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Incorporating inorganic particles is a common approach to preparing polymeric materials with desirable physical properties and processability. However, this often results in increased brittleness, necessitating methods to improve melt strength and toughness. In this study, in situ polymerization was employed to functionalize silica nanoparticles with the silane coupling agent (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) as a core. A flexible chain segment, poly(butylene itaconate) (PBI), was then introduced as a "rubbery" intermediate layer, resulting in a core‐shell structure of poly(L‐lactic‐co‐butanediol itaconate) nano‐silica copolymer films (PLBISiO2) with both branched and "rubbery" structures. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) confirmed the formation of macromolecular chains, with the molecular weight (Mn) of PLBI increasing from 59,638 to 74,306 g/mol. This significant increase supports the "rubbery" core‐shell structure. When 0.5% SiO2 was added, the T5% of the film increased by 40°C, significantly improving thermal stability. Additionally, the elongation at break increased to 265.7%, while retaining the original tensile strength. Dynamic rheology experiments further confirmed the generation of branched or "rubbery" core‐shell structures, and a doubling of gas barrier properties was observed with increased silica nanoparticles, suggesting potential applications in food packaging or biopharmaceuticals. Highlights: Nanocomposites with core‐shell structure and improved mechanical properties.Dynamic rheology experiments confirmed the formation of the core‐shell structure.Significantly improved gas barrier properties due to core‐shell structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a novel cost-effective methodology was developed to enhance the gas barrier properties and permselectivity of unfilled natural rubber (NR)/polybutadiene rubber (BR) composites through the construction of a heterogeneous structure using pre-vulcanized powder rubber to replace traditional fillers. The matrix material is composed of a blend of NR and BR, which is widely used in tire manufacturing. By incorporating pre-vulcanized trans-1,4-poly(isoprene-co-butadiene) (TBIR) rubber powder (pVTPR) with different cross-linking densities and contents, significant improvements in the gas barrier properties and CO2 permselectivity of the NR/BR/pVTPR composites were observed. The results indicated that compared to NR/BR/TBIR composites prepared through direct blending of NR, BR, and TBIR, the NR/BR/pVTPR composites exhibited markedly superior gas barrier properties. Increasing the cross-linking density of pVTPR resulted in progressive enhancement of the gas barrier properties of the NR/BR/pVTPR composite. For example, the addition of 20 phr pVTPR with a cross-linking density of 346 mol/m3 resulted in a 79% improvement in the oxygen barrier property of NR/BR/pVTPR compared to NR/BR, achieving a value of 5.47×10−14 cm3·cm·cm−2·s−1·Pa−1. Similarly, the nitrogen barrier property improved by 76% compared to NR/BR, reaching 2.4×10−14 cm3·cm·cm−2·s−1·Pa−1, which is 28 % higher than the conventional inner liner material brominated butyl rubber (BIIR, PN2=3.32×10−14 cm3·cm·cm−2·s−1·Pa−1). Owing to its low cost, exceptional gas barrier properties, superior adhesion to various tire components, and co-vulcanization capabilities, the NR/BR/pVTPR composite has emerged as a promising alternative to butyl rubber in the inner liner of tires. Furthermore, by fine-tuning the cross-linking density of pVTPR, the high-gas-barrier NR/BR/pVTPR composites also demonstrated remarkable CO2 permselectivity, with a CO2/N2 selectivity of 61.4 and a CO2/O2 selectivity of 26.12. This innovation provides a novel strategy for CO2 capture and separation, with potential applications in future environmental and industrial processes. The multifunctional NR/BR/pVTPR composite, with its superior gas barrier properties and CO2 permselectivity, is expected to contribute to the development of safer, greener, and more cost-effective transportation solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh mulberry is a soft and juicy fruit with no protective layer on the skin, limiting its storage and transportation. Nanocellulose (NCC) and chitosan (CS) films have extensive potential in packaging due to their high–gas barrier, excellent mechanical, and antibacterial properties. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the storage resistance of fresh mulberries using laminated cellulose nanocrystal/CS (NCC/CS) composite coatings. The relationships between film microstructure, gas barrier characteristics, and mulberry storage properties were investigated. The results showed that the prepared NCC had a crystallinity of 80.40% with the length of 382.53 ± 42.40 nm and the diameter of 10.97 ± 4.71 nm. It was capable of forming a uniform film with an oxygen transmittance rate of 23.97 × 103 cm3/(cm2 day) and a solubility rate of 0.0025 g/min. The laminated NCC/CS composites had a denser structure, a lower oxygen transmittance rate of 0.62 × 103 cm3/(cm2 day), and antibacterial properties, as indicated by an inhibition circle measuring 5.3–6.2 mm in diameter. During storage, NCC/CS-coated mulberries displayed a slowly reducing sensory quality, lower mass loss rate, and lower rotting rate. After 10 days, compared with the uncoated mulberry, the soluble solid content in NCC/CS-coated mulberries decreased from 10.9 to 8.73%, soluble glucose content increased from 5.24 to 6.2%, and malondialdehyde content increased from 20.43 to 37.95%. The coating provided mechanical protection and offered superior oxygen barrier properties and a denser microstructure, leading to a weaker respiratory function and better mulberry storage. The findings of this study provided a novel approach for the practical application of NCC materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges in global food supply chains include preserving postharvest quality and extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The utilization of edible coatings (ECs) combined with biocontrol agents (BCAs) represents a promising strategy to enhance the postharvest quality and shelf life of these commodities. This review analyzes the most recent developments in EC technologies and their combination with BCAs, highlighting their synergistic effects on postharvest pathogen control and quality maintenance. Various types of ECs, including polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, are discussed alongside coating fundamentals and the mechanisms through which BCAs contribute to pathogen suppression. The review also highlights the efficacy of these combined approaches in maintaining the physicochemical properties, sensory attributes, and nutritional value of fruits. Key challenges such as regulatory requirements, consumer acceptance, and the scalability of these technologies are addressed. Future research directions are proposed to optimize formulations, improve application techniques, and enhance the overall efficacy of these biocomposite coatings and multifunctional coatings. