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El objetivo central de esta tesis fue evaluar si existen mecanismos de acción diferenciales en próstata (P) y vesículas seminales (VS) del extracto hidroalcohólico atomizado de maca roja (MR) y el finasteride (F) en ratas inducidas a Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna (HPB) ocasionado por el enantato de testosterona (ET). Se formaron 5 grupos de animales, un grupo control, con ET, con ET más F y dos grupos con ET más MR. Luego de los tratamientos se evaluaron las citoquinas: TNF-α, IL-4 e INF-γen P y VS. Se evaluó testosterona y estradiol intraprostáticos. Se cuantificó el número de células inflamatorias en P y VS. Se realizaron análisis de regresión para determinar la relación que hay entre T e inflamación y el efecto de los tratamientos. Se demostró que la HPB causada por el ET estuvo asociada directamente a un incremento en el conteo de células inflamatorias y a un incremento del TNF-α, y a una disminución en los niveles de IL-4 e INF- γen P. Los tratamientos con finasteride y maca roja disminuyeron la inflamación en próstata, inhibiendo TNF-α pero diferencialmente finasteride aumenta principalmente IL-4 y maca roja lo hace con INF- γ, similares efectos se obtuvieron con finasteride en vesículas seminales. El enantato de testosterona se asocia directamente a TNF-α e inversamente a IL-4 en vesículas seminales, mas no a INF- γ. La Testosterona y el Estradiol se incrementaron con finasteride pero no con maca roja. En conclusión, estos resultados se aproximan a los mecanismos de acción diferenciales entre finasteride y maca roja sobre la HPB, finasteride actuaría sobre la respuesta Th2, al incrementar IL-4, mientras que maca roja lo haría favoreciendo la respuesta Th1 mediada por INF- γ. Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico - Fondecyt

Lepidium meyenii (maca) is a plant that grows exclusively above 4000 m in the Peruvian central Andes. Red maca (RM) extract significantly reduced prostate size in rats with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) induced by testosterone enanthate (TE). Zinc is an important regulator of prostate function. This study aimed to determine the effect of RM on prostate zinc levels in rats with BPH induced by TE. Also, the study attempted to determine the best marker for the effect of RM on sex accessory glands. Rats treated with RM extract from day 1 to day 14 reversed the effect of TE administration on prostate weight and zinc levels. However, RM administered from day 7 to day 14 did not reduce the effect of TE on all studied variables. Finasteride (FN) reduced prostate, seminal vesicle and preputial gland weights in rats treated with TE. Although RM and FN reduced prostate zinc levels, the greatest effect was observed in TE-treated rats with RM from day 1 to day 14. In addition, prostate weight and zinc levels showed the higher diagnosis values than preputial and seminal vesicle weights. In conclusion, RM administered from day 1 to day 14 reduced prostate size and zinc levels in rats where prostatic hyperplasia was induced with TE. Also, this experimental model could be used as accurately assay to determine the effect of maca obtained under different conditions and/or the effect of different products based on maca.

Objective: To identify associations of maternal hemoglobin (Hb) with perinatal outcomes at low and moderate altitudes in Peru. Methods: Study of records with sequential information using perinatal database system. The study included 295 651 pregnant women with their products. Using multiple logistic regression analysis, we estimated the probability of stillbirths, preterm and small for gestational age (SGA) births associated with maternal Hb levels at low (01999 m) and moderate altitudes (20002999 m). Results: Maternal Hb decreased as pregnancy progressed from first to third trimester at both altitudes. Hb was higher at moderate than at low altitude (p

The effect of ethanolic extract of Fagara tessmannii, wide medicinal plants used on reproductive function in South Cameroon, was investigated in male rats. Twenty male sexually experienced rats (four groups) were orally treated with vehicle, 0.01, 0.1, 1gkg -1 BW per day of F. tessmannii (equivalent to 16.67g, 33.33g, 50g, 66.66gkg -1 dry raw material) for 14days, the upper limit dose without any clinical sign of toxicity was 2gkg -1 . Fagara tessmannii extract negatively affected weight of accessory organs and significantly affected body weight gain at dose 1gkg -1 (P

