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2. Thermal effects of linked lithospheric and upper crustal--scale processes: insights from numerical modeling of the Cenozoic Central Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain)

Author

ter Voorde, M., Gaspar-Escribano, J.M., Juez-Larre, J., Roca, E., Cloetingh, S., and Andriessen, P.

Subjects
Mediterranean region -- Natural history, Tectonics (Geology) -- Research, Numerical analysis -- Methods, Earth sciences
Abstract

[1] Processes influencing the thermal state of the continental crust, such as heat upwelling related to rifting and isotherm reorganization due to mass redistribution by erosion, deposition, and (fault-)tectonic transport, operate at different scales, and their effects overlap. In this paper, we use lithospheric- as well as crustal-scale numerical modeling tools in order to quantify the contributions of these various factors to the geothermal field, establishing their relative relevance. We apply the models to address the thermal evolution of the Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain) during the Cenozoic, a period that is characterized by a change in tectonic style, from Pyrenean compression to extension related to the western Mediterranean rifting. Results of the lithospheric-scale thermal model for extensional basins show an increase in the geothermal surface gradient of about 11[degrees]C/km in the Catalan Coastal Ranges during the Neogene, related to extensional thinning of the lithosphere in the Valencia Trough (western Mediterranean). Predictions of the upper crustal--scale thermal model, incorporating fault motions and surface mass redistribution (erosion and sedimentation), point to little changes in the isotherms due to fault block movements in the Paleogene and Neogene. In contrast, erosion appears to have a significant effect on the thermal history of basement rocks sited in the shallowest crust. Comparison of the integrated lithospheric- and upper crustal--scale modeling results with apatite fission track and apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology data reveals larger amounts of Neogene to present cooling than predicted by the models. On the basis of this unresolvable mismatch, we suggest that, similar to present, forced fluid convection along fault planes played an important role in the evolution of the geothermal field during the Neogene stage of rifting. Citation: ter Voorde, M., J. M. Gaspar-Escribano, J. Juez-Larre, E. Roca, S. Cloetingh, and P. Andriessen (2007), Thermal effects of linked lithospheric and upper crustal--scale processes: Insights from numerical modeling of the Cenozoic Central Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain), Tectonics, 26, TC5018, doi:10.1029/ 2007TC002131.

Published
2007

3. Cenozoic vertical motions of the Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain): the role of tectonics, isostasy, and surface transport

Author

Gaspar-Escribano, J.M., Garcia-Castellanos, D., Roca, E., and Cloetingh, S.

Subjects
Tectonics (Geology) -- Research, Earth sciences
Abstract

[1] We analyze the Cenozoic topographic evolution of the Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain) and the role of fault activity, erosion, sedimentation, and isostasy in controlling uplift and subsidence. A forward numerical model constrained by an extensive geological and geophysical data set is used to examine the temporal and spatial record of Cenozoic vertical motions. We show that the effect of isostasy, erosion, and sedimentation is as important as the contribution of fault deformation to the topography of the Catalan Coastal Ranges. The model predicts that Paleogene topography generation by thrusting was compensated by erosion (up to 1.3 km) and isostatic subsidence (up to 1.2 km), resulting in a 1.2-1.9 km high mountain range by the end of compression (29 Ma). During the Neogene, strong tectonic subsidence related to normal faulting and the consequent flexural uplift (of 0.7-1.2 km), surface erosion (as much as 1.6-2.3 km), and sedimentation (up to 4.5 km) led to the present landscape configuration. Extension rates along the Barcelona fault controlled flexural uplift and, in combination with erosion and sedimentation processes, led to the migration of the topographic maximum of the Prelitoral Range toward the easternmost Ebro Basin. INDEX TERMS: 8105 Tectonophysics: Continental margins and sedimentary basins (1212); 8015 Structural Geology: Local crustal structure; 3210 Mathematical Geophysics: Modeling; 8109 Tectonophysics: Continental tectonics--extensional (0905); KEYWORDS: modeling, vertical motions, NE Spain. Citation: Gaspar-Escribano, J. M., D. Garcia-Castellanos, E. Roca, and S. Cloetingh (2004), Cenozoic verticaI motions of the Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain): The role of tectonics, isostasy, and surface transport.

