore, the steamed bread with 1% GFP showed good overall sensory acceptance (flavour, taste, and mouthfeel). Therefore, GFP is a promising option for improving steamed bread's appearance and nutritional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anbar Journal of Agricultural Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Plant Production is the property of Egyptian National Agricultural Library (ENAL) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Natural plant dyes have received more and more attention due to their natural, environmentally friendly, antibacterial, and easy-degradation characteristics. Gardenia extract was selected to dye wool fiber in the article. Single factor test and orthogonal test were used to study the extraction technology of gardenia dye, the optimal extraction process of gardenia dye was: gardenia and deionized water ratio 1 :30, deionized water pH value 8, extraction temperature 70 °C, extraction time 50 min. Then the wool fiber was dyed by direct dyeing method and mordant dyeing method respectively. The orthogonal test results show that the optimal dyeing process for wool fiber is dyeing bath ratio 1 :30, dyeing temperature 60 °C, dyeing solution pH value 6, dyeing time 50 min. The optimum process of mordant dyeing method is dyeing bath ratio 1 :30, dyeing temperature 70 °C, dyeing time 50 min, dyeing solution pH value 6, lanthanum chloride mass concentration 8 g/L. After optimized dyeing process, the color fastness of wool fibers reached grade 3 and above, and K/S value was 7. 347. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The stability of gardenia blue is challenged under light and heat. Gardenia blue was designed to be stablised using gelatin, magnesium stearate and sorbitol, and the stabilisation effects and food application were investigated. Effect of sorbitol was studied by CIELab colorimeter, particle size meter, SEM, absorbance, FTIR, XRD, Raman spectrum, and rheometer. Appropriate‐content sorbitol could effectively enhance colour, and promote the UV irradiation stability of gardenia blue encapsulated complex systems, which is mainly owing to the hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions and hydrophobic interactions among components. These interactions induced by sorbitol also facilitated the shear‐thinning properties and excellent thermal stability of the complex systems. When writing & drawing on food, and 2D/3D printing food, the complex sample demonstrated the clear colour and outstanding effects. The gardenia blue based complex systems provide some reference for stabilising natural functional materials and illustrates potential application value in food decoration and food functionalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) possesses unique advantages in the management of blood glucose and lipids. However, there is still a significant gap in the exploration of its pharmacologically active components. Integrated strategies encompassing deep-learning prediction models and active validation based on absorbable ingredients can greatly improve the identification rate and screening efficiency in TCM. In this study, the affinity prediction of 11,549 compounds from the traditional Chinese medicine system's pharmacology database (TCMSP) with dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV) based on a deep-learning model was firstly conducted. With the results, Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (GJE), a food medicine with homologous properties, was selected as a model drug. The absorbed components of GJE were subsequently identified through in vivo intestinal perfusion and oral administration. As a result, a total of 38 prototypical absorbed components of GJE were identified. These components were analyzed to determine their absorption patterns after intestinal, hepatic, and systemic metabolism. Virtual docking and DPP-IV enzyme activity experiments were further conducted to validate the inhibitory effects and potential binding sites of the common constituents of deep learning and sequential metabolism. The results showed a significant DPP-IV inhibitory activity (IC50 53 ± 0.63 μg/mL) of the iridoid glycosides' potent fractions, which is a novel finding. Genipin 1-gentiobioside was screened as a promising new DPP-IV inhibitor in GJE. These findings highlight the potential of this innovative approach for the rapid screening of active ingredients in TCM and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-diabetic activity of GJE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the structural similarity and large difference in concentration, the separation of trans‐ and cis‐crocetin has been challenging, and the cis‐crocetin is usually neglected. In this work, a countercurrent chromatography method was developed for the quick separation of trans‐crocetin and cis‐crocetin from the hydrolytic extract of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. High purity of trans‐crocetin (>95%) and cis‐crocetin (>91%) were prepared simultaneously for the first time through a novel biphasic system based on deep eutectic solvents, n‐heptane/n‐butyl alcohol/13 