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Abstract Developing high-yielding rice varieties that possess favorable agronomic characteristics and enhanced grain Zn content is crucial in ensuring food security and addressing nutritional needs. This research employed ICIM, IM, and multi-parent population QTL mapping methods to identify important genetic regions associated with traits such as DF, PH, NT, NP, PL, YLD, TGW, GL, GW, Zn, and Fe. Two populations of recombinant inbred lines consisting of 373 lines were phenotyped for agronomic, yield and grain micronutrient traits for three seasons at IRRI, and genotyped by sequencing. Most of the traits demonstrated moderate to high broad-sense heritability. There was a positive relationship between Zn and Fe contents. The principal components and correlation results revealed a significant negative association between YLD and Zn/Fe. ICIM identified 81 QTLs, while IM detected 36 QTLs across populations. The multi-parent population analysis detected 27 QTLs with six of them consistently detected across seasons. We shortlisted eight candidate genes associated with yield QTLs, 19 genes with QTLs for agronomic traits, and 26 genes with Zn and Fe QTLs. Notable candidate genes included CL4 and d35 for YLD, dh1 for DF, OsIRX10, HDT702, sd1 for PH, OsD27 for NP, whereas WFP and OsIPI1 were associated with PL, OsRSR1 and OsMTP1 were associated to TGW. The OsNAS1, OsRZFP34, OsHMP5, OsMTP7, OsC3H33, and OsHMA1 were associated with Fe and Zn QTLs. We identified promising RILs with acceptable yield potential and high grain Zn content from each population. The major effect QTLs, genes and high Zn RILs identified in our study are useful for efficient Zn biofortification of rice.

Rice, a staple food for a significant portion of the global population, faces persistent threats from various pathogens and pests, necessitating the development of resilient crop varieties. Deployment of resistance genes in rice is the best practice to manage diseases and reduce environmental damage by reducing the application of agro-chemicals. Genome editing technologies, such as CRISPR-Cas, have revolutionized the field of molecular biology, offering precise and efficient tools for targeted modifications within the rice genome. This study delves into the application of these tools to engineer novel alleles of resistance genes in rice, aiming to enhance the plant’s innate ability to combat evolving threats. By harnessing the power of genome editing, researchers can introduce tailored genetic modifications that bolster the plant’s defense mechanisms without compromising its essential characteristics. In this study, we synthesize recent advancements in genome editing methodologies applicable to rice and discuss the ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks surrounding the creation of genetically modified crops. Additionally, it explores potential challenges and future prospects for deploying edited rice varieties in agricultural landscapes. In summary, this study highlights the promise of genome editing in reshaping the genetic landscape of rice to confront emerging challenges, contributing to global food security and sustainable agriculture practices.

Abstract The preferred method for disease modeling using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is to generate isogenic cell lines by correcting or introducing pathogenic mutations. Base editing enables the precise installation of point mutations at specific genomic locations without the need for deleterious double-strand breaks used in the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing methods. We created a bulk population of iPSCs that homogeneously express ABE8e adenine base editor enzyme under a doxycycline-inducible expression system at the AAVS1 safe harbor locus. These cells enabled fast, efficient and inducible gene editing at targeted genomic regions, eliminating the need for single-cell cloning and screening to identify those with homozygous mutations. We could achieve multiplex genomic editing by creating homozygous mutations in very high efficiencies at four independent genomic loci simultaneously in AAVS1-iABE8e iPSCs, which is highly challenging with previously described methods. The inducible ABE8e expression system allows editing of the genes of interest within a specific time window, enabling temporal control of gene editing to study the cell or lineage-specific functions of genes and their molecular pathways. In summary, the inducible ABE8e system provides a fast, efficient and versatile gene-editing tool for disease modeling and functional genomic studies.

Summary: Cross-coupling azide and isocyanide have recently gained recognition as ideal methods for efficiently synthesizing asymmetric carbodiimides. This reaction exhibits high reaction rates, efficiency, and favorable atom/step/redox economy. It enables the nitrene-transfer process, facilitating the formation of C-N bonds and providing a direct and cost-effective synthetic strategy for generating diverse carbodiimides. These carbodiimides are highly reactive compounds that can undergo in-situ transformations into various functional groups and organic compounds, including heterocycles. Developing one-pot and tandem processes in this field has significantly contributed to advancements in organic chemistry. Moreover, the demonstrated utility of these architectural motifs extends to areas such as chemical biology and medicinal chemistry, further highlighting their potential in various scientific applications.

