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Television is now widely regarded as a significant source of knowledge, education, entertainment, and information for women. The use of television is acknowledged to represent one's tastes and preferences, which often show one's "flavors" in many people's daily lives and thoughts. Decision Maker should measure different television channels based on popularity in order to reach the target audience of rural and urban women. Television has played a role in influencing women's attitudes. Television has transformed women's tendency to see, think, and understand. Television has now made women comprehensible, even from a logical point of view, in terms of things and conditions. In many respects, television has also worked to influence women. The effect can be well understood today by the changes in the speech, debate, awareness and lifestyle of women. For women belonging to low income groups and even those who are uneducated, television has established its status as a cheap and knowledgeable means of entertainment. Although today's TV has been working to make women aware and alert. Its negative effect on family and social relations can also be clearly seen somewhere. The growing number of TV channels has increased their options for entertainment and media habits.

Bones are the functional tissue, to provide structural support, protect vital organs, store minerals, helps in multi-directional motion and bear load of our body. Fracture of bones, in which continuity of bone tissue breaks, which occurred due to trauma (high intensity impact) and over stressing are treated with help of bone implants. Bone implants are fabricated through biomaterials which are categorized as as: (a) first generation, (b) second generation and (c) third generation biomaterials. First generation implants are bioinert, second generation implants are biodegradable, bioinert and bioactive. Third generation implants focuses on stimulating specific cellular response at molecular level along with the properties of second generation. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) is responsive for the evolution of third generation implants, where the main focus is to create the environment which helps to stimulate the cell response in direction of bone regeneration. This aim is achieved with engineered tissue implant which includes: (a) scaffold for architectural support & cell homing, (b) osteogenic cells and (c) signaling growth factors. Tissues in human body are the 3D repeating unit cells also called as extra cellular matrix (ECM). Similarly scaffold is the artificial 3D porous structure of biomaterials (ceramics, metals and polymers) which mimic those 3D repeating unit cells or ECM. Scaffold is a backbone or fundamental unit of BTE. Success of scaffold decides the success of engineered bone tissue implant. This review summarizes the factor influencing BTE, factor involved in selection of material for scaffold fabrication and trending fabrication methods for BTE scaffolds.

Heat stress is the main limiting factors for wheat production worldwide. Raising of temperature above 31°C during grain filling causes heat stress. Every 1°C rise in temperature reduced the wheat production by 6%. Under heat stress, the plant highly produced reactive element known as oxygen reactive species. ROS disturbs the function of the cell by their negative action on lipids, protein and DNA. Heat stress disrupt the plant water relation, cell turgidity, reduced seed germination and seedling growth, deactivation of photosynthetic enzymes, disturb translocation of photosynthate due to which it reduced grain number and grain filling. Management approaches like agronomic management and genetic management can be applied against heat stress. The main objective of this review is to study the responses of wheat towards heat stress and its management practices.

In the present study, the correlation between the surface topography of relaxed layer and wear and friction has been investigated. For this purpose, the lubricating tribology and surface topography of insitu formed ZrB2 reinforced Zn-Al (ZA) composites have been studied. The wear and friction properties of composites have been evaluated on a pin-on-disc tribometer under synthetic SAE20W40 motor oil. The worn surface has been studied by SEM, AFM, and profilometer. Results indicate high wear resistance and low COF with smoother topography with ZrB2 reinforcement. The composite with 9 vol. % ZrB2 exhibits lower kurtosis and negative skewness values confirming the smoother topography with higher load-carrying capacity. This composite exhibits little wear and COF even at higher loads and sliding distances in the presence of lubricant. A comparative study with existing tribological materials indicates that the present materials have huge potential to be used as bearings and bushings.

