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7. Impacts of human hunting on spatial behavior of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)

Author

Marantz, Sierra A., Long, Jed A., Webb, Stephen L., Gee, Kenneth L., Little, Andrew R., and Demarais, Stephen

Subjects
Spatial behavior in animals -- Research, Human beings -- Influence on nature, Zoological research, White-tailed deer -- Environmental aspects -- Behavior, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Abstract: Predators can influence populations through top-down effects, but most large predators have been extirpated from the range of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780)). Hunters have filled this predatory [...]

Published
2016
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16. Using fractal analyses to characterize movement paths of white-tailed deer and response to spatial scale

Author

Stephen, L. Webb, Riffell, Samuel, K., Gee, Kenneth L., and Demarais, Stephen

Subjects
White-tailed deer -- Behavior, Spatial behavior in animals -- Research, Animal ecology -- Research, Fractals -- Usage, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

It is often difficult to test hypotheses about how and why animal movement responds to environmental conditions, and at what spatial scales movement decisions are made, all of which are critical for sound management. We used fractal dimension (D) as a measure of tortuosity because it described animal movement patterns and was useful for testing hypotheses about effects of sex, home-range size, monthly rainfall, and reproductive phase on movement paths and for detecting changes in movement patterns of animals across a range of movement distances. We captured and fitted 33 (18 females and 15 males) white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with global positioning system collars. We found that females moved more tortuously (D = 1.75 [+ or -] 0.035 SE) than males (D = 1.549 [+ or -] 0.025). These differences in movement were related to home-range size of females but not of males. Rainfall predicted D for females; thus, females may have been able to forage more intensively in a smaller area due to increased forage availability. Fractal D of females was greatest during the parturition period (1.468 [+ or -] 0.02), likely due to restricted movements in smaller areas or increased foraging. Home-range size of males was similar in spring and rut, but D was lower during rut, indicating that deer changed movement patterns within previously established home ranges. Movement patterns were similar at path lengths related to foraging patches and home ranges, whereas movement patterns changed as path length approximated the size of habitat patches. Key words: conception, fractal dimension, global positioning system collars, home range, movements, Odocoileus virginianus, parturition, spatial scale, tortuosity, white-tailed deer

Published
2009

17. Analyzing Contacts and Behavior from High Frequency Tracking Data Using the wildlifeDI R Package.

Author

Long, Jed A., Webb, Stephen L., Harju, Seth M., and Gee, Kenneth L.

Subjects
WHITE-tailed deer, ANIMAL behavior, INFECTIOUS disease transmission, SOCIAL networks, SOCIAL structure
Abstract

Inter‐individual interactions are one of the key factors driving patterns of wildlife movement; however, methods for capturing and analyzing inter‐individual interactions from wildlife tracking data remain limited. Extracting contacts from wildlife tracking data is a challenge owing to the complex spatial and temporal patterns and the volume of tracking data sets. Knowledge of the time and location of contacts are crucial to understanding the spatiotemporal patterns of contacts and how they relate to the environment, individual behavior, and social structure. In this article we introduce a new suite of functions in the wildlifeDI R package for automating contact analysis, summaries, and outputs (e.g., visualizations) from studies tracking many individuals simultaneously, building upon the existing methods for studying interactive behavior between dyads already present within the package. The package has applications to study contact and interaction for the study of animal behavior, social networks, and disease transmission. We demonstrate two applications of contact analysis using the wildlifeDI package: female white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) contacts and contacts between hunters and male white‐tailed deer. The wildlifeDI package represents a new set of advanced, reproducible analyses to identify and study contacts and interactions in wildlife tracking studies. We designed the analyses and outputs to integrate into existing R analysis workflows to facilitate adoption of the package into a wide variety of wildlife tracking studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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21. Mapping areas of spatial-temporal overlap from wildlife tracking data

Author

Long, Jed A., Webb, Stephen L., Nelson, Trisalyn A., Gee, Kenneth L., University of St Andrews. Geography & Sustainable Development, and University of St Andrews. Bell-Edwards Geographic Data Institute

Subjects
G Geography. Anthropology. Recreation, DAS
Abstract

The collection of the deer data used in this study was supported by funding from The Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Inc. Background The study of inter-individual interactions (often termed spatial-temporal interactions, or dynamic interactions) from remote tracking data has focused primarily on identifying the presence of such interactions. New datasets and methods offer opportunity to answer more nuanced questions, such as where on the landscape interactions occur. In this paper, we provide a new approach for mapping areas of spatial-temporal overlap in wildlife from remote tracking data. The method, termed the joint potential path area (jPPA) builds from the time-geographic movement model, originally proposed for studying human movement patterns. Results The jPPA approach can be used to delineate sub-areas of the home range where inter-individual interaction was possible. Maps of jPPA regions can be integrated with existing geographic data to explore landscape conditions and habitat associated with spatial temporal-interactions in wildlife. We apply the jPPA approach to simulated biased correlated random walks to demonstrate the method under known conditions. The jPPA method is then applied to three dyads, consisting of fine resolution (15 minute sampling interval) GPS tracking data of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) collected in Oklahoma, USA. Our results demonstrate the ability of the jPPA to identify and map jPPA sub-areas of the home range. We show how jPPA maps can be used to identify habitat differences (using percent tree canopy cover as a habitat indicator) between areas of spatial-temporal overlap and the overall home range in each of the three deer dyads. Conclusions The value of the jPPA approach within current wildlife habitat analysis workflows is highlighted along with its simple and straightforward implementation and interpretation. Given the current emphasis on remote tracking in wildlife movement and habitat research, new approaches capable of leveraging both the spatial and temporal information content contained within these data are warranted. We make code (in the statistical software R) for implementing the jPPA approach openly available for other researchers. Publisher PDF

Published
2015

25. Does Human Predation Risk Affect Harvest Susceptibility of White-Tailed Deer During Hunting Season?

Author

Little, Andrew R., Demarais, Stephen, Gee, Kenneth L., Webb, Stephen L., Riffell, Samuel K., Gaskamp, Joshua A., Belant, Jerrod L., Little, Andrew R., Demarais, Stephen, Gee, Kenneth L., Webb, Stephen L., Riffell, Samuel K., Gaskamp, Joshua A., and Belant, Jerrod L.