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying gaps, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential and limitations of using ECs and BCAs for sustainable postharvest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The blends of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC), chain extender (ADR) and layered double hydroxides (LDH) are prepared by different extrusion methods. Effects of LDH and its distribution on rheology, phase morphology, mechanical properties, water vapor barrier properties and food preservation properties are investigated. Results show that when PBAT, PPC, and LDH are mixed directly, LDH is preferentially distributed in the PBAT phase. When LDH are mixed with PPC firstly and then further with PBAT, LDH mostly migrates to the interface of PBAT and PPC. The epoxy groups of ADR react with the terminal groups of the polymers to improve the interfacial compatibility. Adding LDH, the mechanical properties and barrier properties of the materials are improved and by premixing of PPC and LDH, properties of composites are further improved. Compared with PBAT/PPC blends, the tensile strength and elongation at break of PBAT/PPC(LDH‐0.5)/ADR increased by 25.2% and 15.3%, respectively. The banana packaged in PBAT/PPC/LDH films maintains good freshness. It illustrates that PBAT/PPC(LDH)/ADR composites have a good application prospect in the field of barrier and food packaging based on their excellent mechanical, barrier, and preservation properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of amine-modified mesoporous silica (AMS)-based epoxy composites with superhydrophobic biomimetic structure surface of Xanthosoma sagittifolium leaves (XSLs) were prepared and applied as anti-corrosion and anti-biofilm coatings. Initially, the AMS was synthesized by the base-catalyzed sol–gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and triethoxysilane (APTES) through a non-surfactant templating route. Subsequently, a series of AMS-based epoxy composites were prepared by performing the ring-opening polymerization of DGEBA with T-403 in the presence of AMS spheres, followed by characterization through FTIR, TEM, and CA. Furthermore, a nano-casting technique with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as the soft template was utilized to transfer the surface pattern of natural XSLs to AMS-based epoxy composites, leading to the formation of AMS-based epoxy composites with biomimetic structure. From a hydrophilic CA of 69°, the surface of non-biomimetic epoxy significantly increased to 152° upon introducing XSL surface structure to the AMS-based epoxy composites. Based on the standard electrochemical anti-corrosion and anti-biofilm measurements, the superhydrophobic BEAMS3 composite was found to exhibit a remarkable anti-corrosion efficiency of ~99% and antimicrobial efficacy of 82% as compared to that of hydrophilic epoxy coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The escalating environmental challenges posed by petroleum-derived plastics have underscored the urgent need for sustainable and biodegradable alternatives, particularly in the realm of food packaging materials. This study addresses this pressing issue by introducing a novel approach to developing eco-friendly food packaging materials through the application of dialdehyde-modified cellulose (DAC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coating. This environmentally conscious method involves coating a polylactic acid (PLA) film, a readily available and biodegradable substrate, with an aqueous solution of DAC and PVA. The resultant a-PLA/h-DAC1-PVA0.5 films exhibit exceptional gas barrier properties, attributed to effective crosslinking between DAC and PVA, surpassing the performance of both conventional PLA films and aluminum oxide-deposited PLA counterparts. Furthermore, these films offer optical and electromagnetic transparency, essential for monitoring food freshness and enabling QR code and RFID recognition. Importantly, extensive biodegradability assessments reveal that our films, primarily composed of PLA with a cellulose-based coating layer, align with established PLA degradation kinetics. Notably, these films demonstrate non-cytotoxicity, affirming their suitability for widespread use. This innovative approach presents a promising solution for the development of sustainable, biodegradable, and highly transparent food packaging materials, contributing significantly to plastic waste reduction and environmental preservation within the food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review addresses the vital environmental concerns posed by conventional petroleum-based plastics, particularly in the context of the packaging industry's extensive reliance on these materials. As nearly 99% of plastics originate from non-renewable petrochemical sources and their non-biodegradable nature leads to widespread waste accumulation and harmful emissions upon disposal, the need for sustainable alternatives has become paramount. This paper explores the escalating environmental and health repercussions linked to traditional plastics, underscored by global initiatives, including restrictions on single-use plastics, aimed at mitigating these challenges. In response, the paper highlights the growing interest in environmental friendly biopolymers, which can be sourced from renewable biological materials or synthesized from biopolymers such as starch, casein etc. The classification of biopolymers into three primary categories; natural biopolymers, microbial fermentation-derived biopolymers, and polymerized monomers from biomass is comprehensively examined. Furthermore, the paper emphasizes the pivotal role of biopolymer properties, such as barrier characteristics, mechanical strength, heat resistance, biodegradability, flexibility, food contact safety, and cost-effectiveness, in determining their suitability for packaging applications. It also stresses the importance of conducting life cycle assessment (LCA) to holistically evaluate the environmental sustainability of biopolymers. This review highlights the potential of integrating biopolymers into packaging materials as a promising avenue to reduce the adverse environmental impact of traditional plastic production. These biodegradable materials, with their diverse properties and renewability, offer a sustainable approach to mitigating plastic waste and lowering greenhouse gas emissions. However, further research, development, and collaborative efforts are essential to optimize biopolymer performance, reduce production costs, and facilitate broader adoption. Embracing biodegradable polymers represents a commitment to resource efficiency, waste reduction, and environmental preservation, fostering a more sustainable and ecofriendly future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thin polymer‐based coatings with high oxygen barrier at elevated humidity are needed for the protection of food and organic electronic devices. Polyelectrolyte‐based thin films (deposited via layer‐by‐layer assembly) perform well at ambient humidity, but their performance typically dwindles as humidity increases due to their hydrophilic nature. Retention of their high barrier can be achieved through the addition of chemical crosslinkers or the introduction of inorganic platelets that create a nanobrick wall structure. In this study, a nanobrick wall barrier prepared with two types of clay, with a thickness less than 200 nm, is shown to reduce