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The article presents literature review about arrhythmias in children with acute respiratory viral infections (ARVI). The search was carried out in such databases as PubMed, CyberLeninka, RSCI, etc. ARVI is the most common infectious disease in children and adults, and it can have severe course and various complications. Arrhythmias can be frequently revealed in children with ARVI, and most of them are transient. Life-threatening cardiac rhythm and conduction disorders (CRCD) may occur more rarely, especially in severe cases. Knowledge and interest in the pathophysiology of viral infections have increased significantly, including CRCD risk factors in ARVI, thanks to the data obtained during the analysis of COVID-19 clinical course and outcome. This review summarizes and analyzes data on CRCD prevalence and arrhythmogenesis causes in ARVI.

The Union of Pediatricians of Russia together with the Russian Association of Allergologists and Clinical Immunologists and the Russian Society of Dermatovenerologists and Cosmetologists have developed new clinical guidelines for the urticaria in adults and children. Urticaria is a common disease; its various clinical variants are diagnosed in 15–25% of people in the global population, and a quarter of all cases belongs to chronic urticaria. The prevalence of acute urticaria is 20%, and 2.1–6.7% in child population, whereas acute urticaria is more common in children than in adults. The prevalence of chronic urticaria in adults in the general population is 0.7 and 1.4%, and 1.1% in children under 15 years of age, according to the systematic review and meta-analysis, respectively. This article covers features of epidemiology, etiology, and pathogenesis of the disease with particular focus on differential diagnostic search. Guidelines on treatment and step-by-step therapy scheme (both based on principles of evidencebased medicine) for pediatric patients were presented. Clarification on the analysis of the therapy efficacy and the degree of disease activity was given.

Well-recognized tactic for the management of formula-fed children with cow’s milk protein allergy (CMPA) is exclusion of whole cow milk protein and its replacement with extensively hydrolyzed or amino acid formula. One of the most topical issue is the choice of therapeutic formula for a child with CMPA. This article presents information about the clinical manifestations of CMPA and describes the principles of nutrition therapy. All the stages of preparation of adapted therapeutic formula are discussed in detail. It has been shown that the choice of therapeutic formula for a child with CMPA depends on the disease clinical manifestations, their severity, and the presence of comorbid conditions. Current requirements for extensively hydrolyzed formula are reduced to limitations in the size of peptides with immunoreactive properties and indicate the need for evidence of the clinical efficacy of such formula in double-blind placebo-controlled studies.

Juvenile arthritis is a severe inflammatory disease of pediatric musculoskeletal system that leads to the development of contractures, early disability and loss of joint function. An isolated elbow injury in children with juvenile arthritis (JA) is a rare condition that is diagnosed at a late stage and has a poor prognosis. Early diagnosis using a variety of imaging modalities is vital for maintaining elbow function and decreasing disability rate in children. Objective To specify diagnostic methods and clinical and laboratory tests that allow visualization of JA-specific signs in pediatric elbow. Material and methods The retrospective study included 15 children who received treatment for chronic arthritis of the elbow joint. Clinical and instrumental findings, dynamics in articular syndrome and efficacy of antirheumatic therapy were evaluated. Results and discussion The study allowed us to reveal specific features of elbow injury in children with JA. 1. The onset associated with an injury to the upper limb and ‘mute’ laboratory tests were observed in more than 80 % of the cases. 2. Clinical examination of patients with JA showed absence of morning stiffness and evident pain, dry synovitis and joint contracture in most of the cases. 3. Radiological evaluation exhibited early erosion of the subchondral bone at the articular surface of olecranon. 4. There was a slight monotherapeutic effect on elbow joint synovitis noted with NSAID use. 5. Diagnosis of pediatric chronic arthritis of the elbow joint suggests a complex approach to evaluation of clinical and instrumental findings and their dynamics taking into consideration age related specific anatomy of the elbow that can facilitate detection of the underlying cause of chronic arthritis.

Juvenile arthritis continues to be a serious diagnostic problem of pediatric rheumatology despite the improvement of clinical, immunological and instrumental methods of examination. Clinical heterogeneity, nonspecificity of instrumental picture and limited application of some examination methods account for the diagnostic difficulties of articular pathology in young children. Chronic oligoarthritis in young children presents a particular challenge due to a frequent vague onset and minimally symptomatic course which can result in a late diagnosis and a high risk of early disability. This paper identifies the problem of diagnosis of childhood arthropathy in relation to its informative value and the practical and clinical significance of basic instrumental methods of chronic arthritis visualization. Special attention is paid to particular roentgenologic features and interpretation of MR images in diagnosis of juvenile olighoarthritis. This article aims at systematizing and expanding the views of pediatricians and rheumatologists on the importance of radiography methods in the diagnosis of joint pathology in children.

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic multifactorial skin disease that is common enough in childhood. The article presents the current data on epidemiology and dynamics of incidence of pathological symptoms, pathogenesis basics, and key factors of the disease development, shows the current classification of the disease. The authors consider in detail the key principles of the diagnosis and peculiarities of a clinical aspect depending on age. Algorithms of a therapeutic approach, as well as basics of an individual hypoallergenic diet are proposed. General recommendations and possible prognosis for pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis are given.