Abstract

Large carnivores are considered a primary source of mortality for many ungulate populations, but harvest by hunters is the primary means of population management. However, research is needed to evaluate how human predation risk influences observability (a surrogate to harvest susceptibility) of ungulates. We determined how hunting intensity and duration influence observation rates of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and how deer behavior (i.e., movement rate and resource selection) affects observation rates. We sampled 37 adult (≥2 yr) male deer at 2 levels of risk (i.e., low-risk = 1 hunter/101 ha; and high-risk = 1 hunter/30 ha) during 3 exposure periods (i.e., first, second, and third weekend of hunting) on a 1,861-ha property in Oklahoma, USA, during the 2008 and 2009 rifle deer-seasons. Observation rates (collared deer/hunter-hr/day) were greatest during the first weekend in both the low- and high-risk treatments, but declined each weekend thereafter in both treatments. Immediately prior to hunter observation, movement rate of observed collared deer was greater than that of unobserved collared deer, but only when hunting risk was high. Greater movement rates of deer in the high-risk treatment also led to a greater probability of observation. Hunters also had a greater probability of observing collared deer at higher elevations. Overall, deer modified their behavior to avoid detection by hunters. These results can be used to explain decreased observation rates to hunters and to modify harvest rates by altering timing and intensity of human predation risk during the recreational hunting season to help achieve population management goals through harvest.

Published
2014

29. Design of an Underwater Telemetry Antenna for Locating and Retrieving Submerged Radiocollars

Author

Webb, Stephen L., Gaskamp, Joshua A., Gee, Kenneth L., Demarais, Stephen, Little, Andrew R., Webb, Stephen L., Gaskamp, Joshua A., Gee, Kenneth L., Demarais, Stephen, and Little, Andrew R.

Abstract

Radiocollars represent a significant investment of financial resources, particularly global positioning system (GPS) collars, and loss of data imposes analytical limitations from reduced sample sizes. Radiocollars on large, terrestrial mammals are seldom lost in the water. However, several instances in Oklahoma, USA necessitated a reliable and cost-effective technique for retrieving GPS collars from underwater to salvage the financial investment and data. We designed an underwater telemetry antenna to find and retrieve collars in ≤ 3 m of water. We describe field simulations under varying environmental and water conditions, and provide a list of materials along with instructions and considerations for building and using an underwater telemetry antenna. We successfully used our underwater antenna to locate and retrieve our submerged collar that was disposed of in a pond after illegal harvest; we also located and retrieved all collars used for field simulation (n = 11). On average, search time for collars was 30 min. The design of our underwater antenna was inexpensive (US$30), easy to build, and effective at locating submerged collars in 0.6–3.0 m of water, with varying water turbidity and substrates. Although our underwater telemetry antenna was designed to meet our needs, it could be modified for more specific or alternative circumstances.

Published
2011

38. Accuracy and Implications of Visually Estimating Age of Male White-tailed Deer Using Physical Characteristics from Photographs.

Author

GEE, KENNETH L., WEBB, STEPHEN L., and HOLMAN, JOHN H.

Subjects
*WHITE-tailed deer, *AGE determination of animals, *AGE, *ANIMALS, *PHOTOGRAPHY of animals, *ODOCOILEUS, PHOTOIDENTIFICATION of animals
Abstract

Visually estimating age of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) using physical characteristics, commonly referred to as "aging on the hoof" (AOTH), has gained in popularity as part of management programs. However, AOTH has not been evaluated in reference to its accuracy or the accuracy of its users; and most importantly, AOTH is an unstandardized method for estimating age. To assess accuracy of AOTH as it currently is applied, we developed an accuracy examination consisting of a series of photographs of 70 wild, known-aged, antlered, male deer from south-central Oklahoma, USA, ranging in age from approximately 1.5 to ⩾7.5 years. We distributed a pre-assessment questionnaire and the accuracy examination to registrants from the 2009 annual meeting of the Southeast Deer Study Group and to select individuals known to use AOTH. One hundred six wildlife professionals that commonly used the technique completed the assessment and examination. Overall accuracy averaged 36% when placing deer into year classes (min.=16%; max.=56%). Accuracy tended to be greater for younger year-classes (1.5-2.5 yr); accuracy generally declined as age increased. On average, 62%, 43%, 25%, 30%, 25%,15%, and 31% of deer were placed into the correct year-class for the 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and ⩾7.5 year-classes, respectively. We provide the first known accuracy assessment by users of the AOTH technique. It appears that the AOTH technique lacks accuracy for placing deer into specific year-classes, which has implications for selective harvest decisions and research use. Accuracy may be improved by developing standardized protocols and criteria for using the technique and training observers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2014
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