The Cu base composites play a key role in multiple industrial applications such as bearing materials and carbon brushes owing to their superior thermal, mechanical and tribological features. Therefore, in the present investigation, synergetic influence of nano titanium carbide (TiCnp) and graphite particles (Grp) on tribological behaviour of Cu base self-lubricating composites have been studied. The composites with fixed 5wt% of Grp and varying amounts (1.5wt% to 4.5wt%) of TiCnp were prepared via flake powder metallurgy (flake PM) technique. The sintered samples were characterized by different techniques for phases, physical, morphological and mechanical properties. Pin-on-disc (POD) tribotester has been used to analyse the tribological behaviour of composites in dry sliding condition by varying loads (10 N to 30 N) and sliding velocities (0.75 m/s and 1.5 m/s) for a fixed sliding distance of 2000 m. The results indicate the successful formation of Cu-Grp and TiCnp-reinforced Cu-Grp composites. With addition of Grp, the wear rate and coefficient of friction (COF) of Cu matrix is reduced. The wear rate is further reduced with the incorporation of TiCnp particles. But, the COF shows the enhancement. The composite having 5wt% Grp–4.5wt% TiCnp shows the minimum wear and maximum hardness. The energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping of worn surfaces indicates that TiCnp mechanically interlocks the graphite at the interface and prevent its removal and reduces the wear rate. The worn surface investigation also shows that the dominant mechanism of wear for pure Cu sample is delamination in nature. However, the mechanism of wear for TiCnp-reinforced composites is a combination of abrasive and delamination wear.

The copper graphite composites are often being applied as bearing materials in various industries. In present investigation, the correlation between the topographical characteristics of relaxed layer to tribology in Cu-Gr-TiC composite system has been investigated. For this purpose, the flake powder metallurgy approach was used to fabricate Cu-Gr-TiC composites and the tribology of these composites was studied under lubricating (synthetic SAE 20W40 motor oil) condition. Variable loads of 10 N–70 N, sliding velocities of 0.75 m s−1–3 m s−1, and sliding distances of 2000 m–8000 m were the test parameters for sliding wear of composites under lubricating conditions. The worn surfaces were examined using SEM and EDS while topographical parameters were studied by AFM. The other properties like mechanical and physical properties were also studied for the sintered samples to better correlate the overall results of surface topography and tribology. The tests depict the successful fabrication of the composites. The composite having 4.5 wt% TiC particles exhibit maximum hardness and least wear and CoF under lubricating environment. The results of sliding wear test conducted under lubrications revealed that rise in the concentration of nano TiC particles in the matrix improves the composite’s tribological performance. The mechanism of wear for pure copper sample is abrasion whereas for TiC particle reinforced composite is smooth ploughing and delamination. The surface topographical parameters that are average surface roughness, area peak to valley height and skewness depicted less roughness values and better load bearing capacity for 4.5 wt% TiC reinforced Cu-Gr sample. The fabricated TiC reinforced copper graphite composites could be utilized as bearing materials in automotive industries.

The spray forming technique is one of the emerging technologies that exhibit the near net shape forming capability of materials with improved mechanical and tribological properties, which enhance the performance of the material. This technique has the relatively high rate of deposition and solidification, which provides the fine size particles and their minimum segregation. Economically benefited, single step spray forming technique is a flexible and wide range of materials can be produced that are not feasible by any other techniques. This review paper provides the overview of spray forming technique to produce aluminium matrix materials. The major focus has been given to (a) microstructural features, (b) influence of process parameters, (c) porosity formation and its control and (d) evolution of mechanical and tribological properties. This review will be conclude the further recommendation for new research and direction to produce aluminium matrix materials for different applications.

Abstract: Tyrosinase is acopper-containing key substance in the pigmentation of mammalian hair and skin. Melanin synthesis is influenced by variety of extrinsic and internal variables, including hormone fluctuations, inflammation, ageing, and subsequent ultraviolet light exposure. Melasma, senile lentigines, freckles, and diminished colour are all undesirable side effects of excessive melanin production. The current review provides the pursuit of effective and safe tyrosinase inhibitors derived from medicinal plants, and ascribes an updated inferences on current practices. Commercially available tyrosinase inhibitors provide an even skin tone and are used clinically to treat hyperpigmentation and related disorders. This review focuses on the mechanism of melanogenesis and on experimentally verified potent and natural tyrosinase inhibitors. Bioactive compounds such as phenols, flavonoids, stilbenes, and a few traditional herbal formulations from the Indian system of medicine, have been used since long in India and subcontinents for the effective management of melanogenesis and related problems. Scientific information was gathered from different sources of databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, and Science Direct, as well as the literature found in medicinal plant books. This critically summarized review ensures to aid researchers and enterprises working on tyrosinase inhibitors and on conditions associated with melanogenesis, to get one-step solutions for identifying more safe and effective natural remedies.