The Department of Anaesthesia at SPMC Bikaner approved the trial and it was carried out during laparoscopic surgery OT with proper informed written permission. The study was a double-blind, randomised, prospective interventional trial. The study comprised 60 (ASA) Classes I and II patients between the ages of 18 and 60 who were scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Using a computer-generated random number sequence, patients were divided into two groups of 30 each: Group A received 1.5 mg/kg of clonidine, whereas Group B received.2 mg/kg of nalbuphine in a 50 ml NS solution. Prior to administering the study drug, five minutes after premedication, hemodynamic parameters were recorded. Double-blind administration of the study medication occurred more than 10 minutes before anaesthesia onset. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded following the administration of the study medication, 1 and 5 minutes after intubation, prior to pneumoperitoneum, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, and 40 minutes after pneumoperitoneum, and finally following extubation. following 1 minute and 5 minutes after intubation (and following pneumoperitoneum at 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and post extubation), it was discovered that there was a substantial difference in heart rate, SBP, DBP, and MAP between Group A and Group B. In our investigation, hemodynamics related to heart rate were improved with clonidine. Based on the results of our study and other earlier research conducted by different authors, we came to the conclusion that both clonidine and nalbuphine, when administered 5 minutes prior to intubation in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery, attenuated the hemodynamic response to intubation and pneumoperitoneum during the surgery. The difference in heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure is much less with clonidine than with nalbuphine, which leads us to the conclusion that clonidine produced greater hemodynamic response than nalbuphine.

Abstract Biofortification of rice with improved grain zinc (Zn) content is the most sustainable and cost‐effective approach to address Zn malnutrition in Asia. Genomics‐assisted breeding using precise and consistent Zn quantitative trait loci (QTLs), genes, and haplotypes can fast‐track the development of Zn biofortified rice varieties. We conducted the meta‐analysis of 155 Zn QTLs reported from 26 different studies. Results revealed 57 meta‐QTLs with a significant reduction of 63.2% and 80% in the number and confidence interval of the Zn QTLs, respectively. Meta‐quantitative trait loci (MQTLs) regions were found to be enriched with diverse metal homeostasis genes; at least 11 MQTLs were colocated with 20 known major genes involved in the production of root exudates, metal uptake, transport, partitioning, and loading into grains in rice. These genes were differentially expressed in vegetative and reproductive tissues, and a complex web of interactions were observed among them. We identified superior haplotypes and their combinations for nine candidate genes (CGs), and the frequency and allelic effects of superior haplotypes varied in different subgroups. The precise MQTLs with high phenotypic variance, CGs, and superior haplotypes identified in our study are useful for an efficient Zn biofortification of rice and to ensure Zn as an essential component of all the future rice varieties through mainstreaming of Zn breeding.

Adult human primary dermal fibroblasts [ATCC (PCS-201-012)] were reprogrammed by transfection of oriP/EBNA-1 based episomal plasmids expressing OCT3/4, SOX2, KLF4, L-MYC, LIN28 and a p53 shRNA (Okita et al., 2011) to give rise to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). These iPSCs expressed core pluripotency markers, maintained normal karyotype, and showed tri-lineage differentiation potential. Further, the absence of episomal plasmid integration in this iPSC line was confirmed by genomic PCR. In addition, DNA fingerprinting of fibroblast and iPSC DNA by microsatellite analysis confirmed the genetic identity of this cell line. This iPSC line was shown to be free from mycoplasma contamination.