Life at high altitudes (>4000m) is associated with higher erythropoiesis. Haemoglobin ≥21gdl-1 is considered as excessive erythrocytosis and is a sign of chronic mountain sickness (CMS). The present study was designed to determine an association between serum testosterone (T) and serum oestradiol (E2) levels with the score of CMS. One hundred and seventeen men natives from low altitude (150m) and 103 men natives from high altitude (4340m) were studied. The presence of breathlessness or palpitations, sleep disturbance, cyanosis, dilatation of veins, paraesthesia, headaches, tinnitus and Hb ≥21gdl-1, have been included for the CMS score. Men living at high altitude had higher CMS score (P

El SARS-CoV-2 causante de la enfermedad del COVID-19, apareció por primera vez en Wuhan (China) en diciembre del 2019. En Perú al 12 de octubre de 2020, se reportaron a través del Ministerio de Salud un total de 840,090 casos positivos y 33,740 fallecidos. Diversos autores han encontrado resultados discordantes respecto a la asociación entre la altura, la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y la mortalidad por COVID-19. En abril del 2020 se publica que tanto la tasa de infección como la de mortalidad se encuentran reducidas en las alturas de Tíbet, Ecuador y Bolivia. Para junio 2020 se reportan, con datos a nivel provincial en Perú, que la tasa de letalidad no varía con la altitud de residencia y que hay una menor protección del sexo femenino sobre la mortalidad en las poblaciones de la altura. Por otro lado, con datos de Estados Unidos y México reportan que la tasa de mortalidad aumenta con la altura. Con datos a nivel distrital en Perú reportan en agosto de 2020 que, de 1000 a 4700 metros de altura, no hay cambios en el número de casos de contagio por COVID-19 Basado en estos resultados discrepantes y carencia de información sobre la relación de la edad y sexo en COVID-19 se ha realizado análisis multivariados y bivariados en altitudes de 5 a 4705 metros, donde se concluye que no hay protección de la altitud ante la vulnerabilidad de ser infectado por SARS-CoV-2, mortalidad y tasa de letalidad por COVID-19. Así mismo, el sexo masculino y femenino tiene mismo riesgo de infección por SARS-CoV-2 pero el masculino tiene mayor riesgo de mortalidad y tasa de letalidad por COVID-19. Así también la edad a partir de los 20 hasta los 120 años, tienen mayor riesgo de mortalidad y tasa de letalidad. SARS-CoV-2 causing COVID-19 disease, first appeared in Wuhan (China) in December 2019. In Peru as of October 12, 840,090 positive cases and 33,740 deaths were reported through the Ministry of Health. Several authors have found discordant results regarding the association between altitude, SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 mortality. In April 2020, it is published that both infection and mortality rates are reduced at high altitudes in Tibet, Ecuador and Bolivia. By June 2020 they report, with data at the provincial level in Peru, that the case fatality rate does not vary with the altitude of residence and that there is less protection of the female sex on mortality in high altitude populations. On the other hand, with data from the United States and Mexico, they report that the mortality rate increases with altitude. With district-level data in Peru, they report in August that, from 1000 to 4700 meters of altitude, there is no change in the number of cases of COVID-19 infection. Based on these discrepant results and lack of information on the relationship between age and sex in COVID-19, multivariate and bivariate analyses have been performed at altitudes from 5 to 4705 meters, where it is concluded that there is no protection of altitude against the vulnerability of being infected by SARS-CoV-2, mortality and case fatality rate by COVID-19. Likewise, the male and female sexes have the same risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2, but the male sex has a higher risk of mortality and lethality rate by COVID-19. Also, the age from 20 to 120 years, have a higher risk of mortality and case fatality rate.