the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of 179 µm polyethylene terephthalate to less than 0.016 cm3 m−2 day−1 atm−1. At 90% relative humidity (RH), a quadlayer barrier consisting of polyethylenimine, boehmite clay, poly(acrylic acid), and vermiculite clay maintains nearly 90% of its barrier performance at 0% RH (OTR = 0.019 cm3 m−2 day−1 atm−1). This study demonstrates the potential of dual clay thin film nanocomposites to protect various consumer goods at high humidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, polyaniline-copolyacryclicacid(PANI-co-PAA) nanocomposite films are prepared via in situ polymerization technique with dispersion of functionalized-nano silicon carbide(f-SiC). The morphological analysis evidences reduction in voids due to the presence of SiC Nps. PANI-co-PAA/f-SiC films show significant improvement in thermal stability, chemical resistance, and flame retardancy by increasing the concentration of nanofiller. The oxygen barrier properties of nanocomposite films increase sevenfolds, compared to PANI-co-PAA matrix. The films show considerable biodegradation in sludge water treatment which diminishes with increase in concentration of nano SiC. The mechanical, thermal, gas barrier, flame retardancy, chemical-resistant, and biodegradation properties render the PANI-co-PAA/f-SiC films effective for packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Asphaltene is often regarded as an undesirable by‐product of petroleum processing, possesses vast reserves with little market value. The typical routes of consuming asphaltene, namely burning and landfilling, pose significant environmental challenges. In this study, low‐value asphaltene is converted into high‐value ethylated carbon clusters (ECC) using a supercritical ethanol technique. The resulting ECC powder demonstrates promising properties for high density polyethylene (HDPE) composite applications. The effects of incorporating ECC on the mechanical, gas barrier, and anti‐aging properties of the composite are investigated. Results show that a 1 wt.% ECC led to a 4.2% and 43.5% increase in tensile strength and elongation at break, a reduction of 45.8% and 30.7% in oxygen and carbon dioxide permeability. Furthermore, ECC exhibits effective UV spectrum absorption and conversion in the wavelength range of 400–600 nm, providing protection against UV spectrum damage to HDPE. The incorporation of ECC not only enhances the properties of polymer composites but also sequesters carbon within the polymer matrix, enabling the valorization of asphaltene while mitigating environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenges in global food supply chains include preserving postharvest quality and extending the shelf life of fruits and vegetables. The utilization of edible coatings (ECs) combined with biocontrol agents (BCAs) represents a promising strategy to enhance the postharvest quality and shelf life of these commodities. This review analyzes the most recent developments in EC technologies and their combination with BCAs, highlighting their synergistic effects on postharvest pathogen control and quality maintenance. Various types of ECs, including polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids, are discussed alongside coating fundamentals and the mechanisms through which BCAs contribute to pathogen suppression. The review also highlights the efficacy of these combined approaches in maintaining the physicochemical properties, sensory attributes, and nutritional value of fruits. Key challenges such as regulatory requirements, consumer acceptance, and the scalability of these technologies are addressed. Future research directions are proposed to optimize formulations, improve application techniques, and enhance the overall efficacy of these biocomposite coatings and multifunctional coatings. By synthesizing current knowledge and identifying gaps, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the potential and limitations of using ECs and BCAs for sustainable postharvest management.

Diffusion of gaseous molecules through thermoplastic polymers is crucial for numerous applications including fuel liners, fuel containers, and gas bottle liners for space applications and packaging. Atomistic simulation techniques are emerging as viable techniques to study the diffusion of gases in different polymeric materials. In this article, the diffusion of nitrogen, oxygen, and helium as penetrant gases in amorphous polyethylene cells with low to high densities was investigated in the environment of molecular dynamics. Molecular dynamics-based simulations were performed with a hybrid-type force field. Adaptive intermolecular reactive empirical bond order (AIREBO) and Lennard-Jones were used to capture bonded and nonbonded interactions, respectively, whereas Beck was used for He gas. In this article, monocrystalline and bicrystalline h-BN nanosheets were used for reinforcing the barrier properties of polyethylene-based nanocomposites. The bicrystalline configuration of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) nanosheets helps in improving the alignment of the polymer chains at the interface that mitigates the diffusion characteristics of helium (He) gas. The results will help in developing liners for replacing titanium in bottles used for storing helium for space applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) incorporated layered double hydroxides (LDH) reinforced chitosan grafted polymethyl methacrylate nanocomposites (CHs-g-PMMA/Ag/LDH) are prepared by the surfactant-free emulsion polymerization process. The laminar sandwiched structure of CHs-g-PMMA is obtained by the exfoliation of LDH platelets and AgNPs embedded in the composite resembles the plums in pudding. TG analysis establishes the high processibility of the material due to the presence of LDH and silver nanoparticles. The incorporation of AgNPs and LDH platelets improves the thermal stability appreciably, and it is further enhanced with the increase in LDH content. Mechanical attributes such as tensile strength, compressive strength, Young's modulus and elongation at break are increased monotonically by the addition of AgNPs as well as increasing concentration of LDH. The exfoliation of LDH platelets within the CHs-g-PMMA/Ag improves the mechanical strength significantly. The uniform distribution of LDH creates a tortuous path which hinders gas permeation by which the barrier property of the nanocomposite is improved by sevenfold as compared to the copolymeric matrix. Biodegradability and chemical resistance are improved by the combined effect of AgNPs and LDH. