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Objectives: Whether gemination or fusion, double teeth are rare worldwide, including Africa based on few published data. New cases from the continent are tallied, and anomalies potentially associated with double teeth are identified. These findings should interest a range of dental researchers. Methods: The presence of double teeth was recorded in 97 modern and premodern North and sub‐Saharan African samples (5631 inds.). They and coexistent anomalies are described relative to published examples. Prevalence was estimated as possible, using a Poisson model for 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: Three maxillary double teeth were identified: a primary left lateral incisor in a Nubian child (1938–1756 BC), permanent left central incisor in an adult Egyptian (3650–3500 BC), and permanent right central incisor in a modern (19th century) adult from Guinea. Each co‐occurs, respectively, with a talon cusp, peg lateral incisor and, in the latter individual, second premolar crown variation with rotation, and third molar dens evaginatus. Double tooth prevalence is 0.048% (CI 0.001%–0.270%), with regional variation, in premodern, and 0.000% in modern North Africans. It is 0.000% for premodern and 0.048% for modern sub‐Saharan Africans (0.008%–1.714%). Conclusions: The double incisors are comparable to other global examples, indicative of common developmental processes during odontogenesis. Prevalence is lower than published modern rates, to suggest some exceptionality in Africans as reported earlier for other dental variants. Finally, though circumstantial, double teeth and accompanying anomalies may share an etiology. Continuing research overall, and in Africa specifically, will promote an improved understanding of double teeth formation and expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines patterns of gemination in child Egyptian Arabic, with a focus on how gemination functions as a repair strategy, using data from the Egyptian Arabic Salama Corpus. The findings show that the phonological development of Egyptian Arabic-speaking children of geminated consonants correlates with previously established developmental stages. Initial stages involve the acquisition of labial geminates, transitioning through an increased use of alveolar and velar geminates, to the acquisition of rhotic and lateral geminates in later phases. The findings also suggest that gemination is not merely a phonetic phenomenon in child phonology, but also shows the children's awareness of the phonology of the dialect, especially the moraicity of vowels and consonants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Tooth gemination is a single enlarged or joined tooth with a normal tooth count when the anomalous tooth is counted as one. Mandibular second premolars show an elevated variability of crown morphology. Only nine cases of isolated second premolar macrodontia have been reported in the literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: This case report presents the clinical and radiographic findings and conservative treatment of an atypical and rare case of localized bilateral molarization of mandibular second premolars. CONCLUSION: Dental professionals should acquire deeper knowledge about anomalies and plan treatment carefully to avoid unexpected complications during dental procedures caused by morphological ignorance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gemination, being a common feature of Dravidian languages, has been found to be an effective adaptation strategy in Malayalam (spoken in India). Gemination plays a crucial role in the nativization of loanwords of Perso-Arabic origin (PAO) in the language variety 'Mappila Malayalam,' which contains a large number of PAO words. This study attempts to analyze different patterns of gemination in the loanword phonology of the Mappila Malayalam for a range of sounds and their occurrences in various combinations and positions. The field data collected from the northern Malabar region of Kerala (India) indicates a variation in speech with respect to the profound variables, age, geographical region, and education. In progression, the segmental distribution and gemination patterns are phonologically characterized and accounted for within the framework of the stratal optimality theoretic model (Kiparsky 2000). The OT analysis of the PAO words shows certain generalized strategies that can be used to draw implications for syllable structure theories in Malayalam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the production of Arabic intervocalic geminate obstruents as produced by American L2 learners of Arabic. The participants of the study were 24 Arabic learners (12 advanced, 12 beginners) at North Georgia University and 12 native speakers of Jordanian Arabic (the control group). An examination of the results reveals that native speakers of Arabic and advanced Arabic learners pattern similarly while the beginner Arabic learners show a different pattern. Native speakers as well as advanced L2 learners of Arabic maintain a contrast between geminate and singleton consonants in terms of consonant duration while beginner L2 leaners do not. Unlike the case of the beginner L2 learners, the duration of the preceding vowel is found to be shorter before a geminate in native speakers and advanced L2 learners. However, the duration of vowels following a geminate is not affected across all proficiency levels. Further, the results suggest that the place and manner of articulation have no effect on the production of geminate consonants for both native and advanced L2 learners. Finally, voicing of geminates is found to have a significant effect on the duration of geminates, in favor of voiceless geminates, among native speakers and beginner L2 learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth gemination is a dental anomaly that results from an incomplete attempt of a single tooth germ to separate during morphodifferentiation stage of odontogenesis, and it usually exhibits a large bifid crown with a single common root and root canal. This developmental anomaly more commonly affects primary dentition than the permanent, with an infrequent occurrence reported of posterior teeth. Among the posterior teeth, mandibular second premolars have reportedly shown an elevated possibility of agenesis, delayed odontogenesis, and variability of crown morphology. Both unilateral and bilateral cases of isolated macrodontia of mandibular second premolar secondary to gemination or fusion have been reported, but there is no evidence of microdontia associated with gemination in the literature till date. This case presentation reports an unusual case of isolated unilateral gemination-associated microdontia of the left mandibular second premolar in a nonsyndromic patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to discuss the phonological processes including whole segment processes occurring in Dogri. It serves an introduction to the types of phonological processes and present examples from Dogri words exhibiting these processes and phenomena. The objective of the present work is to present a complete classification of different phonological processes in Dogri, explore these processes in detail and to acquaint students and researchers with the changes in the sound structure because of the whole segment processes. The earlier linguistic literature on Dogri mentions that various whole segment processes such as gemination, nasalization, addition, deletion, metathesis, substitution, and assimilation were prevalent in Dogri. Moreover, gemination and nasalization is phonemic in Dogri. It has been found that in certain lexical items, transposition of sounds takes place that is one sound is moved next to the adjacent sound and that in turn is replaced by the former sound. In sum, Dogri has been found to make use of a wide variety of the phonological processes. The work employs exploratory research design with thrust on qualitative method involving interpretative approach towards the data. The finding of the research presents a good amount of whole segment and phonological type phonological processes in Dogri lexical items. The study makes students and researchers acquainted with different phonological processes in words and the data serves as a documented record for future researchers and linguists.