This article presents a novel application of Pseudorandom Triangular Pulsewidth Modulation (PTPWM) technique on a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive to reduce acoustic noise and vibration (ANV). The proposed PTPWM method brings a significant reduction in torque ripples, acoustic noise, and vibrations in the motor, thereby enhancing the performance of the complete drive system under operation. The relationship between the stator current harmonics feed by drive and nonsinusoidal magnetic field flux distribution, with torque ripples is developed and analysed in this article. Furthermore, in-depth theoretical background and analysis about how PTPWM improves torque ripples, vibration, and acoustic noise of PMSM drives is presented. An extensive simulation and experimental investigations have been carried out for the validation of proposed control strategy.

In the present study, the microstructure and tribological performance of Al alloy has been enhanced by cryorolling. The Al-6 wt.% Si alloy has been selected as Al alloy which has been prepared by spray forming technique with 400 mm flight distance. Developed spray formed Al alloy has been subjected to cryorolling with different thickness reduction (25% and 50%) on non-reversing rolling mill using liquid nitrogen. The alteration in microstructure and tribological properties has been studied by different techniques. The microstructure results indicate that the cryorolling process refines the size of aluminium rich phase and silicon particles of spray formed Al alloy. The tribological testing results illustrate that the wear rate of Al alloy decrease by cryorolling. While the cumulative volume loss and wear rate increase with an increasing sliding distance and applied load for spray formed and cryorolled Al alloy. The coefficient of friction exhibits a fluctuating action with sliding distance while it decreases with an applied load and cryorolling. The worn surfaces have also been analyzed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques to study the operative wear mechanisms. Hardness property and microscopic analysis of Al alloy have also been correlated with tribological properties.

In the present investigation, Influence of rolling on wear and friction behavior of Al alloy composite has been studied. The composite, namely Al-Si alloy reinforced with graphite was developed through the unique spray forming route in the spray forming chamber by using N2 as an atomization gas. Developed spray formed Al alloy composite was gone through to the warm rolling with different thickness reduction ranges on non reversing rolling mill at constant temperature 250 °C. The microstructural and mechanical testing results indicate that the warm rolling of the composite increases the distribution of the graphite and silicon particles, minimizing the porosity with the refinement of α-aluminium grains of the matrix and improves the mechanical properties. The wear and friction testing results indicate that with an increase in sliding distance, volume loss of the composite with all rolling reduction increases. Similar kind of behaviour is also observed between the wear rate and applied load. However, with the rolling reduction, the wear rate of the composite decreases. In spite of that, the average coefficient of friction decreases with an increasing the applied load and the rolling reduction of the composite while it shows a fluctuation tendency with the sliding distance. The surfaces after the wear tests are also studied under the different surface characterization techniques to quantify the surface parameter and the operative wear mechanisms. The tribological properties are also correlated with the microstructural properties of the composite with different rolling reduction.

For centuries, medicinal plants have been playing an important role in the alleviation of various diseases, traditionally. Momordica charantia L. (M. charantia) is a folk medicinal herb belong to the Cucurbitaceae family, used as the folk medicinal regime for the treatment of diabetes or diabetic nephropathy (DN), traditionally. Due to the lack of scientific evidence based on its molecular mechanism for treating DN, the study is aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of M. charantia metabolites using a network pharmacology approach. Furthermore, ADME analysis was performed to determine the lipophilicity and the drug-likeness response of the metabolites. The network pharmacology results showed a multi-mechanistic and therapeutic role of the metabolites present M. charantia by regulating several genomes involved in the pathophysiology of DN. Mean while, M. charantia ameliorates endothelial dysfunction, fatty liver disease, diabetes mellitus, acute kidney injury, fibrosis, hypertensive disease, obesity, etc. furthermore, it was also found that the targets potentially play an essential role in the regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and oxidative stress-induced inflammation. In ADME analysis, each selected molecule of M. charantia exhibited good gastrointestinal (GI) absorption, lipophilicity and bioavailability response. Hence, it can be demonstrated that M. charantiapossesses several metabolites including polyphenols which exhibit an important role in the treatment of DN via regulation of several genomes such as AKTs, CASPs, MAPKs, ILs, NOs, etc, responsible for its pathophysiology. Furthermore, the generated evidence validates the traditional claim of M. charantia for alleviating DN.