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) values are raised due to the laminar structure of LDH which justifies the composite as fire-retardant material. The antibacterial behavior of the materials is analyzed by zone inhibition technique using S. aureus and E. coli as test organisms. The materials exhibited improvement in antibacterial behavior as a result of introduction of AgNPs and LDH with more pronounced effect on gram-negative bacterial strains. These as-synthesized, chemically inert and thermally stable materials possessing higher barrier and antibacterial properties can be considered as a smart material for potential packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Flame retardants play a crucial role in improving the flame retardant properties of polymer materials. In recent years, environmental problems caused by flame retardants have attracted widespread attention. It is urgent to use green and effective methods to prepare flame retardant polymers. Bioinspired nanocomposites with layered structures seem to provide effective ideas, but in general, their hydrophilic raw materials limit their applications in certain fields. Here, we prepared biomimetic composites with a layered "brick‐and‐mortar" structure by gravity‐induced deposition using polyimide as the polymer matrix and montmorillonite (MMT) as the filler. The well‐arranged structures of the composite material could isolate oxygen and prevent combustible gases from escaping. The gas barrier performance has been greatly improved, in which the water vapor transmission rate and the oxygen transmission rate decreased by 99.18% and three orders of magnitude, respectively. The flame retardant performance has also been improved, and its limiting oxygen index can reach 67.9%. The polyimide matrix can be converted to water‐insoluble by thermal imidization of water‐soluble poly (amic acid) salt precursors, which endows the composites with low hygroscopicity. The coating containing MMT can protect against polyurethane (PU) foam from fire. During the conical calorimetric test, the coated sample self‐extinguished, and the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production are significantly decreased by 53.39%, 40.69%, and 53.03%, respectively. Taking advantage of these properties, this work utilizes a facile method to prepare biomimetic composites with low moisture absorption, excellent gas barrier properties, and flame retardancy, which have great application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane is a unique polymer with excellent flexibility, elasticity, controllable hardness, fine tensile strength, abrasion and medium resistant, and stable in both low and high temperature. Since it is suitable for use as a gas barrier material, so it has a wide range of applications in fuel gas isolation, food packing, tire repairing, hot balloon, and flame retardance. The copolymerization of soft segments and hard segments formulated polyurethane, and its gas barrier properties depends on phase separation caused by two thermodynamically incompatible segments. Adjustment of molecular structure and fabrication of nano composites are effective approaches to enhance gas barrier properties. Nanoclay and graphene are widely studied as nano fillers for polyurethane, they improve the barrier ability of polyurethane to water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide and other gases by blocking mechanism of which is reported to be layer stack and hydrogen bonding. In this article, mechanism of gas transport and barrier, intrinsic polyurethane, polyurethane nanocomposites is discussed. Finally, the development direction of polyurethane for gas barrier application is prospected.

Abstract Flame retardants play a crucial role in improving the flame retardant properties of polymer materials. In recent years, environmental problems caused by flame retardants have attracted widespread attention. It is urgent to use green and effective methods to prepare flame retardant polymers. Bioinspired nanocomposites with layered structures seem to provide effective ideas, but in general, their hydrophilic raw materials limit their applications in certain fields. Here, we prepared biomimetic composites with a layered “brick‐and‐mortar” structure by gravity‐induced deposition using polyimide as the polymer matrix and montmorillonite (MMT) as the filler. The well‐arranged structures of the composite material could isolate oxygen and prevent combustible gases from escaping. The gas barrier performance has been greatly improved, in which the water vapor transmission rate and the oxygen transmission rate decreased by 99.18% and three orders of magnitude, respectively. The flame retardant performance has also been improved, and its limiting oxygen index can reach 67.9%. The polyimide matrix can be converted to water‐insoluble by thermal imidization of water‐soluble poly (amic acid) salt precursors, which endows the composites with low hygroscopicity. The coating containing MMT can protect against polyurethane (PU) foam from fire. During the conical calorimetric test, the coated sample self‐extinguished, and the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production are significantly decreased by 53.39%, 40.69%, and 53.03%, respectively. Taking advantage of these properties, this work utilizes a facile method to prepare biomimetic composites with low moisture absorption, excellent gas barrier properties, and flame retardancy, which have great application potential.

Now‐a‐days, let out a huge number of bovine trimmings based solid waste from tanneries has caused significant environmental concerns. To overcome this problem, this study emphasizes on bovine trimmings derived collagen based high‐performance composite with graphene oxide (Col‐GO) by using solvent evaporation method. The Col‐GO composite film formation was governed by plasticization with glycerol, crosslinking reaction of collagen chain; and H‐bonding interaction between GO and collagen functional groups. The Col‐GO composite films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and contact angle measurements. FTIR and TGA results indicate that interfacial H‐bonding interaction between GO with collagen, and thermal stability of Col‐GO composites film. Contact angle results indicate that hydrophobicity of Col‐GO films was significantly enhanced compared to pure collagen film. The SEM analysis results indicate the homogeneous integration of GO in the Col‐GO composite film. The composite film exhibits improvement in tensile strength and Young's modulus (YM) by 45% and 33% respectively. The water and gas barrier properties of the composite film improved by 47.4%, 66.57%, and 87.34%, respectively compared to pure collagen film. The Col‐GO composite film showed excellent biodegradation in the soil burial test, degrading 79.47% in 42 days. The potential of the biodegraded Col‐GO composite sample as a biofertilizer has been investigated by cultivating Spinacia oleracea seeds. The Col‐GO composite film might be a very promising bio‐compostable flexible and sustainable packaging film alternative to plastic packaging made from oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When coating suspensions of large aspect ratio clay monolayers upon drying, the individual nanosheets self-assemble into thin nanoglass coatings due to the large overlapping areas between restacked clay nanosheets. By exchanging the films with flat-lying, hydrophobic organocations, swelling at higher relative humidity is suppressed, and the interlayer space collapses to less than 3 Å, a value smaller than the kinetic diameter of oxygen. Consequently, diffusion along the interlayer space is impeded, resulting in very good gas barriers. The guanidinium-exchanged all-clay coating was found to have transmission rates for oxygen as low as 0.32 cm3 μm m–2 day–1 atm–1 and for water vapor as low as 3.74 g m–2 day–1, both values determined at harsh conditions (38 °C and 90% relative humidity). The barrier is rather insensitive to swelling with water