This paper examines patterns of gemination in child Egyptian Arabic, with a focus on how gemination functions as a repair strategy, using data from the Egyptian Arabic Salama Corpus. The findings show that the phonological development of Egyptian Arabic-speaking children of geminated consonants correlates with previously established developmental stages. Initial stages involve the acquisition of labial geminates, transitioning through an increased use of alveolar and velar geminates, to the acquisition of rhotic and lateral geminates in later phases. The findings also suggest that gemination is not merely a phonetic phenomenon in child phonology, but also shows the children’s awareness of the phonology of the dialect, especially the moraicity of vowels and consonants.

Gemination is a rare phenomenon in the maxillary posterior teeth. Endodontic treatment of these teeth requires special care due to the bizarre anatomy particularly when it is accompanied by a C-shaped canal system. This report illustrates a patient with a rare geminated C-shaped maxillary second molar comprised of two sections in its crown, including a geminated section attached to a normal coronal of a second maxillary molar diagnosed with the pulpal status "necrosis" and "irreversible pulpitis" in geminated section and the molar respectively. Thus, endodontic treatment was performed on both parts of the tooth. Two months follow-up revealed well-functioning teeth with normal status of periapical tissue with no mobility or abnormality. Successful treatment of unusual anatomical teeth requires adherence to biomechanical principles of canal preparation and coronal restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tooth gemination is a dental anomaly that results from an incomplete attempt of a single tooth germ to separate during morphodifferentiation stage of odontogenesis, and it usually exhibits a large bifid crown with a single common root and root canal. This developmental anomaly more commonly affects primary dentition than the permanent, with an infrequent occurrence reported of posterior teeth. Among the posterior teeth, mandibular second premolars have reportedly shown an elevated possibility of agenesis, delayed odontogenesis, and variability of crown morphology. Both unilateral and bilateral cases of isolated macrodontia of mandibular second premolar secondary to gemination or fusion have been reported, but there is no evidence of microdontia associated with gemination in the literature till date. This case presentation reports an unusual case of isolated unilateral gemination-associated microdontia of the left mandibular second premolar in a nonsyndromic patient.