The present study outlines the effect of warm rolling on the Al/Graphite alloy composite to investigate its effect on mechanical performance. The Al/Graphite alloy composite has been fabricated by the spray forming process and has been subjected to the rolling at 250 °C with varying reduction. The rolled composite has been studied under different characterization techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and tensile tester. The XRF and EDS results indicate that the Al/Graphite alloy composite is successfully formed. The microscopy results show that the grain size of α-aluminium and agglomeration of the particles refine by rolling and they continuously decrease with an increase in rolling reduction. The strength and percentage elongation of the composite improves by rolling and they continuously increase with an increase in rolling reduction. Further, the fracture surface study has also been performed and it indicates that the fracture of the composite alters from brittle to ductile mode with an increase in rolling reduction. The appeared fracture surface of the composite has also been correlated with the produced microstructure and the tensile properties.

Recent advancement in metal matrix composites shows the reduction in resource and energy consumption through improvement in tribological properties. However, statistical modelling helps to achieve the material efficiency through optimizing experimental parameters. This study focuses on developing a statistical modelling to predict the tribological behaviour of ZA/ZrB2 in situ composites. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted using Response surface methodology (RSM) by Design expert 13 software which was suggested the use of quadratic model and the regression equation was developed. Varying load, sliding distance, and volume % of ZrB2 as input parameters and wear and coefficient of friction (COF) as response parameters were utilized in RSM. Results indicate that the volume % of ZrB2 is the main contributing parameter for wear while for COF, load is the main contributing factor. Artificial neural network (ANN) developed using PYTHON was also employed to validate the optimized parameters for wear and COF suggested by RSM. Experimental results and statistical analysis results obtained from RSM and ANN show the close tolerance and thus suggest a significant model that envisages the tribological characteristics of alloy and composites. Regression equation could be successfully utilized to predict the wear and COF at any given set of input variables based on applications.

The biomedical survey reports edible plant Aegle marmelos has been utilized for centuries by tribal communities in India as a dietary supplement for the management of diabetes. Herein, we have investigated cytotoxicity, cytoprotective and antidiabetic activity of characterized alkaloid-free hydroalcoholic extract of A. marmelos (AFEAM; 200 and 400 mg/kg). Identification of polyphenols and quantification of major compounds were done using UPLC-MS and HPTLC, respectively. AFEAM showed good cytocompatibility and cytoprotective potential against oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia in HepG2 cells. The AFEAM intake had significantly ameliorated the serum blood glucose level, state of dyslipidemia, level of pro-inflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1β), and antioxidant (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and malondialdehyde) status in diabetic mice. Histological examination of the treated groups showed amelioration of damaged pancreas, liver, and kidney tissues. Conclusively, AFEAM intake might be promising dietary supplements for prediabetics as well as an adjuvant to modern treatment in diabetics. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Different reports have been published on Aegle marmelos but as per our understanding till date, no study has been reported on the amelioration of diabetes due to alkaloid free hydroalcoholic extract of A. marmelos /polyphenolic content in the animal model. The result of this study indicated that A. marmelos supplementation effectively ameliorates diabetes through the restoration of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status. This study has collated sufficient scientific evidence for the dietary application of A. marmelos in society especially for prediabetics, however, it can also be used as an adjuvant to modern treatments in diabetics.

We have performed density functional theory calculations to study the binding and charge transfer at interfaces between blue phosphorene and various metal substrates. The substrates considered are Al(111), Ag(111), Au(111), Pt(111), Zr(0001) and Sc(0001). The substrates suitable for use for synthesis and exfoliation of blue phosphorene, or instead for use as electrodes for either making contacts or charge doping blue phosphorene, are identified. We find that both the charge transfer and strength of binding correlate excellently with a simple descriptor D = Δ χ / Δ R , where Δχ is the difference in Pauling electronegativities between the metal and phosphorus, and Δ R the corresponding difference in covalent radii. The predictions of the descriptor are validated by subsequent calculations on Pd(111), Cu(111) and Ir(111) substrates. This easily computed descriptor should help in the rapid identification of two-dimensional material + metal combinations suitable for specific applications.