mmol/L Na2CO3 in water/acetamide‐benzyltrimethylammonium chloride (4:1, mol/mol) (4:7:9:1, v/v). The addition of deep eutectic solvent significantly improved the separation efficiency. The two targets can be easily recovered from the separation system through simple acidification and precipitation. It has potential for preparative separations on a large scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-fertilizers protect the soil from the excessive addition of traditional fertilizers, enhancing the efficiency of the elements and diminishing the number of additive fertilizers. The effect of Fe2O3NPs-Boron (Fe2O3NPs-B), and Fe2O3 NP-Humic Acid (Fe2O3NPs-HA) at 100, 150 and 250 ppm, Fe2O3, and control (without any iron fertilizers) on the vegetative growth, flowering, photosynthetic pigments, nutrient element content and isozymes activity (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxide) of Gardenia jasminoides plants was investigated. Gamma-rays at 25 kGy were conducted for the promising synthesis of Fe2O3NPs-B, and Fe2O3NPs-HA. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions during two successive seasons. The results stated that Fe2O3NPs-B and Fe2O3NPs-HA at the highest concentration (250 ppm) had a significant positive effect in all vegetative characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, nutrient element content and isozymes activity. Fe2O3NPs-HA showed the optimal result in all morphological and biochemical characteristics. The highest activity of enzymes appeared in the treated plants with Fe2O3 NPs-B followed by Fe2O3 NPs-HA at 250 ppm. The advantage nano-fertilizer usage may be summarized as saving the soil from the unreasonable accumulation of classic fertilizers, improving the use efficiency of parts and reducing the number of different fertilizers as a consequence of their increased surface area and their nano-size.

Background: The fruits of Gardenia are rich in flavonoids and geniposides, which have various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptome and metabolome of gardenia peel and kernel at different growth stages, revealed the regulatory network related to flavonoid synthesis, and identified the key regulatory genes. Results: The results showed that in terms of flavonoid metabolic pathways, gardenia fruits mainly synthesized cinnamic acid through the phenylpropanoid pathway, and then synthesized flavonoids through the action of catalytic enzymes such as 4-coumaroyl-CoA ligase, chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase and flavanol synthase, respectively. In addition, we found that the metabolomics data showed a certain spatial and temporal pattern in the expression of genes related to the flavonoid metabolism pathway and the relative content of metabolites, which was related to the development and ripening process of the fruit. Conclusions: In summary, this study successfully screened out the key genes related to the biosynthesis metabolism of flavonoids in gardenia through the joint analysis of transcriptome and metabolome. This is of certain significance to the in-depth study of the formation mechanism of gardenia efficacy components and the improvement of quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-fertilizers protect the soil from the excessive addition of traditional fertilizers, enhancing the efficiency of the elements and diminishing the number of additive fertilizers. The effect of Fe2O3NPs-Boron (Fe2O3NPs-B), and Fe2O3 NP-Humic Acid (Fe2O3NPs-HA) at 100, 150 and 250 ppm, Fe2O3, and control (without any iron fertilizers) on the vegetative growth, flowering, photosynthetic pigments, nutrient element content and isozymes activity (peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and polyphenol oxide) of Gardenia jasminoides plants was investigated. Gamma-rays at 25 kGy were conducted for the promising synthesis of Fe2O3NPs-B, and Fe2O3NPs-HA. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions during two successive seasons. The results stated that Fe2O3NPs-B and Fe2O3NPs-HA at the highest concentration (250 ppm) had a significant positive effect in all vegetative characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, nutrient element content and isozymes activity. Fe2O3NPs-HA showed the optimal result in all morphological and biochemical characteristics. The highest activity of enzymes appeared in the treated plants with Fe2O3 NPs-B followed by Fe2O3 NPs-HA at 250 ppm. The advantage nano-fertilizer usage may be summarized as saving the soil from the unreasonable accumulation of classic fertilizers, improving the use efficiency of parts and reducing the number of different fertilizers as a consequence of their increased surface area and their nano-size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia blue (GB) is a natural pigment widely used in textiles and food industries as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes owing to its safety, biocompatibility and chemical stability. Herein we demonstrated a recyclable, reusable and efficient catalysis system for the biosynthesis of GB from geniposide using β -glucosidase embedded