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This paper examines the understudied phenomenon of consonant gemination in the pronunciation of English among Levantine Arabic learners of English (LA learners). The very few studies that touched on gemination among LA learners attributed gemination to spelling in the target language (English). This study challenges this analysis and demonstrates that gemination is primarily a phonological phenomenon that is triggered by first language under-represented structural rules as well as Universal Grammar (UG) markedness principles. Data were elicited through semi-structured interviews with three groups of LA learners. Contrary to previous studies (on other phonological aspects), which argue that interference errors decrease over time, findings show that gemination is attested across all groups of LA learners and persists even among advanced learners. Results show that interface phenomena involving more than one phonological level pose a great challenge to second language learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Eastern Andalusian Spanish, consonants are deleted in syllable-final position, triggering regular gemination of a following consonant, even across word boundaries. This paper investigates five underlying phonemic contexts involving /t/, including singleton /t/ and four different underlying /C+t/ sequences that typically surface as [t:], by analyzing how durational and formant differences vary depending on the presence and identity of the preceding underlying consonant. Following the acoustic and statistical analyses of 444 instances of /ˈeta/, /ˈesta/, /ˈekta/, /ˈepta/ and /ˈeksta/, a Discriminant Function Analysis shows that differences in the total duration of /t/ and in the duration of the closure of /t/ are the strongest cues to distinguishing singletons from geminated consonants, with 91.9% and 90.6% accurate classifications, respectively. Cues indicating which specific consonants have been deleted before /t/ are much less robust and more varied in nature. It is unclear, however, whether this outcome is due to different compensation strategies in each case or whether they are affected by some kind of underlying coarticulatory effect. Given that gemination in this language variety is the result of regular /C1C2/ to [Cː] assimilation, and that its underlying phonemic status has not been demonstrated, Eastern Andalusian Spanish is unusual amongst languages studied with respect to gemination, making this study typologically interesting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Korean noun-noun compounds, the lenis onset consonant in the second noun is often realized as a tense consonant. Although extensive work has been carried out to clarify its causes and relevant phonological processes, this tensification is deemed not entirely predictable. This paper presents a speech production experiment that confirms the existing findings that the variability in tensification is predictable to a certain extent. The experimental results also showed that the relationship between the predictors and the variability is not linear and that tensification mirrors the cognitively determined boundary strength. Native Korean speakers calibrate the boundary strength by incorporating complex information, such as the word's length, segment type, frequency, and plausibility of the compound. While a "tight" boundary led to high tensification probability, it was not affected by speaking-rate variation. Furthermore, the perceived compound's plausibility directly affected the duration of the tensified consonant. Importantly, the findings suggest that speakers' calibration of the boundary strength is fluid and changeable over time and it affects both phonological and phonetic outputs. Finally, variability in data was reduced for the experimental conditions leading to either extremely high or low tensification probability, and there seemed to be lexicalized exceptions to the general trends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main purpose of this article is to present an account of symmetrical effect of Korean lateralization. We claim that the phenomenon can be adequately dealt with given our assumption that lateral approximant carries a mora and tends to form a geminate structure to preserve the mora. Syllable Contact Law as a universal OT constraint is rejected in favor of a geminate-inducing constraint. The constraint to the effect that a sequence of sonorant coronals is prohibited will be eliminated, too. We do not need to postulate two separate markedness constraints that militate against nl or ln sequence in Korean. By so doing, our basic intuition is captured that the tendency to avoid sequences of nl or ln results from one and the same constraint. When adjacent to labial or dorsal consonants, lateral approximant do not go through lateralization or gemination since it is to violate the high-ranking faithfulness of non-coronals. Some aspects of l-nasalization and word-initial l-avoidance will also be discussed. It is interesting to note that both of them seem to lend further support to our assumption about the geminate status of lateral approximant in Korean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of tooth is a complex process where series of interactions occurs between the ectoderm and ectomesenchyme. Alterations in development lead to a variety of anomalies in regard to number, size, form, shape, structure, etc. Talon cusp is a developmental anomaly mostly seen on the lingual surface of anterior teeth. Gemination is an anomaly caused by a single tooth germ that attempted to divide during its development. These developmental anomalies may cause clinical problems including esthetic impairment, pain, caries, and tooth crowding. The rare occurrence of talon's cusp on a geminated tooth in permanent dentition has been published in the literature. The concurrent talon's cusp on a geminated tooth is an extremely rare finding or may be a coincidental finding in the case of permanent dentition with incidental finding of impacted supernumerary teeth in both upper and lower jaw on both sides. The purpose of this paper is to report a case of a geminated tooth with talon's cusp and multiple impacted supernumerary teeth in a 13-year-old girl. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides a descriptive account of the phonology of Kussummiya spoken in southwest Ethiopia. It is basically a qualitative study in that linguistic data are collected from native speakers by using elicitation technique. The collected data are organized and analyzed categorically. The findings of the study show that Kussummiya has 21 attested consonant phonemes and five short and five long vowel phonemes which is a typical feature of Cushitic vowel system. All consonant phonemes geminate and they occur only in word medial position. Consonant gemination and vowel length are phonemic. Consonant cluster occur in word medial position with a maximum of two non-identical consonants. Some of the phonological processes identified in words or across words are: insertion, deletion, devoicing, spirantisation, assimilation and metathesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Disruption in odontogenesis can influence the normal development of both deciduous and permanent dentition resulting in anomalies in morphology, number, and position of teeth. Although dental anomalies are frequently reported in clinical practice, their occurrence in past populations from archeological contexts is rarely acknowledged., Aim: To describe two cases of dental anomalies on two non-adult individuals from Italian archeological sites., Design: Individual sex diagnosis was performed by analyzing amelogenin peptides from the dental enamel through liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Age-at-death estimation was based on stages of dental formation and eruption. Dental twinning and talon cusp were morphologically evaluated and classified following standardized scoring systems proposed by clinical literature., Results: The first individual, a 3-4-year-old female from the Imperial Roman necropolis of Isola Sacra, presents the fusion of the upper right deciduous central incisor with a supplementary tooth; the second individual, a 3-3.5-year-old male from a Late Antiquity catacomb, shows a case of bilateral gemination on the upper permanent central incisors with a co-occurrence of dental gemination and talon cusp on the right one., Conclusions: The cases reported here (the two anomalies in the individuals presented) are useful into understanding these dental conditions within past/archaeological populations., (© 2024 BSPD, IAPD and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