In this investigation, the mechanical and tribological behavior of warm rolled Al-6Si-3Gr (graphite) self-lubricating composite have been studied. A spray forming process was used to synthesize the composite. The graphite particles were reinforced externally into the jet of the spray of molten Al-Si alloy. The porosity was generated under the spray forming process that was eliminated by the secondary process (warm rolling). Warm rolling was carried out with 20, 40, 60 and 80% thickness reduction in multi-passes on high non-reversing mills. Refinement and distribution of silicon and graphite particles in the composite were increased. The mechanical properties namely hardness and strengths were also improved by warm rolling. Wear properties of the composite after each thickness reduction were also investigated under dry sliding condition. Composite after warm rolling showed the better results in the coefficient of friction and wear rate. Wear properties improvement, nature of the debris particles and mechanical properties of the composite after warm rolling were discussed in details with its microstructural features. Different characterization techniques were also used to support the prediction of change in properties. The load bearing capacity of the composite was increased by warm rolling. These composites could be used for those applications where load bearing capacity and less wear is required.

Graphical abstract, Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a major health problem characterized by kidney dysfunction with progressive segmental glomerulosclerosis to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Due to lack of scientific data and comprehensive reports, the current systematic review provides an inclusive understanding and prospective associated with phytopharmacology of NEERI-KFT in CKD. The data was collected from more than five databases such as Science Direct, Google Scholar, Elsevier, PubMed, Springer, ACS publication etc using keywords like CKD/Kidney disease, epidemiology/prevalence, modern therapies for CKD management, NEERI-KFT and its role in kidney disease. The study was performed based on scientific reports screened by experts according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The pre-clinical and clinical findings suggested that NEERI-KFT has promising effects as nephroprotective and considered safe and well effective in primary care of kidney against disease. Phytopharmacological evaluation of NEERI-KFT suggest that it exhibit substantial potential against oxidative and inflammatory stress induced apoptosis by exerting antioxidants, nephroprotective and immunomodulatory effects. Hence, it can be enlighten that NEERI-KFT have potential herbs which exerts significant antioxidants, nephroprotective and immunomodulatory effects in the patients associated with renal dysfunction or CKD thus improving altered renal architecture and renal physiology. Clinically, it is concluded that NEERI-KFT works kidney malfunction and cease ESRD progression or even reduce the number of dialysis.

In the present study, the influence of the secondary process, namely cryorolling on microstructure, porosity and hardness of spray-formed Al–Si alloy has been studied. The Al–Si alloys included of 6 wt% of Si have been selected and have been made by the spray forming technique using nitrogen as atomized gas. Further, cryorolling of spray-formed Al–Si alloy has been performed with a different reduction on a rolling mill. The cryorolled spray-formed Al alloy with different reductions has been characterized by different techniques. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) analysis indicates that the alloy is Al–Si alloy, and no other phases are present. However, microstructure studies indicate that the spray-formed Al–Si alloy consists of equiaxed grains of α-aluminium and Si particles, which refine by cryorolling. The porosity measurement indicates that the value of porosity decreases continuously with an increasing thickness reduction under cryorolling. The hardness has correlated with the porosity and the evolved microstructure of the Al alloy. The 50% cryorolled spray-formed Al–Si alloy exhibits the maximum improvement in properties.

In this article, a flexible pq reference current generation technique is used to control active and reactive power for a 3-φ grid connected converter fed by a 800 V DC source. Grid connected operation is controlled by a converter output voltage, and output voltage of converter is controlled by a controller that generate pulses for converter. Controller uses phase locked loop (PLL) for calculating phase and frequency of grid voltage, P and Q reference is set according to load then compared with Vd and Vq quantities and then feed to PI-based current controller to generate pulses. Various grid fault conditions low voltage ride through (LVRT), high voltage ride through (HVRT), low frequency ride through (LFRT) and high frequency ride through (HFRT) are injected for 0.5 s and then analysis had been drawn between healthy and faulty conditions.

This paper depicts Box-Behnken design (BBD) approach to optimize the performance and emission characteristics of adjustable compression ratio, single- cylinder diesel engine with nanoparticle-blended biofuel. Cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles and diethyl ether (DEE) are mixed with neem methyl ester (NME) in corresponding ratios as per BBD experimental plan. Engine performance characteristics brake thermal efficiency (BTE), brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and NOx, CO, HC, and CO2 emissions have been analyzed. To study the influence of input parameters, quadratic models are developed on each output response using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Desirability function approach has been used to optimize the performance of multi-response parameters. The results revealed that nanoparticles mixed blends of NME and DEE enhances the performance characteristics and reduce the harmful emissions.