The present study was conducted in Department of Anaesthesia, Sardar Patel Medical College and PBM Hospital, Bikaner, with the aim of comparative evaluation of subclavian vein catheterization by supraclavicular and infraclavicular approach. There are three common routes of central venous catheterization i.e. subclavian, internal jugular and the femoral. Hence in our study we have done a comparative evaluation of supraclavicular and infraclavicular approach for SCV catheterization with primary objective of successful catheterization of SCV using anatomical landmark technique and secondary objective of first attempt success rate, time taken for cannulation and also record the incidence of complications related to either approach. In our study, 60 patients enrolled were randomly divided into two groups of 30 patients each. In Group A Infraclavicular SCV catheterization and in Group B Supraclavicular catheterisation was performed using anatomical landmark approach. Successful catheterization, first attempt success rate, time taken for venous access and catheterization, catheter malfunction or any other complication were recorded. In group A (IC) Maximum 63.33% were inserted in single attempt whereas minimum 10% required 3 or more attempts while in group B (IC) maximum 93.33% were inserted in single attempt whereas minimum 3.33% needed 3 or more attempts, and the difference was found statistically significant. Overall successful catheterization was 90% in Group A and 96% in Group B while 93 % when combined for both groups. Mean time taken for insertion was observed more (6.67 ± 1.44 min.) in group A whereas less (4.47 ± 1.01min.) in group B, and the difference was found statistically highly significant. We conclude that SC approach of SCV catheterization is better as comparable to IC approach in terms of landmarks accessibility, success rate, time taken and rate of complications.

As of September 2021, 117 COVID-19 vaccines are in clinical development, and 194 are in preclinical development as per the World Health Organization (WHO) published draft landscape. Among the 117 vaccines undergoing clinical trials, the major platforms include protein subunit; RNA; inactivated virus; viral vector, among others. So far, USFDA recognized to approve the Pfizer-BioNTech (Comirnaty) COVID-19 vaccine for its full use in individuals of 16 years of age and older. Though the approved vaccines are being manufactured at a tremendous pace, the wealthiest countries have about 28% of total vaccines despite possessing only 10.8% of the total world population, suggesting an inequity of vaccine distribution. The review comprehensively summarizes the history of vaccines, mainly focusing on vaccines for SARS-CoV-2. The review also connects relevant topics, including measurement of vaccines efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, associated challenges, and limitations, as hurdles in global vaccination are also kept forth.

Serotoninergic signaling is identified as a crucial player in psychiatric disorders (notably depression), presenting it as a significant therapeutic target for treating such conditions. Inhibitors of serotoninergic signaling (especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) or serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)) are prominently selected as first-line therapy for the treatment of depression, which benefits via increasing low serotonin levels and norepinephrine by blocking serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake and thereby increasing activity. While developing newer heterocyclic scaffolds to target/modulate the serotonergic systems, imidazole-bearing pharmacophores have emerged. The imidazole-derived pharmacophore already demonstrated unique structural characteristics and an electron-rich environment, ultimately resulting in a diverse range of bioactivities. Therefore, the current manuscript discloses such a specific modification and structural activity relationship (SAR) of attempted derivatization in terms of the serotonergic efficacy of the resultant inhibitor. We also featured a landscape of imidazole-based development, focusing on SAR studies against the serotoninergic system to target depression. This study covers the recent advancements in synthetic methodologies for imidazole derivatives and the development of new molecules having antidepressant activity via modulating serotonergic systems, along with their SAR studies. The focus of the study is to provide structural insights into imidazole-based derivatives as serotonergic system modulators for the treatment of depression.

The paper models investor sentiments (IS) to attract investments for Health Sector and Growth in emerging markets, viz., India, Mainland China, and the UAE, by asking questions such as: What specific healthcare sector opportunities are available in the three markets? Are the USA-IS key IS predictors in the three economies? How important are macroeconomic and sociocultural factors in predicting IS in these markets? How important are economic crises and pandemic events in predicting IS in these markets? Is there contemporaneous relation in predicting IS across the three countries in terms of USA-IS, and, if yes, is the magnitude of the impact of USA-IS uniform across the three countries' IS? The artificial neural network (ANN) model is applied to weekly time-series data from January 2003 to December 2020 to capture behavioral elements in the investors' decision-making in these emerging economies. The empirical findings confirmed the superiority of the ANN framework over the traditional logistic model in capturing the cognitive behavior of investors. Health predictor—current health expenditure as a percentage of GDP, USA IS predictor—spread, and Macro-factor GDP—annual growth % are the common predictors across the 3 economies that positively impacted the emerging markets' IS behavior. USA (S&P 500) return is the only common predictor across the three economies that negatively impacted the emerging markets' IS behavior. However, the magnitude of both positive and negative impacts varies across the countries, signifying unique, diverse socioeconomic, cultural, and market features in each of the 3 economies. The results have four key implications: Firstly, US market sentiments are an essential factor influencing stock markets in these countries. Secondly, there is a need for developing a robust sentiment proxy on similar lines to the USA in the three countries. Thirdly, investment opportunities in the healthcare sector in these economies have been identified for potential investments by the investors. Fourthly, this study is the first study to investigate investors' sentiments in these three fast-emerging economies to attract investments in the Health Sector and Growth in the backdrop of UN's 2030 SDG 3 and SDG 8 targets to be achieved by these economies.