This paper reconsiders the moraic status of coda consonants in Somali. It is argued that Somali joins a growing list of languages presenting a challenge to the Moraic Uniqueness Hypothesis. Several phenomena are explored that suggest that Somali exhibits moraic mismatches whereby moras associated with segments of different types contribute to, or “count” differently for particular phonological processes. Evidence in support of this proposal is drawn from the literature on tonology and poetic metrics, but also from word shape and minimality requirements, and from the distribution of syllable shapes of different types in Somali words. It is argued that an approach to Somali phonology that permits reference to moras associated with different segment types offers a unified and more transparent account of the language’s segmental and tonal phenomena. Notably, such an approach precludes the assumption of “early” coda consonant moraicity followed by a global dissociation of consonantal moras by rule before high tone assignment, as argued for in earlier work. The findings presented here illustrate that standing points of view on the role of the mora in Somali phonology must be reconfigured.

Fusion of two teeth is rare developmental disorder which is encountered by a clinician. It is commonly reported in deciduous dentition. The fused crown appears broader and usually an esthetic concern. This condition usually reveals a decreased teeth count. Unilateral occurrence of fusion in permanent mandibular anterior teeth is a rare phenomenon. Hence this case report is presented.

We investigate the temporal and kinematic properties of consonant gemination and heterosyllabic clusters as opposed to singletons and tautosyllabic clusters in Italian. The data show that the singleton versus geminate contrast is conveyed by specific kinematic properties in addition to systematic durational differences in both the consonantal and vocalic intervals; by contrast, tautosyllabic and heterosyllabic clusters differ significantly for the duration of the consonantal interval but do not vary systematically with respect to the vocalic interval and cannot be consistently differentiated at the kinematic level. We conclude that systematic variations in acoustic vowel duration and the kinematics of tongue tip gestures represent the phonetic correlates of the segmental phonological contrast between short and long consonants, rather than of syllable structure. Data are only partly consistent with the predictions of both moraic and gesture-based models of the syllable about the effects of syllable structure on speech production dynamics and call for a more gradient view of syllabification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to understand the syntax of three causative constructions in Sason Arabic. It demonstrates that in geminate causatives and 'give' causatives, the causee is introduced in CauseeP, unlike the embedded agent in 'make' causatives, which embed a thematic VoiceP. Despite differing from Voice0$$ {}^0 $$ in several respects, Causee0$$ {}^0 $$, like Voice0$$ {}^0 $$, exhibits an active–passive‐like alternation, which provides independent evidence for an analysis of the passive that treats it as a subtype of the Voice head. The article further distinguishes between geminates and 'give' causatives on the basis of the (in)compatibility of the causee with an applied argument. In geminates, Causee0$$ {}^0 $$ and Appl0$$ {}^0 $$ are bundled, and the same argument bears two θ$$ \theta $$‐roles, whereas in other causative constructions, Causee0$$ {}^0 $$ and Appl0$$ {}^0 $$ remain separate, with each argument bearing a distinct θ$$ \theta $$‐role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study was conducted on a randomly selected group of secondary school adolescents in the Sadar Upazila under Cox's Bazar to assess the incidence of developmental dental (Deciduous, permanent and Mixed Dentition) anomalies concerning age, gender, and the