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I. INTRODUCTION The role of science has been increasing in interstate disputes under international law in the twenty-first century. (1) The judges in international forums identify the "best available science'' [...], The authors argue that protection of atmosphere related science intensive disputes should be submitted to the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) because it has a better approach in comparison to the International Court of Justice (ICJ), and World Trade Organization (WTO). This comparative analysis highlights different approaches by the three dispute settlement institutions. The approach by the ICJ and WTO are discretionary and follow a case-by-case method to evaluate scientific evidence. The PCA has standardized its dispute settlement process under its codified protocols for science-intensive disputes. There is an increase in science-intensity of legal issues in the twenty-first century and its recognition thereof in 2020 Draft Articles on Atmosphere. It is therefore timely to discuss relevant approaches applied in science-intensive environmental disputes. Key Words: ICJ, science-intensive disputes, international law, PCA, WTO.

Contents I Introduction 2 II Port State Measures: A Typology 6 A Measures Prior to Entry 7 1 Designation of Ports 7 2 Advanced Authorisation and Denial of Port Entry [...], Alongside collective mismanagement, illegal, unreported and unregulated ('IUU') fishing practices pose a serious threat to marine species and ecosystems around the globe. Drastically reducing IUU fishing must form part of global efforts to promote more responsible and just exploitation of marine living resources. While attention on tackling IUU fishing has increased over the past two decades, progress toward its elimination remains slow, largely due to the inherently transboundary nature of IUU practices and the practical limitations of flag and coastal state jurisdiction. This article argues that port states can and should play a central role in international efforts to tackle IUU fishing. It considers the steps port states can lawfully take to remove IUU practices from global supply chains and explores the conditions and limitations general international law, the law of the sea and international trade law impose on various port state measures. While port state control raises significant issues of jurisdictional competence, substantive and procedural fairness, and multilateral coordination, it is shown that port state measures are both a feasible and defensible means of addressing IUU practices. By exploring the conditions that attach to the design, adoption and implementation of port state measures, the article resolves key debates concerning their lawfulness, thus allowing policymakers, practitioners and officials to renew their attention on developing the political will and technical capabilities necessary for such measures to play an effective and appropriate role in closing regulatory and enforcement gaps in conservation and management regimes.

CONTENTS I Introduction 2 II Setting the Scene in Australasia 5 III Should the HSR System Be Mandatory? 15 IV Consistency with International Trade Law 22 A The WTO Regime [...], The Western world is suffering from an 'obesity epidemic', partly attributable to international trade. International trade has contributed to changes in diet, increases in pre-packaged food rich in sugar and salt, and an upsurge in obesity rates and non-communicable diseases. To address this, lawmakers have sought to provide consumers with more or better information, with the aim of nudging consumers towards healthier choices. In this vein, many countries have introduced interpretative front-of-pack ('FoP') schemes for food and beverages. In 2014, Australia and New Zealand implemented the Health Star Rating ('HSR') FoP system. One of the major flaws of this system is that it is voluntary. Yet, if made mandatory, the HSR system would have a direct impact on the product labelling of international companies selling in Australia and New Zealand. It would, therefore, be more likely to face international scrutiny. In this article, we propose that the HSR system be made mandatory. Thereafter, we analyse the compliance of a mandatory HSR system with international trade law. We conclude that Australia and New Zealand would need to narrowly frame their objectives for making the HSR system mandatory, backed by evidence. In doing so, Australia and New Zealand would likely have to recognise the FoP systems of some other jurisdictions.

CONTENTS I Introduction II Treatment of Export Restraints A GATT/WYO Framework B WTO Jurisprudence 1 Exception (b) 2 Exception (g) III The Chinese Complication A China--Raw Materials B China--Rare Earths [...]

1 How Broadly Can the Terms of Article XX be Read? The DSS is not a precedential system; its rulings cannot 'add to or diminish the rights and obligations' of [...]

CONTENTS I Introduction II The Relationship between the WTO and Human Rights Norms A The Nature of GA TT Disciplines and Human Rights Measures in Brief B Public International Law [...]

Under existing food labelling rules in Australia, palm oil can be classified generically as a 'vegetable oil' on labels. Due to concerns over the environmental impact of palm oil production [...]

CONTENTS I Introduction II Background and Summary of the Dispute III Is a Film a 'Good' or a 'Service'? The Technological Bias and Neutrality of GATT and GATS A Distinguishing [...]

INTRODUCTION The intersection of environmentalism and economic development is of growing interest and renewed prominence--as are the tensions associated with balancing these interests. With the collapse of the Doha negotiations [...]