Neural Style Transfer (NST) is a class of software algorithms that allows us to transform scenes, change/edit the environment of a media with the help of a Neural Network. NST finds use in image and video editing software allowing image stylization based on a general model, unlike traditional methods. This made NST a trending topic in the entertainment industry as professional editors/media producers create media faster and offer the general public recreational use. In this paper, the current progress in Neural Style Transfer with all related aspects such as still images and videos is presented critically. The authors looked at the different architectures used and compared their advantages and limitations. Multiple literature reviews focus on either the Neural Style Transfer (of images) or cover Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) that generate video. As per the authors’ knowledge, this is the only research article that looks at image and video style transfer, particularly mobile devices with high potential usage. This article also reviewed the challenges faced in applyingvideo neural style transfer in real-time on mobile devices and presents research gaps with future research directions. NST, a fascinating deep learning application, has considerable research and application potential in the coming years.

The kidney is essential for the physiological functions of the body. When exposed to high concentrations of toxins, these may induce the toxicity of the kidney (kidney injury), leading to renal failure and precipitating a condition called nephrotoxicity. The toxicity may result from hemodynamic changes and directly harm the cells and tissue, and causes obstruction of renal excretion. Nephrotoxicity can also be induced by renal impairment leads to kidney-specific detoxification and diminished kidney function by ischemia and toxicants/drugs. Considering the possible damage to kidneys by drugs, patients are using the naturally derived substance, including herbal drugs or nutraceuticals. However, the safety concerns of herbal drugs and formulation in inducing kidney injury are an area of research. The present review is a concerted effort to assemble information mainly focusing on the kidney injury, its comprehensive categorization, i.e., mechanism of interaction of various enzyme systems of kidneys with drugs of herbal and synthetic origin and their outcomes. Moreover, the review also put forth the details of herbal drug that precipitate kidney injury and ameliorate it. The review is being put forward with an incentive to provide researchers with a comprehensive and updated literature on kidney injury by drugs of natural and synthetic origin and their molecular targets in the kidney.

The reply letter has been put forth in response to the comment made by Karthyayani Priya Satish entitled “India and the COVID-19 Vaccine.” The comment was made in context to our published work “Exploring the covid-19 vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 and its variants: where do we stand and where do we go?” The reply letter is concerned with the newer variant of SARS-CoV-2, i.e., Omicron and its impact on severity and vaccine efficacy. Though the variant is mild, as per the reports, the cases are rising at an unprecedented rate that may create havoc on humankind considering shortages of RT-PCR testing and prevailing unequal vaccine distribution and vaccine hesitancy.