relationship between jaws and teeth. Methodology: A sample survey by an oral examination of 198 school students, 11–16 years of age, was drawn from a Kalatali, Cox's Bazar District school Bangladesh who were available on October 19, 2019. Our participants were limited to students whose parents were agreed to participate in the survey and provided informed consent. Clinical examination was performed to identify the prevalence of developmental dental anomaly using portable light, dental mirror, and oral explorer. Dental abnormalities were discovered after examining the complete maxillary and mandibular arch. Results: Of the total respondents under the study, 56.6% were female, and 43.4% were male. Among the diagnosed disturbances, developmental anomalies in upper lateral incisors prevailed in 34.3% of cases. The cusp of Carabelli appeared to be the most dominant one covering almost 73.9% of the existing coverage of anomalies. However, the presence of the cusp of Carabelli in the permanent dentition was found in 76.2% of cases. Conclusion: Out of several dental anomalies, cups of Carabelli came out as the most prevalent dental anomaly among the sample shows 11.15 Chi-square value of the study subjects.

This study explores metathesis in Syrian Arabic (SyA). The data reveal two types of metatheses. Type-I is phonologically conditioned, involving at least one of the four root consonants, ʒ, f, ʕ and ћ with the fricatives (z, s), liquids (l, r) or gutturals (q/ʔ) in specific positions within the root regardless of word derivation. Type-II is morphophonologically conditioned, involving Standard Arabic reflexive Pattern VIII, (ʔi)ftaʕal, that resulted historically from generalized metathesis of reflexive-t with C1 of the original Proto-Aramaic reflexive Pattern (ʔi)tfaʕal. It occurs in SyA as a reversed metathesis of Pattern VIII with doubling of C2, tfaʕʕal. This reverse metathesis occurs when the root consonant adjacent to reflexive-t is the fricative (s), pharyngeals (ʕ, ħ) or liquids (l, r). While metathesis results from strictly ranking the Optimality Theoretic LINEARITY constraint lower than LEFT-ANCHOR(t), geminating C2 is explained in terms of prosodic weight of the syllable to maintain stress assignment of the input and verb grammaticality and/or semantic correspondence with the input. Thus, the constraints IDENT(Stress), WEIGHT-BYPOSITION must dominate INTEGRITY and *CODA to allow gemination that contributes moriac weight to the penultimate syllable to receive priority stress over final bimoriac heavy syllables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents data from Arabic loan word adaptation in Saraiki. The data are analyzed using Optimality Theory. The data show that speakers of a borrowing language sometimes change words of a source language obeying constraints which are neither operative in borrowing language, nor in a source language. Two types of repair strategy are discussed in the loanwords presented in this paper, namely gemination and stress shift. Vowel harmony also emerges in the context as a free ride natural effect. Based onthe evidence from Saraiki loanwords of Arabic origin, it is argued that in some contexts, speakers of a borrowing language develop a third phonology which is different from L1 (borrowing language) and L2 (source language) grammar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dental anomaly in number, size, and shape might occur during dental bud morphodifferentiation stage. Gemination and fusion are the most common anomalies. Gemination exhibits two joined crowns and usually a single root. This case report presents a geminated maxillary lateral incisor in a 15-year-old female admitted with symptoms of irreversible pulpitis and normal apical tissues. Clinical examination revealed deep palatal caries and the patient had no swelling and fistula. Responses to both percussion and palpation were normal. After root canal treatment, the patient did not present any signs and symptoms.