vapor, and the performance of the waterborne coatings is competitive, in both barrier performance and transparency with vapor-deposited coatings rendering them an alternative for challenging food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of novel PEF/TiO2//diatomaceous earth (DE) composites are prepared from dimethyl 2, 5-furandicarboxylate (DMFD), ethylene glycol (EG), pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), DE and TiO2/ nanoparticles via in-situ polycondensation. And their structure, thermal properties, mechanical properties, gas permeability properties and ultraviolet shielding properties are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR), fourier transform attenuated total reflection infrared spectrometer (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and other technical means. The results show that the composites are successfully prepared, and nano-TiO2/ and DE are both physically doped. The DE particles are uniformly dispersed within PEF. All polyester powders have an amorphous aggregate structure. Compared with PEF, the temperature at 5% mass loss (Td, 5%) and the maximum mass loss rate (Tdmax) of PEF/TiO2//DE composites are increased by 12.1 and 8.4 ℃, respectively. The tensile modulus and impact strength of PEF/ TiO2/DE composites reach 2657 MPa and 3.2×104 J/m², respectively. The CO2 and O2 permeability of PEF/ TiO2//DE composites are regulated by the addition of nano-TiO2/ and DE. The CO2 barrier improvement coefficient (BIFCO2) is increased from 3.02 for PEF/TiO2/ to 1.37~4.64, and the O2 barrier improvement coefficient (BIFCO2 ) is increased from 1.36 for PEF/TiO2/ to 0.7~2.07. In addition, PEF/TiO2/ has functional properties such as UV resistance with the addition of nano-TiO2/: the UV shielding rate of PEF/TiO2/ composites is increased by 85%, from 45.38% of PEF to 83.85% of PEF/TiO2/ composite films, and the UV shielding performance of PEF/TiO2//DE composites is greater than 84%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A multi-layer barrier coating technology was developed using nano-fibrillated cellulose (NFC) alongside a hydrophobic, paraffin-free biowax for manufacturing an eco-friendly functional packaging paper. Anionic NFC was prepared by isolating hardwood-bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) using a micro-grinder, and cationic NFC was prepared by the quaternization reaction of the anionic NFC. Thereafter, a three-layer barrier-coated paper was manufactured using cationic and anionic NFCs and biowax. The air permeability and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the three-layer barrier-coated paper were measured, and its coverage and coating layer structure were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The air permeability of the three-layer barrier-coated paper was more than 15,000 s and those WVTR was 67.1 g/m2/day. Its coverage and surface were considerably uniform and smooth. Thick and effective barrier coating layers were formed as indicated by SEM images. Therefore, it was concluded that a multi-layer barrier-coated paper with considerably high barrier properties could be produced using cationic and anionic NFCs with high gas barrier properties and biowax with high moisture barrier properties. Further, the structure could be used as a functional packaging paper with high barrier properties.

Passive cooling technology is currently a hot research topic because it can achieve cooling without external energy input, significantly reduce cooling costs and mitigate global warming. At present, passive cooling technology is mainly used in construction, transportation, electronic equipment, and other fields, but most passive cooling materials do not have gas barrier performance, which limits the application of passive cooling technology in inflatable structures such as gas film buildings, blimp bladders and other fields, so a material that has both passive cooling and gas barrier performance is needed. In this paper, PXTPU composites were prepared by melt blending mica‐TiO2 with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). PXTPU not only achieves passive cooling above 10°C with the excellent reflectivity of TiO2 in mica‐TiO2, but also achieves 61.1% or even 74.5% enhancement of gas barrier capacity with the high orientation of lamellar mica in mica‐TiO2. In addition, PXTPU also exhibited good thermal stability and mechanical properties exceeding 31.2 MPa breaking strength and 210.6% breaking elongation. Therefore, PXTPU composites show great potential in inflatable structures for outdoor work, expanding the application field of passive cooling technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, the two-phase mixture (HTLc) of hydrotalcite and its oxide were used to improve the barrier properties, UV resistance and antimicrobial activity of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) for their application in liquid milk packaging. Firstly, CaZnAl-CO3-LDHs with a two-dimensional layered structure were synthesized by hydrothermal method. CaZnAl-CO3-LDHs precursors were characterized by XRD, TEM, ICP and dynamic light scattering. A series of PET/HTLc composite films were then prepared, characterized by XRD, FTIR and SEM, and a possible mechanism of the composite films with hydrotalcite was proposed. Barrier properties to water vapor and oxygen have been studied in PET nanocomposites, as well as their antibacterial efficacy by the colony technique and their mechanical properties after exposure to UV irradiation for 24 h. By the presence of 1.5 wt% HTLc in the PET composite film, the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) was reduced by 95.27%, the water vapor transmission rate was reduced by 72.58% and the inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was 83.19% and 52.75%. Moreover, a simulation of the migration process in dairy products was used to prove the relative safety. This research first proposes a safe technique for fabricating hydrotalcite-based polymer composites with a high gas barrier, UV resistance and effective antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nanoclay additive on polyamide film oxygen permeability is investigated from the perspective of possible use as a laminate component for low-cost food packaging material. Montmorillonite nanoclay was melt-mixed in an industrial grade polyamide by twin-screw extrusion and the mixture was hot-pressed to a ~50 µm thick film. The film with 10 wt.% of nanoclay loading showed a 17 % decrease in the oxygen transmission rate (OTR), as compared to the pristine polyamide film (72 and 87 cm3/m2∙24 h, respectively). Despite the relatively high loading of the filler the obtained OTR exceeds that of the food packaging preferred upper limit of 10 cm3/m2∙24 h. XRD measurements confirmed the near-complete exfoliation of the nanoclay platelets. The platelets were found to be at an average angle of 9.5 degrees relative to the film’s surface plane. To comply with the requirements for food packaging, this angle needs to be decreased down to 0.4 degrees. To achieve this, different film-making methods enabling better control over the filler particles’ orientation need to be explored. Nanoclay addition increased the films’ yield strength (23 % for 10 wt.% film) and stiffness, while not affecting the films’ optical appearance.