Purpose – The purpose of this is to classify the social and economic factors which impact the involvement of women in self-help groups (SHGs) for their economic as well as social empowerment. Design/methodology/approach – The research has been conducted in Nainital district of Uttarakhand (India) in 2018. Primary data have been gathered from women respondent only on factors relating to the ownership of asset, housing characteristics and other demographic details. Both SHG and non-SHG women members have been chosen as key informants during the survey. Multi-stage purposive and stratified random sampling has been used for the selection of respondents and SHGs. The logit regression model has been formulated to describe the causes that influence the participation of women in SHGs. Also, an empowerment index has been constructed to measure the effect of SHGs on women empowerment. Findings – The results show that factors including age, education, family type and distance from the market have a significant impact on the participation of women in SHGs. Also, there is a significant difference in both these values which suggests that the value of the empowerment index gets significantly increased after joining the SHGs. Practical implications – Analytically derived factors have been used to develop an empowerment index. Hence, the present research is valuable for marketing practitioners, entrepreneurs and professionals from the development sector who intend to work amongst SHGs, primarily with women. The paper is valuable for academic researchers in this area so that the limited body of knowledge, on the empowerment index, could be developed. Originality/value – The present research is unique because the authors did not find work, especially in the context of rural India, in the said area. Factors impacting the participation of women in SHGs along with the impact of participation on empowerment have been explored using the logit regression model, leading to the development of an empowerment index.

The proposed study involves delivering drug/bioactive using a single nanoplatform based on poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) for better efficacy, synergistic effect, and reduced toxicity. PLGA was conjugated to doxorubicin (D1), and this conjugate was used for encapsulation of naringenin (D2) to develop naringenin loaded PLGA-doxorubicin nanoparticles (PDNG). The PDNG NPs were 165.4 ± 4.27 nm in size, having 0.112 ± 0.035 PDI, with -10.1 ± 2.74 zeta potential. The surface morphology was confirmed through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The in vitro studies revealed that PDNG NPs exhibited selective anticancer potential in breast cancer cells, and induced apoptosis with S-phase inhibition via an increase in intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS) and altering the mitochondrial potential. The results also signified the efficient uptake of nanoparticles encapsulated drugs by cells besides elevating the caspase level suggesting programmed cell death induction upon treatment. In vivo studies results revealed better half-life (27.35 ± 1.58 and 11.98 ± 1.21 h for doxorubicin and naringenin) with higher plasma drug concentration. In vivo biodistribution study was also in accordance with the in vitro studies and in line with the in vivo pharmacokinetic. In vivo tumor regression assay portrayed that the formulation PDNG halts the tumor growth and lessen the tumor volume with the stable bodyweight of the mice. Conclusively, the dual delivery approach was beneficial and highly effective against tumor-induced mice.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are validated therapeutic agents against EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the associated critical side effects of these agents are inevitable, demanding more specific and efficient targeting agents. Recently, we have developed and reported a non-covalent imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based EGFR inhibitor (6b), which showed promising inhibitory activity against the gefitinib-resistant H1975(L858R/T790M) lung cancer cell line. In the present study, we further explored the 6b compound in vivo by employing the A549-induced xenograft model in nude mice. The results indicate that the administration of the 6b compound significantly abolished the growth of the tumor in the A549 xenograft nude mice. Whereas the control mice bearing tumors displayed a declining trend in the survival curve, treatment with the 6b compound improved the survival profile of mice. Moreover, the histological examination showed the cancer cell cytotoxicity of the 6b compound was characterized by cytoplasmic destruction observed in the stained section of the tumor tissues of treated mice. The immunoblotting and qPCR results further signified that 6b inhibited EGFR in tissue samples and consequently altered the downstream pathways mediated by EGFR, leading to a reduction in cancer growth. Therefore, the in vivo findings were in corroboration with the in vitro results, suggesting that 6b possessed potential anticancer activity against EGFR-dependent lung cancer. 6b also exhibited good stability in human and mouse liver microsomes.

Drug-related problems (DRPs) had often been a concern in the system that needed to be detected, avoided, and addressed as soon as possible. The need for a clinical pharmacist becomes even more important. He is the one who can not only share the load but also be an important part of the system by providing required advice. They fill out the patient's pharmacotherapy reporting form and notify the medical team's head off any drug-related issues. General practitioners register severe adverse drug reactions (ADRs) yearly. As a result of all of this, a clinical pharmacist working in and around the healthcare system is expected to advance the pharmacy industry. Its therapy and drugs can improve one's health quality of life by curing, preventing, or diagnosing a disease, sign, or symptom. The sideshows, on the other hand, do much harm. Because of the services they offer, clinical pharmacy has grown in popularity. To determine the overall effect and benefits of the emergency department (ED) clinical pharmacist, a systematic review of clinical practice and patient outcomes will be needed. A clinical pharmacist's anatomy, toxicology, pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry expertise significantly improves a patient's therapy enforcement. It is now important to examine the failure points of healthcare systems as well as the individuals involved.

