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Black Americans are disproportionately affected by dementia. To expand our understanding of mechanisms of this disparity, we look to Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. In this review, we summarize current data, comparing the few studies presenting these findings. Further, we contextualize the data using two influential frameworks: the National Institute on Aging–Alzheimer's Association (NIA‐AA) Research Framework and NIA's Health Disparities Research Framework. The NIA‐AA Research Framework provides a biological definition of AD that can be measured in vivo. However, current cut‐points for determining pathological versus non‐pathological status were developed using predominantly White cohorts—a serious limitation. The NIA's Health Disparities Research Framework is used to contextualize findings from studies identifying racial differences in biomarker levels, because studying biomakers in isolation cannot explain or reduce inequities. We offer recommendations to expand study beyond initial reports of racial differences. Specifically, life course experiences associated with racialization and commonly used study enrollment practices may better account for observations than exclusively biological explanations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a recent decision, the General Court fully upheld the decision adopted by the Commission in December 2007 finding that the Multilateral Interchange Fees (MIFs) for cross-border consumer payment transactions with MasterCard payment cards are a restriction of competition in the sense of Article 101(1) and MasterCard had not demonstrated that they fell within the exception of Article 101(3). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In a recent judgment, the General Court fully upheld a decision adopted by the Commission finding that, by excluding Morgan Stanley from membership of its network in the European Union, Visa restricted competition in the sense of Article 101 TFEU and, for that reason, had to pay a fine of €10.2 million. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Black Americans are disproportionately affected by dementia. To expand our understanding of mechanisms of this disparity, we look to Alzheimer's disease (AD) biomarkers. In this review, we summarize current data, comparing the few studies presenting these findings. Further, we contextualize the data using two influential frameworks: the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association (NIA-AA) Research Framework and NIA's Health Disparities Research Framework. The NIA-AA Research Framework provides a biological definition of AD that can be measured in vivo. However, current cut-points for determining pathological versus non-pathological status were developed using predominantly White cohorts-a serious limitation. The NIA's Health Disparities Research Framework is used to contextualize findings from studies identifying racial differences in biomarker levels, because studying biomakers in isolation cannot explain or reduce inequities. We offer recommendations to expand study beyond initial reports of racial differences. Specifically, life course experiences associated with racialization and commonly used study enrollment practices may better account for observations than exclusively biological explanations., (© 2021 The Authors. Alzheimer's & Dementia published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Alzheimer's Association.)