Published
2004

5. The thermal effects of linked lithospheric and upper crustal scale processes: Insights from numerical modeling of the Cenozoic Central Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain)

Author

ter Voorde, M., Gaspar Escribano, J.M., Juez-Larré, J., Roca, E., Cloetingh, S.A.P.L., Andriessen, P.A.M., Isotope Geochemistry, and Tectonics

Subjects
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
Abstract

Processes influencing the thermal state of the continental crust, such as heat upwelling related to rifting and isotherm reorganization due to mass redistribution by erosion, deposition, and (fault-)tectonic transport, operate at different scales, and their effects overlap. In this paper, we use lithospheric- as well as crustal-scale numerical modeling tools in order to quantify the contributions of these various factors to the geothermal field, establishing their relative relevance. We apply the models to address the thermal evolution of the Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain) during the Cenozoic, a period that is characterized by a change in tectonic style, from Pyrenean compression to extension related to the western Mediterranean rifting. Results of the lithospheric-scale thermal model for extensional basins show an increase in the geothermal surface gradient of about 11°C/km in the Catalan Coastal Ranges during the Neogene, related to extensional thinning of the lithosphere in the Valencia Trough (western Mediterranean). Predictions of the upper crustal-scale thermal model, incorporating fault motions and surface mass redistribution (erosion and sedimentation), point to little changes in the isotherms due to fault block movements in the Paleogene and Neogene. In contrast, erosion appears to have a significant effect on the then-nal history of basement rocks sited in the shallowest crust. Comparison of the integrated lithospheric- and upper crustal-scale modeling results with apatite fission track and apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology data reveals larger amounts of Neogene to present cooling than predicted by the models. On the basis of this unresolvable mismatch, we suggest that, similar to present, forced fluid convection along fault planes played an important role in the evolution of the geothermal field during the Neogene stage of rifting. Copyright 2007 by the American Geophysical Union.

Published
2007

8. 3D flexural modeling of the Ebro Basin (NE Iberia)

Author

Gaspar Escribano, J.M., van Wees, J.D.A.M., ter Voorde, M., Cloetingh, S.A.P.L., Roca, E., Cabrera, L., Munoz, J.A., Ziegler, P.A., Garcia-Castellanos, D., Tectonics, and Isotope Geochemistry

Subjects
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
Abstract

The Ebro Basin, the southern foreland basin of the Pyrenees, has undergone a complex evolution in which, apart from the Pyrenees, the Iberian Range and the Catalan Coastal Ranges have played an important role, both as sediment sources and as basin confining structures. The deflected basement underlying the Ebro Basin dips north, suggesting a lithospheric-scale control on the structure of this basin. This is compatible with the results of subsidence analyses, which show that the study area is not in a local mode of isostatic compensation. In order better to understand the mechanisms that led to the present configuration of the Ebro Basin, and particularly the relevance of the various kinds of (un)loading (e.g. surrounding fold-and-thrust belts, basin topography, subsurface loads), we carried out a 3-D kinematic modelling study that accounts for the flexural state of the lithosphere, subjected to various loads applied at its lateral boundaries, and the sedimentary fill of the basin. We also included the effect of Neogene extensional tectonics along the eastern basin margin, which is related to the opening of the Valencia Trough. We show the suitability of the 3-D lithospheric-scale flexural modelling approach to the study of NE Iberia. Modelling results point to a relatively strong lithosphere in this area, with values of effective elastic thickness ranging from 10 to 35 km in the Ebro Basin, increasing towards the Pyrenees. We also find that the topographic (tectonic) load itself is insufficient to explain the observed basement deflection. Thus an extra sub-surface load beneath the Pyrenees, corresponding to the underthrusted Iberian lithosphere, is required. The effect of lithospheric stretching in the Valencia Trough on the Ebro Basin is appreciable only in its eastern part, where the lithosphere was uplifted. This had considerable repercussions on the sedimentary and erosional regime of the Ebro Basin. We have analysed the link between the stretching-related, tectonically uplifted areas and the erosional patterns observed onshore northeast Iberia.

