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The huge amount of waste tires (WTs) have been disposed to surroundings which cause dangerous effect on nature. Owing to recycled WTs, the pyrolysis is a good technique to dismiss harmful effect of the WTs, by converting into gas, liquid and solid. The present study has two steps of liquefaction at a batch reactor. Firstly, conversion of the WTs into gas, waste tire oil (WTO) and char. Then the WTO were blended with calcium oxide (CaO) or natural zeolite (NZ) at different ratio and pyrolyzed to obtain high quality oil, similar to gasoline fuel (GF) or diesel fuel (DF). The distillation curve is a good key to define fuel quaility. Thus, 10% CaO-WTO blend curve near to the DF. Unfortunately, the mixture was distillated at 54 oC, lower than the DF. Therefore, the blend was separated into two fractions due to intial-final boiling points as 150 oC to 360 oC, named as Diesel like fuel (DLF); between 54 oC to 150 oC, called as gasoline like fuel (GLF). Finally, samples were analyzed to characterizate by GC, ICP-MS, TGA and DSC for similarities of conventional fuels. Based on GLF and DLF results, they can be burned in engine., Büyük miktarda atık lastik (AL) çevreye atılmakta ve doğa üzerinde tehlikeli etkilere sebep olmaktadır. AL’in geri donuşumu için, piroliz kullanılarak atık lastiklerin gaz, sıvı ve katı ürünlere dönüştürülerek AL’nin zararlı etkilerini bertaraf etmek amacıyla kullanılan etkili bir tekniktir. Bu çalışmada, bir kesikli reaktör kullanılarak iki adımda sıvılaştırma yapılmıştır. İlk olarak, atık lastik gaza, atık lastik yağına (ALY) ve karbon siyahına dönüştürülmüştür. İkinci adımda ise ALY, farklı oranda Kalsiyum Oksit (CaO) veya Doğal Zeolit (NZ) ile karıştırılarak; benzine veya dizel benzeyen yakıt yüksek kaliteli yakıt elde etmek için piroliz edilmiştir. Distilasyon eğrisi, yakıt kalitesini tanımlamak için iyi bir referanstır. % 10CaO-ALY karışımının distilasyon eğrisi dizel yakıta benzerlik gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Fakat, karışımın dizel yakıttan daha düşük olan 54 oC'de distile edilmiştir. Bu nedenle karışım, ilk-son kaynama noktalarına göre ayrıştırılarak iki fraksiyon elde edilmiştir. 54 oC ile 150 oC arasında, benzin benzeri yakıt (BBY); 150 oC ile 360 oC arasında dizel benzeri yakıt (DBY)) elde edilmiştir. Elde edilen bu iki fraksiyon, geleneksel yakıtlara benzerliklerini değerlendirmek amacıyla GC, ICP-MS, TGA ve DSC teknikleri kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar BBY ve DBY numunelerin motorlarda kullanılabileceğini göstermiştir.

Biodiesel is one of the renewable energy sources derived from living organisms and is an alternative to petroleum fuels that cause environmental pollution. Biodiesel is specified as the fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAE) formed as a result of the transesterification reactions of various alcohols and triglycerides with catalysts. The catalyst plays an important role in biodiesel production. These catalysts can be synthesized from chemical or natural substances as homogeneous or heterogeneous. Some natural waste materials such as egg shell and fish scales have started to be preferred in catalyst synthesis due to their low cost, accessibility and support for waste recycling and minimizing. In this study, a high-performance heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized in order to reduce cost, increase the reaction rate and evaluate waste fish scales in biodiesel production. Waste fish scales were characterized by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The novel catalyst was prepared from waste Seabass (Dicentrarchus Labrax) fish scales by calcination at different temperatures (800, 900, 950 and 1000 °C). The best calcination temperature was determined by using as X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques as 1000 °C and the waste fish scale catalyst was shortened as WFSC. The novel WFSC was characterized by BET specific surface area, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Finally, the novel WFSC were used for biodiesel production. Biodiesel yield was calculated as 85 %. Additionally, this novel catalyst reduces chemical consumption in biodiesel production, with its reusability. Due to the obtained results, it can be qualified as an eco-friendly catalyst.

The significance of tire disposal, an attractive waste to convert into burning oil or absorber etc., has been increasing day by day. However, if it does not change into a useful form, it will damage the nature and the living things. Thus, pyrolysis, a well-known method, which is used to convert recycle tire waste into gas, liquid and char. On the other hand, the waste pyrolysis oil or waste tire oil (WTO) has a substantial avaliable calorific value similar to those of fossil fuels. Due to pyrolysis reaction, high amount of sulfur is detected in the WTO; therefore, another step of explosion applied to WTO to decrease sulfur and also re-upgrade quality of oil with such catalysts as Calcium Oxide (CaO) and Natural Zeolite (NZ) at a ratio from 2 to 10 with an increase of 2 for each step, individually. It is noticed that distillation test is a key analysis for separation discrimination of rich or lean quality fuel. As a consequence of mixture of catalyst-WTO reactions, the best curve was observed at a 10% CaO-WTO mixture which was close to diesel#2 and the mixture was separated into two new fuels as light (Gasoline Like Fuel or abbreviated as GLF) and heavy one (Diesel Like Fuel or shortened as DLF) due to temperature differences. According to distillation, FT-IR, NMR and UV–vis were used to analyze WTO, GLF and DLF for defining their characterization as well. Thus, the characterization result data of samples have quasi-equivalent with standard petroleum in open literature, and can be combusted in engine as well.