Füzyon ve geminasyon, özellikle süpernumere diş veya hipodontiyle birlikte görüldüğü durumlarda klinik olarak ayırıcı tanı koymak zor olmaktadır. Bu nedenle çoğu araştırmacı bu dişler için “çift diş” terimini kullanmayı tercih etmektedir. Eğer bu dişler komşu iki diş germinin birleşmesi sonucu oluşuyorsa füzyon; tek diş germinin bölünme girişimi sonucu oluşuyorsa geminasyon olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu olgu sunumunda daimi üst sol santral dişi etkileyen çift diş olgusunun tedavisi anlatılmaktadır. Yapılan klinik ve radyografik muayeneler sonucunda, bu dişin üst sol santral kesici ile süpernumere dişin füzyonundan oluştuğu belirlenmiştir. Çift diş, komşu santral dişin kron boyutunda olacak şekilde ikiye ayrılarak süpernumere diş, ilgili kökle birlikte çekilmiştir. Bir yıllık takip sonunda sol santral kesici dişin vitalitesinin devam ettiği belirlenmiştir. Bu olgu, çift dişin ayrılmasında doğru teşhisin önemli olduğunu ve konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT) tabanlı verilerin komplike olan tedavi planlanmasında oldukça yararlı olduğunu göstermektedir.

The research discussed two points of phonological process related to changes in the syllable structure and nasalization in Makassar language. The data were analyzed by distributional and identity methods using a direct sorting technique. The affixes that form the verb of Makassar language were sorted by the type of prefix. Researchers also used the direct sorting form of phonetic articulation. The steps of analyzing data used Sudaryanto’s theory. The affixes that discussed in the research were /ak-/ and /an-/. The phonological process was described by using the theory of generative phonology of Schane. The result shows the types of sound and syllabic changing. They are; (a) sound changing of [ak-] becomes [ʔ] named glottalization; (b) sounds changing of [ak-] becomes nasalization; (c) gemination of [ak-] and [an-]; (d) sound changing of / an-/ becomes [aŋ-]; (e) sound release and insertion of prefix /an-/; (f) sound change and nasalization. The distinctive feature is used to explain the rules of the phonological process.

This study investigates the effect Arabic has on the pronunciation of French as a foreign language. It contains Acoustic measurements for the duration of graphically geminate consonants pronounced by native speakers of French and Jordanian learners. It includes also the results of perceptive tests. The results show that the target consonants produced by the learners were meaningfully longer than those pronounced by the French speakers. The perceptive tests also confirm that most of the target words were produced with geminate consonants by the learners. The research ends with some practical proposals that hopefully would help learners overcome the interference of gemination from Arabic to French.

In Eastern Andalusian Spanish, consonants are deleted in syllable-final position, triggering regular gemination of a following consonant, even across word boundaries. This paper investigates five underlying phonemic contexts involving /t/, including singleton /t/ and four different underlying /C+t/ sequences that typically surface as [t:], by analyzing how durational and formant differences vary depending on the presence and identity of the preceding underlying consonant. Following the acoustic and statistical analyses of 444 instances of /ˈeta/, /ˈesta/, /ˈekta/, /ˈepta/ and /ˈeksta/, a Discriminant Function Analysis shows that differences in the total duration of /t/ and in the duration of the closure of /t/ are the strongest cues to distinguishing singletons from geminated consonants, with 91.9% and 90.6% accurate classifications, respectively. Cues indicating which specific consonants have been deleted before /t/ are much less robust and more varied in nature. It is unclear, however, whether this outcome is due to different compensation strategies in each case or whether they are affected by some kind of underlying coarticulatory effect. Given that gemination in this language variety is the result of regular /C1C2/ to [Cː] assimilation, and that its underlying phonemic status has not been demonstrated, Eastern Andalusian Spanish is unusual amongst languages studied with respect to gemination, making this study typologically interesting.

