1. Newsights of endoplasmic reticulum in hypoxia.
- Author
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Guan, Lu, Ge, Rili, and Ma, Shuang
- Subjects
- *
ENDOPLASMIC reticulum , *UNFOLDED protein response , *HYPOXEMIA , *MOLECULAR chaperones , *ION transport (Biology) - Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is important to cells because of its essential functions, including synthesizing three major nutrients and ion transport. When cellular homeostasis is disrupted, ER quality control (ERQC) system is activated effectively to remove misfolded and unfolded proteins through ER-phagy, ER-related degradation (ERAD), and molecular chaperones. When unfolded protein response (UPR) and ER stress are activated, the cell may be suffering a huge blow, and the most probable consequence is apoptosis. The membrane contact points between the ER and sub-organelles contribute to communication between the organelles. The decrease in oxygen concentration affects the morphology and structure of the ER, thereby affecting its function and further disrupting the stable state of cells, leading to the occurrence of disease. In this study, we describe the functions of ER-, ERQC-, and ER-related membrane contact points and their changes under hypoxia, which will help us further understand ER and treat ER-related diseases. [Display omitted] • The structure and function of the ER stable state is very important for cells. Hypoxia affects the ER. • ERQCs are important for maintaining ER function. ERQCs include Ubiquitin-proteasome system, ER phagocytosis, ER-related degradation (ERAD), Molecular chaperone, Unfolded protein response (UPR), ER stress. Hypoxia affects ERQC. • ER-related MCS have ER and mitochondrial contact points (MERC), ER and Golgi contact points (ERGIC), and ER and lipid droplets (ER-LD). Hypoxia affects MCS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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