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Enterocytozoon bieneusi is one of the most important zoonotic pathogens. In this study, we present a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of human E. bieneusi infection in endemic regions and analyze the various potential risk factors. A total of 75 studies were included. Among 31,644 individuals tested, 2,291 (6.59%) were E. bieneusi-positive. The highest prevalence of E. bieneusi in the male population was 5.50%. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in different age groups was varied, with 10.97% in teenagers. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in asymptomatic patients (6.49%) is significantly lower than that in HIV-infected patients (11.49%), and in patients with diarrheal symptoms (16.45%). Rural areas had a higher rate (7.58%) than urban ones. The prevalence of E. bieneusi in humans was the highest (6.42%) at altitudes

Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide distributed zoonotic pathogen that threatens public health. However, there have been limited data for T. gondii infection in wild rats ( Rattus norvegicus ) in China. In the present study, a total of 227 wild rats were captured from three mink farms to investigate T. gondii infection in Shandong Province, eastern China. The DNA was extracted from 25 mg rats' brain tissues and subjected to a PCR amplification by targeting to the T. gondii B1. In 227 wild rat samples, 18 samples (7.93%) were positive for T. gondii . Then, the positive samples were further genotyped based on eight genetic markers, including eight nuclear loci (SAG1, 5'-SAG2, and 3'-SAG2, alternative SAG2, SAG3, GRA6, c29-2, and L358) and an apicoplast locus (Apico) by using the multilocus PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism technology. Of these samples, eight were genotyped at nine nuclear loci, and two were genotyped at eight nuclear loci, forming three known genotypes (ToxoDB no. 43, ToxoDB no. 91, and ToxoDB no. 189) and two new genotypes. The closest ToxoDB genotypes were observed in wild rats, suggesting the differences in the population structure of the T. gondii between breed farm animals and wild rats. These data revealed the genetic variability of T. gondii in wild rats on mink farms in Shandong Province, with possible implication for public health.

Objectives: To evaluate the accuracy and safety of measurements of transcutaneous carbon dioxide partial pressure (TcPCO 2 ) and transcutaneous oxygen partial pressure (TcPO 2 ) at electrode temperatures lower than the value used in clinical practice in very low birth weight infants., Methods: A total of 45 very low birth weight infants were enrolled. TcPCO 2 and TcPO 2 measurements were performed in these infants. Two transcutaneous monitors were placed simultaneously for each subject. One electrode was set and maintained at 42℃ used in clinical practice for neonates (control group), and the other was successively set at 38℃, 39℃, 40°C, and 41℃ (experimental group). The paired t -test was used to compare the measurement results between the groups. A Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the correlation between the measurement results of the experimental group and control group, and between the measurement results of experimental group and arterial blood gas parameters., Results: There was no significant difference in TcPCO 2 between each experimental subgroup (38-41℃) and the control group. TcPCO 2 in each experimental subgroup (38-41℃) was strongly positively correlated with TcPCO 2 in the control group ( r >0.9, P <0.05) and arterial carbon dioxide partial pressure ( r >0.8, P <0.05). There were significant differences in TcPO 2 between each experimental subgroup (38-41℃) and the control group ( P <0.05), but TcPO 2 in each experimental subgroup (38-41℃) was positively correlated with TcPO 2 in the control group ( r =0.493-0.574, P <0.05) and arterial oxygen partial pressure ( r =0.324-0.399, P <0.05). No skin injury occurred during transcutaneous measurements at all electrode temperatures., Conclusions: Lower electrode temperatures (38-41℃) can accurately measure blood carbon dioxide partial pressure in very low birth weight infants, and thus can be used to replace the electrode temperature of 42°C. Transcutaneous measurements at the lower electrode temperatures may be helpful for understanding the changing trend of blood oxygen partial pressure.