Published
2001

12. A comparison of the Iberian and Ebro Basins during the Permian and Triassic, eastern Spain : A quantitative subsidence modelling approach

Author

Vargas, H., Gaspar-Escribano, J.M., López-Gómez, J., Wees, J.-D. van, Cloetingh, S., Horra, R. de la, Arche, A., Vargas, H., Gaspar-Escribano, J.M., López-Gómez, J., Wees, J.-D. van, Cloetingh, S., Horra, R. de la, and Arche, A.

Abstract

The Permian-Triassic sediments of the Iberian Plate are a well studied case of classical Buntsandstein-Muschelkalk-Keuper facies, with good sedimentological interpretations and precise datings based on pollen and spore assemblages, ammonoids and foraminifera. Synrift-postrift cycles are recorded in these facies, but there are only a few studies of quantitative subsidence analysis (backstripping method) and only a previous one using forward modelling for the quantification of synrift-postrift phases of this period. Here we present the results obtained by the quantitative analysis of fourteen field sections and oil-well electric log records in the Iberian and Ebro Basins, Spain. Backstripping analysis showed five synrift phases of 1 to 3 million years duration followed by postrift periods for the Permian-Triassic interval. The duration, however, shows lateral variations and some of them are absent in the Ebro Basin. The forward modelling analysis, assuming local isostatic compensation, has been applied to each observation point using one-layer and two-layer lithospheric configurations. The second one shows a better fit between observation and model prediction in a systematic way, so a two layer configuration is assumed for the sedimentary basin filling analysis. Lithospheric stretching factors β and δ obtained in the forward modelling analysis are never higher than 1.2, but sometimes β < 1 and simultaneously δ > 1 in the same section. If surficial extension is compensated by deep compression either at the roots of the rift basins or in far-away zones is not yet clear, but this anomaly can be explained using a simple shear extensional model for the Iberian and Ebro basins. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2009

13. Cenozoic vertical motions of the Catalan coastal ranges (NE Spain): the role of tectonics, isostasy and surface transport.

Author

Gaspar Escribano, J.M., Garcia-Castellanos, D., Roca, E., Cloetingh, S.A.P.L., Gaspar Escribano, J.M., Garcia-Castellanos, D., Roca, E., and Cloetingh, S.A.P.L.

Abstract

We analyze the Cenozoic topographic evolution of the Catalan Coastal Ranges (NE Spain) and the role of fault activity, erosion, sedimentation, and isostasy in controlling uplift and subsidence. A forward numerical model constrained by an extensive geological and geophysical data set is used to examine the temporal and spatial record of Cenozoic vertical motions. We show that the effect of isostasy, erosion, and sedimentation is as important as the contribution of fault deformation to the topography of the Catalan Coastal Ranges. The model predicts that Paleogene topography generation by thrusting was compensated by erosion (up to 1.3 km) and isostatic subsidence (up to 1.2 km), resulting in a 1.2-1.9 km high mountain range by the end of compression (29 Ma). During the Neogene, strong tectonic subsidence related to normal faulting and the consequent flexural uplift (of 0.7-1.2 km), surface erosion (as much as 1.6-2.3 km), and sedimentation (up to 4.5 km) led to the present landscape configuration. Extension rates along the Barcelona fault controlled flexural uplift and, in combination with erosion and sedimentation processes, led to the migration of the topographic maximum of the Prelitoral Range toward the easternmost Ebro Basin. Copyright 2004 by the American Geophysical Union.

Published
2004
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15. Three-dimensional flexural modelling of the Ebro Basin (NE Iberia).

Author

Gaspar-Escribano, J.M., van Wees, J.D., ter Voorde, M., Cloetingh, S., Roca, E., Cabrera, L., Mu˜oz, J.M., Ziegler, P.A., and Garcia-Castellanos, D.

Subjects
*SEDIMENTARY basins, *EROSION
Abstract

Investigates the considerable repercussions on the sedimentary and erosional regime of the Ebro Basin. Mode of isostatic compensation; Effect of lithospheric stretching in the Valencia Trough; Complexities of the polyphase evolution in the Iberian Peninsula.

Published
2001
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