• Consonant duration is the primary acoustic cue of gemination in intervocalic italian fricatives. • Closure duration is the primary cue in intervocalic affricates as in stops. • Classification results suggest that dental affricates only appear in geminate version. • A strong inverse correlation between primary cue and pre-consonant vowel duration V1d is present. • The ratio between primary cue and V1d reliably distinguishes geminate vs. singleton consonants. Consonant gemination in Italian affricates and fricatives was investigated, completing the overall study of gemination of Italian consonants. Results of the analysis of other consonant categories, i.e. stops, nasals, and liquids, showed that closure duration for stops and consonant duration for nasals and liquids, form the most salient acoustic cues to gemination. Frequency and energy domain parameters were not significantly affected by gemination in a systematic way for all consonant classes. Results on fricatives and affricates confirmed the above findings, i.e., that the primary acoustic correlate of gemination is durational in nature and corresponds to a lengthened consonant duration for fricative geminates and a lengthened closure duration for affricate geminates. An inverse correlation between consonant and pre-consonant vowel durations was present for both consonant categories, and also for both singleton and geminate word sets when considered separately. This effect was reinforced for combined sets, confirming the hypothesis that a durational compensation between different phonemes may serve to preserve rhythmical structures. Classification tests of single vs. geminate consonants using the durational acoustic cues as classification parameters confirmed their validity, and highlighted peculiarities of the two consonant classes. In particular, a relatively poor classification performance was observed for affricates, which led to refining the analysis by considering dental vs. non-dental affricates in two different sets. Results support the hypothesis that dental affricates, in Italian, may not appear in intervocalic position as singletons but only in their geminate form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This report illustrates a rare case of a geminated maxillary right second molar tooth using CBCT in a 23‐year‐old man with severe pain. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed, which gave rise to an asymptomatic tooth at the 12‐month follow‐up.

This report illustrates a rare case of a geminated maxillary right second molar tooth using CBCT in a 23-year-old man with severe pain. Nonsurgical endodontic treatment was performed, which gave rise to an asymptomatic tooth at the 12-month follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gemination and fusion are developmental conditions affecting the shape of teeth in both primary and permanent dentition. A 12-year-old girl presented for clinical assessment and the examination revealed an unusually shaped mandibular right second molar with irreversible pulpitis. Correlation of the intraoral and radiological appearance of this tooth suggested a diagnosis of either double gemination or fusion. The favourable position of the developing third molar supported early extraction of the abnormal second molar. The present report documents the clinical and radiological presentation of a mandibular second molar with an unusual developmental alteration in shape. Well-timed extraction therapy and good communication may reduce the need for unnecessary, complex treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fusion and germination are the anomalies that occur due to some developmental eccentricity during the time of morpho-differentiation of the tooth bud and have a close resemblance to each other. The gemination is an attempt of the division of a single tooth into two and, hence, appears as an enlarged single tooth while the tooth count is normal when the affected tooth is counted as one. Its exact pathogenesis is ambiguous. This anomaly has been observed mostly in deciduous dentition as compared to that in permanent dentition. Gemination is rarely associated with the third molar and, hence, the terminology is arguable when this condition is seen in relation to the third molar. In the present article, a case of germination of mandibular third molar has been reported.

It is not uncommon to find dental anomalies in routine practice. Developmental dental anomalies may be seen in tooth number, size, shape, and structure. Gemination and fusion are anomalies of shape with close similarity but with different etiology. Differential diagnosis is difficult and so the term “double teeth” is often used. The incidence of double teeth is less than 1% and even more so in permanent dentition. Here, we present a unique case of gemination in mandibular third molar diagnosed effectively with the help of three-dimensional imaging and managed with the surgical technique.