A series of 30 non-covalent imidazo[1,2-a]quinoxaline-based inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) were designed and synthesized. EGFR inhibitory assessment (against wild type) data of compounds revealed 6b, 7h, 7j, 9a and 9c as potent EGFRWT inhibitors with IC50 values of 211.22, 222.21, 193.18, 223.32 and 221.53 nM, respectively, which were comparable to erlotinib (221.03 nM), a positive control. Furthermore, compounds exhibited excellent antiproliferative activity when tested against cancer cell lines harboring EGFRWT; A549, a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), HCT-116 (colon), MDA-MB-231 (breast) and gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell line H1975 harboring EGFRL858R/T790M. In particular, compound 6b demonstrated significant inhibitory potential against gefitinib-resistant H1975 cells (IC50 = 3.65 μM) as compared to gefitinib (IC50 > 20 μM). Moreover, molecular docking disclosed the binding mode of the 6b to the domain of EGFR (wild type and mutant type), indicating the basis of inhibition. Furthermore, its effects on redox modulation, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell cycle analysis and cell death mode in A549 lung cancer cells were also reported.

Context: Nutritional status is a sensitive indicator of community health and nutrition. There is a growing realization that adequate nutrition is a necessary first step in the improvement of quality of life. Malnutrition and infection are connected by a vicious cycle. It is one of the greatest international health problems and the biggest challenges being faced today. Thus, to know the magnitude of undernutrition among preschool children and to find out the sensitive tool for detection of undernutrition, this study was conducted among children under - 5 years of age. Aims: To assess the validity of the nutritional indices for screening malnutrition. Settings and Designs: The study was a community-based, cross-sectional survey carried out in the catchment area of Rural Health Training Center, Rohilkhand Medical College, Bareilly. Subjects and Methods: Various anthropometric criteria like, Kanawati, McLaren, Rao, Dugdale and weight for age according to the Indian Academy of Pediatrics (IAP) (modified Gomez) classification were used to define nutritional status. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (sensitivity vs. 1 - specificity) were calculated for all the above mentioned indices. Results: Age dependent criteria such as IAP (48.2% malnourished) and McLaren (48.3% malnourished) were followed by the age independent criteria such as Kanawati (74.3% malnourished), Dugdale (45.5% malnourished), and Rao (33.1% malnourished) to classify the mild to moderate malnutrition. ROC showed Dugdale as the best index for the judgement of malnutrition showing maximum area under the curve. Conclusions: Malnutrition being a public health problem leads to morbidity which is a vicious cycle and needs proper attention to curb its detrimental effect on the children.

BACKGROUND: Influenza A virus is one of world's major uncontrolled pathogen, causing seasonal epidemic as well as global pandemic. This was evidenced by recent emergence and continued prevalent 2009 swine origin pandemic H1N1 Influenza A virus, provoking first true pandemic in the past 40 years. In the course of its evolution, the virus acquired many mutations and multiple unidentified molecular determinants are likely responsible for the ability of the 2009 H1N1 virus to cause increased disease severity in humans. Availability of limited data on complete genome hampers the continuous monitoring of this type of events. Outbreaks with considerable morbidity and mortality have been reported from all parts of the country. METHODS/RESULTS: Considering a large number of clinical cases of infection complete genome based sequence characterization of Indian H1N1pdm virus and their phylogenetic analysis with respect to circulating global viruses was undertaken, to reveal the phylodynamic pattern of H1N1pdm virus in India from 2009-2011. The Clade VII was observed as a major circulating clade in phylogenetic analysis. Selection pressure analysis revealed 18 positively selected sites in major surface proteins of H1N1pdm virus. CONCLUSIONS: This study clearly revealed that clade VII has been identified as recent circulating clade in India as well globally. Few clade VII specific well identified markers undergone positive selection during virus evolution. Continuous monitoring of the H1N1pdm virus is warranted to track of the virus evolution and further transmission. This study will serve as a baseline data for future surveillance and also for development of suitable therapeutics.