in copper phosphate hybrid nanoflowers. In this study, a promising β -glucosidase-secreting actinomycete was isolated and identified as Streptomyces variabilis BGPA1. The secreted enzyme was successfully immobilized in nanoflowers as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Results revealed the functionality of the prepared nanoflowers for the bioconversion of geniposide into genipin which interacts with glycine yielding the blue pigment. The optimum pH and temperature for the bioconversion were found to be 6.0 and 50∘C, respectively. Interestingly, the prepared β -glucosidase–copper phosphate hybrid nanoflowers retained up to 94% of their initial activity after 15 cycles of repeated usage, indicating the remarkable recyclability and reusability of the biocatalytic system. This study suggests that β -glucosidase–copper phosphate hybrid nanoflowers could be used as a potential candidate for the facile eco-friendly production of GB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation and restoration planning of extremely rare species relies on an understanding of the genetic diversity and population dynamics within a species to overcome potential inbreeding depression. Nānū or Nāʻū (Gardenia remyi H. Mann.) is an endemic tree native to the Hawaiian Islands and is one of more than 200 endangered plant species in Hawaiʻi with less than 50 individuals remaining in the wild. Efforts to understand the genetic diversity and connectivity between wild populations are foundational to conservation management plans, however little is known of the population structure of the species. In this study we utilize double digest restriction‐site associated sequencing (ddRADSeq) on both historical herbarium specimens and samples from living ex situ collections to: (1) Test the hypothesis that we can capture genetic diversity in herbarium material of G. remyi using ddRADSeq, and (2) test the hypothesis that there are genetically distinct populations or subpopulation units among different Hawaiian islands. Usable sequencing data from thirty‐seven samples of herbarium specimens collected between 1952 and 2017 and twenty wild sourced living collection samples were obtained representing all four islands where G. remyi is known to occur. Phylogenetic and population structure analysis revealed a monophyletic ingroup and a clear division between G. remyi samples of the northern island of Kauaʻi and those from the more southeastern younger islands of Molokaʻi, Maui and Hawaiʻi islands. The Kauaʻi samples were further split into a subpopulation from Southern Kauaʻi and the subpopulations from Northern Kauaʻi. Some admixed samples were detected. Our results are consistent with subpopulations of G. remyi, which needs to be considered in future conservation planning and breeding efforts to minimize inbreeding depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light availability is a primary factor influencing the growth and survival of tree seedlings in the forest understory. The effects of growth irradiance on the growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of an evergreen shrub, Gardenia jasminoides, were investigated with three levels of light: full light, 52.2% light and 18.2% light. The results showed that G. jasminoides grown under 18.2% light attained the lowest plant height and the highest crown diameter. The highest and lowest values of ground diameter were obtained in the 52.2% light and 18.2% light environments, respectively. Leaf area increased in plants grown under shade conditions. G. jasminoides grown under 52.2% light had the greatest leaf biomass, stem biomass and total biomass. Shade resulted in significant reductions in electron transport rate through PSII (ETR), photochemical quenching (qP) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ). Plants grown under shade conditions had lower heat dissipation in the antenna and higher excess energy. Chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl b, Chl (a + b) and carotenoids (Car) increased and the Chl a/b ratio decreased in response to shade. Area-based photosynthesis (Aarea), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) decreased significantly with decreasing growth irradiance, while there was no significant difference in mass-based photosynthesis (Amass) between full light and 52.2% light. G. jasminoides had the highest whole-plant photosynthesis (Aplant) value in 52.2% light and the lowest value in 18.2% light. The results suggest that approximately 52.2% light is the optimum growth irradiance for G. jasminoides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytochemical study on the methanolic extract of the leaves of Vietnamese plant Gardenia philastrei Pierre ex Pit. has led to the isolation of a new cycloartane coronalyl acetate (1) together with six known ones, coronlolide methyl ester (2), sootepin D (3), coronalolide (4), coronalolic acid (5), sootepin G (6) and 23-deoxojessic acid (7). Their structures were elucidated by a combination of 2 D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopies. These compounds (1-7) were tested for their anti-inflammatory activity. The result showed that six compounds (1-6) inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 macrophages with their IC50 values ranging from 3.76 − 75.47 µg/mL. This is the first report on the chemical constituents and anti-inflammatory activity of the G. philastrei. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of deep eutectic solvent as an alternative and environmentally friendly option has gained significant attention. This study first proposed a series of benzylammonium chloride based‐deep eutectic systems for the extraction of bioactive compounds from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis. Through the implementation of response surface methodology, the optimal solvent was determined to be dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride–levulinic acid (1:3, mol/mol) with 35% (v/v) water, specifically tailored to extract geniposide, genipin‐1‐β‐d‐gentiobioside, crocin‐1, and crocin‐2 from gardenia fruits with the ratio of solid to liquid of 1:20 at 86°C for 16 min. Their total extraction yields could reach 70.6 mg/g, outperforming those obtained by other solvents and corresponding techniques. Furthermore, the eutectic system was retrieved after first‐cycle extraction, and then applied in the subsequent extraction progress, yielding a consistent extraction efficiency of 97.1%. As compared to previous traditional methods, a quick, high‐yielding, and green extraction procedure was achieved through simple heating settings that did not constrain the instrument. Therefore, dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride–levulinic acid could serve as a sustainable and reusable solvent for efficient extraction of natural bioactive compounds from plant‐based raw materials. The application of deep eutectic solvents has demonstrated their potential as designable solvents with stronger extraction capabilities than traditional organic solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia jasminoides J. Ellis (Cape jasmine) is a horticultural plant. It is difficult to cultivate species due to pathogen sensitivity; hence, the demand for this species is gradually increasing. Thus, micropropagation would be a convenient tool to produce quality planting material, but the higher rate of mortality constitutes a constraint to large-scale propagation. Seismic stress is one of the abiotic stresses that promote growth, structural stability, and positively affect plantlet development. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of moderate seismic stress under in vitro conditions on the proliferation of shoots, biochemical attributes (photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrates constituents, free amino acids, etc.), and foliar anatomical stability of plantlets G. jasminoides. Results showed the superiority of moderate seismic stress (75 rpm for 10 min) in the improved proliferation of shoots, development of functional stomata, elimination of anatomical abnormalities, improved photosynthetic pigments and rooting efficiency, and finally increased survival percentage of plantlets after transplantation into field conditions. These findings provided evidence for the positive role of the optimised seismic stress in regulating the morpho-anatomical and biochemical traits in G. jasminoides which is an indication of the development of diverse adaptive strategies by the micropropagated plantlets to abiotic stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Gardenia jasminoides is a species of Chinese medicinal plant, which has high medicinal and economic value and rich genetic diversity, but the study on its genetic diversity is far not enough. Methods. In this study, one wild and one cultivated gardenia materials were resequenced using IlluminaHiSeq sequencing platform and the data were evaluated to understand the genomic characteristics of G. jasminoides. Results. After data analysis, the results showed that clean data of 11.77G, Q30 reached 90.96%. The average comparison rate between the sample and reference genome was 96.08%, the average coverage depth was 15X, and the genome coverage was 85.93%. The SNPs of FD and YP1 were identified, and 3,087,176 and 3,241,416 SNPs were developed, respectively. In addition, SNP non-synonymous mutation, InDel mutation, SV mutation and CNV mutation were also detected between the sample and the reference genome, and KEGG, GO and COG database annotations were made for genes with DNA level variation. The structural gene variation in the biosynthetic pathway of crocin and gardenia, the main medicinal substance of G. jasminoides was further explored, which provided basic data for molecular breeding and genetic diversity of G. jasminoides in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dior R. Kelley is a plant scientist whose research focuses on hormonal control of plant growth and development. She obtained her Bachelor's degree in Chemistry from the University of California Santa Cruz and her PhD in Plant Biology from the University of California at Davis. Dior has worked as a postdoctoral fellow at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies and the University of California San Diego. She is currently an Assistant Professor at Iowa State University. Dior's research involves studying the role of auxin in organ formation in maize and Arabidopsis thaliana. She has also served as an Associate Editor for the New Phytologist journal since 2023. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Periodontitis is characterised by inflammation of periodontium and alveolar bone loss. Gardenia jasminoides is reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of aqueous extract of G. jasminoides (GJ) on periodontitis.Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 7 weeks were randomly placed in three groups (n = 7); non-ligatured and non-treated (NL group), ligatured and distilled water-treated (L group) and ligatured and 100 mg/kg GJ-treated (GJ group). After oral administration of GJ for 14 days, the mandibles were removed for histology. In addition, RAW 264.7 cells were treated with 100 ng/ml receptor activator of nuclear factor-κΒ ligand (RANKL) and 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml GJ for 7 days to analyse the expression of periodontitis-related factors.Results: In GJ-treated mice, the score of alveolar bone loss was statistically significantly attenuated compared with the L group. GJ treatment showed inhibition effect in the progress of cementum demineralisation. The expressions of proinflammatory cytokines in gingival tissue were statistically significantly regulated by GJ treatment. Additionally, GJ treatment showed the dose-dependent inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. Furthermore, GJ treatment downregulated the RANKL-induced cytokine production in RAW 264.7 cells.Conclusion: In summary, GJ ameliorated periodontitis-induced alveolar bone loss via inhibiting transcription factors including nuclear factor-κB, c-fos and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling. Therefore, GJ might be a therapeutic option for treating periodontitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatic oils found in many plants are called essential oils. Essential oils are extracted from plants and utilized in various fragrances, foods, medications, and cleaning items. Essential oils, thought to include molecules that a plant utilizes to fight illnesses and fight against bacteria and parasites, have been called the "lifeblood" of a plant by some scientists. The flowers were from Tikrit, Iraq, nurseries. The oil from the flowers was extracted using a Clevenger after the flowers were rinsed completely. Weigh out 10 grams of flower and put it into a 500-milliliter round-bottom flask. Combine the 150 mL of distilled water. Extract oil from the flower by starting a Clevenger-type distillation, turning on the heating mantle for 2 hours, collecting the oil in a tiny measuring cylinder, and then testing the oil for GC-MS and antioxidant action. Different chemical elements of the Jasmine flower were identified based on their limited peak area, retention time, and molecular formula, as shown in the chromatogram generated by the GC-MS. Flower oil was analyzed, and 10 chemical components were present, each with a unique peak area percentage. The antioxidant activity of gardenia was studied using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, the most commonly used method for testing plant extracts for antioxidant properties. The stable free radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) is associated with an extra electron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxicity assessment of the food colorant Gardenia jasminoides Ellis at dietary exposures of 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 3.0% and 5.0% included measures of T-cell-dependent antibody response, neurotoxicity, and clinical and anatomic pathology in Sprague Dawley rats during mating, gestation, lactation, postnatal development, and following weaning for up to 12 months including 3- and 6-month interim evaluations. Blue coloration of the gastrointestinal tract, mesenteric lymph nodes and kidneys was present in treated rats only at necropsy with minimal blue coloration at the lowest dose and without histopathological correlates in any of the tissues. There was good survival with no consistent treatment-related changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, enhanced evaluation of lymphoid tissues, or tissue histopathology at interim and final time points. T-cell dependent antibody response and neurotoxicity screening were negative in treated rats. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was determined to be 5.0% gardenia blue (2,854.5 and 3,465.4 mg/kg/day in parental males and females, respectively, prior to mating; 3,113.5 and 4,049.6 mg/kg/day in male and female offspring, respectively, following up to 12 months of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human life span has been markedly extended since the 1900s, but it has not brought healthy aging to everyone. This increase in life expectancy without an increase in healthspan is a major global concern that imposes considerable health care budgets and degrades the quality of life of older adults. Dietary interventions are a promising strategy to increase healthspan. In this study, we evaluated whether a Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fruit ethanol extract (GFE) increases the life span of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Treatment with 10 mg/mL GFE increased the life span by 27.1% when compared to the vehicle group. GFE (10 mg/mL) treatment improved healthspan-related markers (pharyngeal pumping, muscle quality, age–pigment, and reactive oxygen species accumulation) and exerted a protective effect against amyloid β 1–42 toxicity. These effects of GFE are related to the inhibition of insulin/IGF-1 signaling and activation of SKN-1/Nrf, thereby promoting the expression of stress resistance-related genes. In addition, treatment with 10 mM geniposide, the most abundant component of GFE, improved healthspan-related markers and increased life span by 18.55% when compared to the vehicle group. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that GFE and its component geniposide increase the life span along with healthspan in C. elegans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nineteen samples of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis from China were used for genome resequencing. The clean Q30 base rates ranged from 91.19% to 92.94%. When mapping with the reference genome, a total of 7,568,199 inDel sites and 61,535,595 SNP sites were detected, with variations of heterozygosity ratios ranging from 44.86% to 92.69% and from 41.53% to 90.38%, respectively. Genome location and function annotation of SNP and inDel in different samples were carried out. SNP and inDel were mainly located in the intergenic region, with the ratios of 67.2360% and 62.6415%, respectively. Based on the phylogenetic tree constructed by the maximum likelihood method, the 19 samples could be divided into four categories. Among them, Y_10 and Y_38 were put into one category, while Y_2 was put into a separate category. These two were first differentiated from other cultivars and species. Similar conclusions can be drawn from the results of genetic structure and principal component analysis. This study provided sequence foundation for the identifying of the molecular marker and genotype of G. jasminoides. It also provided theoretical foundation for subsequent resource conservation and utilization, the genetic localization of important agronomical traits, and high-quality variety formulation and breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gardenia jasminoides fruits are extensively grown worldwide, with a large harvest, and its major medicinal ingredients are geniposide and crocins. Research on their accumulation and biosynthsis-related enzymes is rare. In this study, the accumulation of geniposide and crocin of G. jasminoides fruits at different developmental stages were clarified by HPLC. The highest cumulative amount of geniposide was 2.035% during the unripe-fruit period, and the highest content of crocin was 1.098% during the mature-fruit period. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was performed. A total of 50 unigenes encoding 4 key enzymes related in geniposide biosynthsis pathways were screened, and 41 unigenes encoding 7 key enzymes in the pathways of crocin were elucidated. It was found that the expression levels of differentially expressed genes of DN67890_c0_g1_i2-encoding GGPS, which is highly related to geniposide biosynthesis, and DN81253_c0_g1_i1-encoding lcyB, DN79477_c0_g1_i2-encoding lcyE, and DN84975_c1_g7_i11-encoding CCD, which are highly related to crocin biosynthesis, were consistent with the accumulation of geniposide and crocin content, respectively. The qRT-PCR results showed that the trends of relative expression were consistent with transcribed genes. This study provides insights for understanding the geniposide and crocin accumulation and biosynthsis during fruit development in G. jasminoides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various applications of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are brutally hampered in the practical field due to their instability and aggregation features. Thus, highly stable colloidal AgNPs were produced in obedience to the principle of 'green chemistry' that uses natural dyes extracted from gardenia fruits as stabilizing and simultaneously as reducing agents. The effect of operating conditions on the synthesis of AgNPs was studied using a one‐variable‐at‐a‐time technique to maximize the growth of particles. The analysis of AgNPs produced at optimum reaction parameters discovered that the particles are face‐centered cubic metallic silver, mostly in spherical shapes, nano‐ranged in diameter (23.4 ± 6.4 nm) with a confined size distribution, enormously crystalline surface (d‐spacing = 0.233 nm), firmly stabilized (zeta potential = −29.0 mV) by a thin membrane of gardenia phytochemicals. They exhibited significant bacterial reduction inhibition against the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus owing to the strong antibacterial function of nanosilver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]