During the analysis of a skeletal assemblage from a medieval cemetery in Nubia (c. AD 500–1550), a young adult female with abnormally developed maxillary incisors was discovered. The possible causes of the two dental anomalies found in this individual and their archaeological context are discussed. The remains are from a medieval assemblage from the Fourth Cataract region of Nubia, which forms part of the Nubian collection curated at the British Museum. The left central incisor has a twinned crown with two root canals, and a supernumerary tooth is present on the right side between the central incisor and lateral incisors. Although two different dental anomalies are present, the bilateral expression suggests that the same biological mechanism could be responsible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many studies have shown that syntagmatic and paradigmatic aspects of morphological structure may have an impact on the phonetic realisation of complex words (e.g. Cohen 2014a,b; Kuperman et al. 2007; Lee-Kim et al. 2013; Lõo et al. 2018; Plag et al. 2017; Schuppler et al. 2012; Smith et al. 2012; Sproat and Fujimura 1993; Zimmermann 2016, among many others). The majority of these studies have been concerned with affixes, often focusing on the acoustic properties of segments at a morphological boundary. The present study extends this line of investigation to compounds, exploring the extent to which consonant duration at compound-internal boundaries in English is dependent on morphological structure. Three competing hypotheses about the relationship between fine phonetic detail and morphological structure are tested. According to the Segmentability Hypothesis, greater morphological segmentability, i.e. a stronger morphological boundary, leads to acoustic lengthening (Ben Hedia and Plag 2017; Hay 2003; Plag and Ben Hedia 2018). The Informativity Hypothesis, on the other hand, states that higher informativity leads to lengthening (e.g. Jurafsky et al. 2001; van Son and Pols 2003). Finally, the Paradigmatic Support Hypothesis says that stronger paradigmatic support leads to lengthening (Cohen 2014b; Kuperman et al. 2007). To test these hypotheses, an experimental study was carried out using 62 compound types taken from the British National Corpus. The compounds were spoken by 30 speakers, yielding more than 1500 acoustic tokens overall. The data provide no support for the Segmentability Hypothesis, and only limited support for the Informativity Hypothesis. In contrast, the Paradigmatic Support Hypothesis makes correct predictions: consonant duration at compound-internal boundaries is positively correlated with the probability of the relevant consonant following the first noun, and the duration of compound-internal geminate consonants is negatively correlated with the family size of the first noun. In other words, longer durations are associated with lower paradigmatic diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this case report is to present the root canal treatment of a maxillary left lateral incisor fused to a supernumerary tooth associated with incomplete root development. After thorough chemomechanical debridement of the root canal using 3% sodium hypochlorite and 2% chlorhexidine, aqueous-based calcium hydroxide was used as an intracanal dressing. The apical 3-4 mm of the canal were sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate. The 1-year follow-up radiograph revealed successful apical closure and periapical healing. This case report points out that: (i) A careful clinical and radiographic examination is necessary to establish the diagnosis of fusion with a supernumerary tooth or with a normal tooth. (ii) Even in a fused tooth with an open apex and associated with large periapical radiolucency, careful nonsurgical root canal treatment might result in satisfactory periradicular healing. (iii) The single-visit MTA plug method is an alternative to multi-visit apexification in the treatment of immature teeth with open apex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the universal concept that sonorants are marked geminates in the gemination process of Sylheti Bangla (henceforth SHB). Evidence from SHB suggests that when SHB speakers confront borrowed words with sonorant initial or obstruent initial heterosyllabic clusters, it is invariably the sonorant that gets assimilated. In addition, SHB data indicates that when faced with choices between two sonorants of the heterosyllabic clusters, speakers opt for the less sonorous one for gemination. Given this phenomenon, the proposal that sonorant gemination is absent in SHB could not be the ultimate one as it receives additional support from the fact that SHB also possesses many underlying sonorant geminations. Based on this investigation the hierarchy of the constraints *GG*RR>>*LL*NN is proposed for analyzing the gemination process in SHB. Finally, this paper illustrates some additional constraints in the SHB gemination process found to be necessary.

Gemination is a morphologic anomaly of the tooth characterized by the formation of a macrodont. Bilateral presentation is rarely reported in permanent canines. Talon's cusp is an accessory cusp projecting lingually from the cingulum to the incisal edge and may be seen facially sometimes. Simultaneous occurrence of facial and lingual talons on the same tooth is rare. Concurrent occurrence of all the three entities has not been reported. These anomalies can cause unpleasant esthetic appearance due to irregular morphology. The presence of deep grooves on these teeth increases the susceptible to caries and periodontal disease requiring an endodontic intervention. Proper clinical and radiographic examination provides an accurate diagnosis and helps the clinician in the proper treatment planning and avoiding further complications. This article presents a unique case of simultaneous occurrence of bilateral gemination in the permanent maxillary canines with labial and palatal talon's cusps, which has not been reported in the literature till date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]