The core-shell structure enhances polymer blend systems by orderly assembly and leveraging complementary properties. This study aims to enhance the flexibility and barrier properties of polylactic acid (PLA, L) by blending it with polyglycolic acid (PGA, G) for gas barrier and polybutylene succinate (PBS, B) for flexibility. Encapsulating PGA in a core-shell structure using PBS resolves PGA's rapid hydrolysis issue. The theoretical models predicting dispersion patterns based on spreading coefficients and interfacial tensions were validated through SEM observations, confirming the formation of a core-shell structure in the 5L1G4B ternary blend. Compared to the PLA/PBS binary blend film, samples with PGA (5L1G4B and 4L1G5B) exhibit higher elongation at break and tearing strength. For instance, the elongation at break of the 5L1G4B sample increases from 272.3 % of 6L4B to 470.85 %. The 5L1G4B showed comparable oxygen and carbon dioxide barrier properties to the 6L4B sample. The 5L1G4B and 4L1G5B samples show <2 % UV transmittance in the UVA region, indicating excellent UV shielding. The 5L1G4B blend film, with its mechanical properties, oxygen barrier, UV resistance, and biodegradability, is ideal for outer layer packaging film and has the potential to replace LDPE in packaging juice and dairy product bottles. • The core-shell structure enhances the gas barrier properties of PLA/PGA/PBS films. • 5L1G4B blend enhances break elongation and tearing strength with PBS shell-PGA core. • 5L1G4B has similar O 2 and CO 2 barriers to 6L4B but with lower gas solubility due to PGA crystallinity. • 5L1G4B and 4L1G5B have <2 % UVA transmittance, indicating strong UV shielding. • 5L1G4B film suitable for packaging film applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible electronic devices require stretchable packaging materials that provide a hermetic seal. However, conventional soft materials often exhibit strong gas permeability, making it difficult to achieve stable operation, which requires films with high deformability, self-healing capability, and gas barrier functionality. In this study, a layer by layer (LBL) method was employed to uniformly coat a controllable thickness of liquid metal (LM) onto a designed and synthesized self-healing thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film, successfully developing a stretchable gas barrier film (TPU/LM) with high gas barrier properties. The designed polyurethane film significantly enhanced the adhesion of the liquid metal, effectively preventing leakage. The experimental results show that the water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the TPU/LM composite film with a thickness of 40 μm is 4.04g/(m2·day). Compared to the film without LM, the gas barrier performance has been improved by approximately 16 times. Additionally, there is a significant enhancement in nitrogen (N 2) barrier, with a permeation rate reaching 4.0*10−17 cm3 cm/(cm2·s·Pa), effectively blocking the N 2 permeation. This demonstrates the universality of the TPU/LM in gas barrier applications. Furthermore, the TPU/LM film also demonstrated excellent electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. The self-healing capability of the stretchable gas barrier film allows it to recover its initial gas barrier performance after mechanical damage. Humidity-sensitive resistors encapsulated with TPU/LM exhibited stable operation in both air and 90 % humidity environments, confirming the superior barrier properties of the TPU/LM. Generally, the developed TPU/LM is suitable for packaging applications in the next generation of flexible electronic devices. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the Polyurethane/MoS2 composites (PUM) filled with different amount of modified molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) were prepared by solution-blending-casting method. The thermal reversible Diels–Alder (DA) bonds enabled the polymer system recyclable ability. The modified MoS2 were obtained by tannic acid (TA) assistant ultra-sonication exfoliation method were used to improve the gas barrier performance of materials. Compared with the pure PU, about twofold decrease in oxygen gas permeability of PUM composites (from 6719 to 3927 cm3/m2˙d˙Pa) were obtained with 1 wt% MoS2. More important, the samples showed excellent gas barrier and mechanical properties before and after being hygrothermal aged for 100 h. The PUM composites had good gas barrier and recyclability and had great potential application prospects in packing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitin nanofibrils (CN) can be obtained from crustaceans and fungal sources and can be used for preparing coatings for bioplastic films, that are fundamental for developing a safe and sustainable biodegradable food packaging. Coatings with different concentrations of CN from shrimps were applied on different bioplastic substrates, like Poly (butylene succinate-co-adipate)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PBSA/PHBV) blend, Polybutylene succinate (PBS), and Polybutylene adipate terephthalate/Poly(lactic acid) (PBAT/PLA) blend, but the adhesion to the substrates was scarce. On the contrary, the fungal-based CN showed a better adhesion. Additionally, it was found that the use of an additive based on oligomeric lactic acid was useful to prepare a coating with an improved adhesion to bioplastics. The gas barrier properties to oxygen and water vapour of coated and un-coated films were measured, revealing an improvement of these properties thanks to applied coatings, especially towards the oxygen. Antimicrobial properties and biodegradation capacity were also evaluated revealing an antibacterial effect of the coatings that did not significantly interfere with their biodegradability. The results are discussed and interpreted considering the correlation between composition and macromolecular structures with the observed functional properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, chitosan-grafted-poly(acrylonitrile) (CS-g-PAN) nanocomposites are prepared by emulsifier-free emulsion polymerization technique with dispersion of layered double hydroxides(LDHs) and nano silver(AgNPs). The interactions of AgNPs and LDH with co-polymeric matrix are investigated by FTIR and XRD. It is noticed that LDH platelets are intercalated and partially exfoliated within the copolymeric matrices. Dispersion of fillers creates tortuous path which enhances the gas barrier properties up to seven folds. Antibacterial behavior of nanocomposites is achieved due to incorporation of silver nanoparticles and LDH. Thermal stability, chemical resistance and biodegradable properties of the synthesized material are also increased due to combined effect of LDH and AgNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For preserving food packed in environmentally friendly and recyclable paperboard packages, it is important to have sufficient gas barrier performance of the paperboard container. Paperboard has poor intrinsic barrier properties and to overcome this deficiency, so a barrier coating is needed that does not hinder the recycling of the paperboard substrate. However, the gas barrier properties and the recyclability of such coatings have been rarely studied. Here, both the gas barrier performance and the removal of an alkali-soluble resin (ASR)-stabilized waterborne barrier coatings from paperboard are investigated. For barriers for gases, such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and oxygen, defect-free coatings are needed which is achieved by applying three coating layers. The oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of the three-layered coating on paperboard was 920 cm3/(m2∙day). For water vapor barriers, two coating layers already show a strong improvement, as water follows a different penetration mechanism than the other tested gases. The water vapor transmission rate WVTR of double coated paperboard was 240 g/(m2∙day). Preliminary results show that the coating is removed by immersion of the coated paperboard in an aqueous alkaline solution at room temperature. This causes de-protonation of the carboxylic acids of the ASR and subsequent re-dispersion of the coating in water. Removing double-layer coatings from the paperboard is more challenging, possibly due to the coating/coating interface between the two coating layers and enhanced adhesion between coating and paperboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The eco-friendly polyelectrolyte bilayer films were prepared by layer-by-layer (LBL) casting method using chitosan (CS) and four types of edible citrus pectin as film substrates. The results showed that the polyelectrolyte bilayer films exhibited excellent comprehensive properties. Furthermore, the interaction between CS and pectin was closely related to the degree of methyl-esterification (DM), molecular weight (Mw), and zeta potential of pectin. The low DM, Mw, and high zeta potential of the low methyl-esterified pectin (LM) resulted in a denser internal structure of the bilayer film, stronger UV shielding performance, and stronger gas barrier ability. The high DM and Mw of the high methyl-esterified pectin (HM) endow the bilayer film with stronger mechanical properties, thermal stability, and antifogging property. The microstructural and spectroscopic analysis showed that there are hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions between the layers. Overall, the developed CS-pectin polyelectrolyte bilayer films provided potential applications for food bioactive packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspired by the biomaterial nacre, we report a versatile and facile strategy to rugged, flame retardant superhydrophobic materials by embedding a nacre-like montmorillonite (MMT) based gas barrier layer into hierarchical epoxy-resins. The well-aligned MMT layer imparted excellent oxygen and water barrier properties that rendered the coating surface water repellent yet protected the substrate materials from fire by suppressing heat and oxygen transfer. The hierarchical epoxy not only provided the robust superhydrophobic structure but offered strong adhesion to MMT layer. After application of this coating to a flammable sponge, it demonstrated superhydrophobicity with a contact angle of ∼153°. Furthermore, the material was rugged, resisting 1200 compression cycles and induced marked flame retardancy. The coated sponge delayed ignition (689% delay in ignition time) and promoted significant flame extinguishing property, compared with the uncoated material (demonstrated by LOI, CONE combustion, and fire scenario tests). Owing to its robustness and multifunctionality, the coated sponge was able to efficiently separate oil from multi-environments including strong corrosive, icy, boiling or vibrating mixtures. Additionally, the versatile application to wood, cotton, textile and other lignocellulosic substrates has been verified. This research opens up a new direction for durable waterproof and fireproof materials.

A multi-layer barrier coating technology was developed using nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) alongside a hydrophobic, paraffin-free biowax for manufacturing an eco-friendly functional packaging paper. Anionic NFC was prepared by isolating hardwood-bleached kraft pulp (Hw-BKP) using a micro-grinder, and cationic NFC was prepared by the quaternization reaction of the anionic NFC. Thereafter, a three-layer barrier-coated paper was manufactured using cationic and anionic NFCs and biowax. The air permeability and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the three-layer barrier-coated paper were measured, and its coverage and coating layer structure were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The air permeability of the three-layer barrier-coated paper was more than 15,000 s and those WVTR was 67.1 g/m² /day. Its coverage and surface were considerably uniform and smooth. Thick and effective barrier coating layers were formed as indicated by SEM images. Therefore, it was concluded that a multi-layer barrier-coated paper with considerably high barrier properties could be produced using cationic and anionic NFCs with high gas barrier properties and biowax with high moisture barrier properties. Further, the structure could be used as a functional packaging paper with high barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of surface treatment of CaSO4 on the physical properties of the composite film manufactured using an inorganic additive CaSO4 and the biodegradable polymers, poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA). Using a twin-screw extruder, the CaSO4 content of the PBAT/CaSO4 composite was prepared to be 1, 5, and 10 wt%, and the surface treatment of CaSO4 with stearic acid was studied for changes in mechanical properties and dispersibility of the composite. The surface-treated CaSO4 showed improved dispersion in the matrix polymer and improved strength and elongation compared to before surface treatment at all contents of the PBAT/CaSO4 composite. In addition, using a small amount of PLA, PBAT/PLA/CaSO4 composite sheets were prepared and biaxially stretched. The draw ratio of the PBAT/PLA/CaSO4 composite sheet was increased by CaSO4 surface treatment with stearic acid, and the mechanical properties of the stretched film were improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standalone cellulose nanofibril (CNF) films have a natural tendency to shrink upon drying from wet conditions due to capillary drying stresses. This shrinkage happens in both the radial direction, and the vertical direction. In this study, we prepared two types of CNF films- one in a restrained condition that did not allow shrinkage in the radial direction but enabled it in the vertical direction and another with 11 % radial shrinkage but limited vertical shrinkage. The radial shrinkage led to a more porous structure than the vertical shrinkage, which brought about poorer oxygen/moisture barrier performance. However, the density and oxygen permeability of the films converged to a similar value upon a simple thermocompression process. Radial shrinkage resulted in 140 % and 90 % higher strain at break and toughness in films with a significant sacrifice in strength and modulus. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that radial shrinkage formed wavy layers in the core structure leaving more free space, whereas vertical shrinkage formed flatter layers. Radial shrinkage is likely to produce a thicker individual layer in the core structure of CNF films than vertical shrinkage. The insight from this study will help tune the mechanical and barrier performance of CNF films and their composites. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocellulose-based film, as a novel new type of film mainly made of nanosized cellulose, has demonstrated an ideal combination of renewability and enhanced or novel properties. Considerable efforts have been made to enhance its intrinsic properties or create new functions to expand its applications, such as in food packaging, water treatment or flexible electronics. In this paper, two different types of deep eutectic solvents (guanidine sulfamate-glycerol and guanidine sulfamate-choline chloride) were formulated and applied to prepare cellulose nanocrystals with dialdehyde cellulose (DAC). The effects of reaction conditions including time, temperature and cellulose-DES ratio on the grafting degree and yield were studied. After ultrasonication, two types of CNCs, with an average diameter of 3–5 nm and an average length of 140.7–204.2 nm, were obtained. The synthesized CNCs displayed an enhanced thermal stability compared to pristine cellulose. Moreover, highly transparent (light transmittance higher than 90 %) and water stable nanocellulose based films (a wet tensile strength of higher than 30 MPa after immersing in water for 24 h) were fabricated. Besides, the obtained films exhibited low oxygen transmission rate, showing a good potential application in food packaging. • The modified CNCs and films were prepared by two reactive deep eutectic solvents. • The films showed excellent transparency and water resistance. • The films exhibited good gas barrier and strength. • The films have a good potential application in food packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Edible polymers such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids are biodegradable and biocompatible materials applied as a thin layer to the surface of food or inside the package. They enhance food quality by prolonging its shelf-life and avoiding the deterioration phenomena caused by oxidation, humidity, and microbial activity. In order to improve the biopolymer performance, antimicrobial agents and plasticizers are also included in the formulation of the main compounds utilized for edible coating packages. Secondary natural compounds (SC) are molecules not essential for growth produced by some plants, fungi, and microorganisms. SC derived from plants and fungi have attracted much attention in the food packaging industry because of their natural antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and their effect on the biofilm's mechanical properties. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities inhibit pathogenic microorganism growth and protect food from oxidation. Furthermore, based on the biopolymer and SC used in the formulation, their specific mass ratio, the peculiar physical interaction occurring between their functional groups, and the experimental procedure adopted for edible coating preparation, the final properties as mechanical resistance and gas barrier properties can be opportunely modulated. This review summarizes the investigations on the antimicrobial, mechanical, and barrier properties of the secondary natural compounds employed in edible biopolymer-based systems used for food packaging materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of nanoclay additive on polyamide film oxygen permeability is investigated from the perspective of possible use as a laminate component for low-cost food packaging material. Montmorillonite nanoclay was melt-mixed in an industrial grade polyamide by twin-screw extrusion and the mixture was hot-pressed to a ~50 µm thick film. The film with 10 wt.% of nanoclay loading showed a 17 % decrease in the oxygen transmission rate (OTR), as compared to the pristine polyamide film (72 and 87 cm³/m²·24 h, respectively). Despite the relatively high loading of the filler the obtained OTR exceeds that of the food packaging preferred upper limit of 10 cm³/m²·24 h. XRD measurements confirmed the nearcomplete exfoliation of the nanoclay platelets. The platelets were found to be at an average angle of 9.5 degrees relative to the film's surface plane. To comply with the requirements for food packaging, this angle needs to be decreased down to 0.4 degrees. To achieve this, different film-making methods enabling better control over the filler particles' orientation need to be explored. Nanoclay addition increased the films' yield strength (23 % for 10 wt.% film) and stiffness, while not affecting the films' optical appearance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comb‐like polymer containing crystallized alkyl side chains and the intermolecular hydrogen bonds between the linking groups was fabricated by grafting long‐chain fatty amine onto poly(styrene‐co‐acrylic acid)n (P(S‐AA)n, wherein "n" denoted AA feed ratio). The chemical structures and crystallization behaviors of the comb‐like polymer P(S‐AA)n‐g(p) (wherein "p" denoted the number of side‐chain carbon atoms) were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared, gel permeation chromatography, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffractometer, differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy, respectively. It was found that the lamellar morphology could be generated by controlling the grafting density and side chain length of P(S‐AA)n‐g(p). Moreover, it was identified that the hydrogen bonds between amide groups could enhance the crystallinity and then adjust the interlamellar spacing of lamellar phase. As a result, P(S‐AA)70‐g(18) with the highest degree of crystallinity and closely packed lamellar morphology showed a good gas‐barrier performance, and the nitrogen permeability reached 1.78 × 10−14 cm3·cm/cm2·s·Pa. Furthermore, the permeation switch of the obtained comb‐like polymer could reach 500 times traversing the melting point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilayer biopapers composed of two electrospun layers of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were impregnated, at the inner side of one of the layers, with cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and their composites with hydrocolloids, to develop high-barrier fully biobased structures. The study aimed for the first time at comparing the impregnation of electrospun fibers with several biopolymer solutions. Thus, neat CNCs, and CNCs mixed as a minor fraction, that is, 2 wt%, with gelatin (GE), agar (AG), xanthan gum (XG), and gum arabic (GA) were assessed in their potential to improve the barrier properties of PHBV. Glycerol plasticizer was added to the composite formulations. The impregnated electrospun multilayer mats were subsequently annealed, below the PHBV melting point, to yield continuous films by an interfiber coalescence process, so-called biopapers, and thereafter characterized to evaluate their potential for high barrier food packaging applications. The morphological characterization revealed good interlayer adhesion, more noticeably for those containing CNCs and their nanocomposites with AG and XG. From their mechanical response, it was inferred that the material behavior was governed mainly by the rigidity of the PHBV substrates, and this could not be significantly improved by impregnation with any of the various hydrocolloids. Whereas the water vapor barrier was not seen to improve in any of the samples, the barrier to the organic vapor limonene, used as a standard for aroma barrier, was however improved in the samples impregnated with AG and XG composites. Interestingly, the oxygen barrier properties were significantly improved but only by impregnation with pure CNCs. This study reports for the first time a scalable impregnation technology approach to produce fully biobased barrier multilayers.