9 results on '"Genomic edition"'
Search Results
2. Aplicación de herramientas moleculares para el mejoramiento genético de pasturas.
- Author
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Carrodeguas-Gonzalez, Ayerin and Zúñiga-Orozco, Andrés
- Subjects
- *
PASTURE management , *GENETIC variation , *GRASS-legume pastures , *CRISPRS , *APOMIXIS - Abstract
Objective: To ratify the importance of the application of molecular tools in the pasture breeding programs. Materials and Methods: Fifty-nine papers were consulted and reviewed, which approach the methods based on molecular (genetic markers, CRISPR technology and molecular cytogenetics), available in databases (Google Scholar, Dialnet, Redalyc, SciELO, REDIB, DOAJ and Latindex), in order to obtain information about their application in pasture breeding. Results: Information was compiled about the main molecular markers (microsatellites, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, single-nucleotide polymorphism, amplified fragment length polymorphism), utilized to analyze the genetic diversity in pastures. Which ones are more effective and versatile was researched. It was noted that the phenomenon of apomixis can be utilized to maintain the hybrid vigor in pasture lines and that molecular marks contributed to identify apomictic plants at early ages. It was validated that the CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) technology can be applied in pasture species to improve agronomic attributes. Conclusions: Molecular markers, especially SNPs, are ideal for genetic diversity studies in pastures and for the identification of apomictic plants at early ages. The CRISPR technology of genomic edition constitutes a versatile tool applicable in pastures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
3. Mitochondrial TSPO Deficiency Triggers Retrograde Signaling in MA-10 Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells
- Author
-
Jinjiang Fan and Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Subjects
Male ,retrograde signaling ,Mitochondrion ,lcsh:Chemistry ,Transcriptome ,Mice ,INDEL Mutation ,Gene expression ,lcsh:QH301-705.5 ,Spectroscopy ,Calcium signaling ,Gene Editing ,0303 health sciences ,genomic edition ,biology ,calcium homeostasis ,Chemistry ,030302 biochemistry & molecular biology ,NF-kappa B ,Chromosome Mapping ,Leydig Cells ,General Medicine ,Extracellular Matrix ,3. Good health ,Computer Science Applications ,Cell biology ,mitochondria ,Signal transduction ,Signal Transduction ,Article ,Catalysis ,Inorganic Chemistry ,Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor ,03 medical and health sciences ,Receptors, GABA ,Cell Line, Tumor ,Translocator protein ,Animals ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,Molecular Biology ,Transcription factor ,030304 developmental biology ,translocator protein ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Organic Chemistry ,lcsh:Biology (General) ,lcsh:QD1-999 ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Retrograde signaling ,biology.protein ,CRISPR-Cas Systems ,RNA-seq - Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) has been shown to bind cholesterol with high affinity and is involved in mediating its availability for steroidogenesis. We recently reported that targeted Tspo gene deletion in MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells resulted in reduced cAMP-stimulated steroid formation and significant reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (&Delta, &Psi, m) compared to control cells. We hypothesized that &Delta, m reduction in the absence of TSPO probably reflects the dysregulation and/or maintenance failure of some basic mitochondrial function(s). To explore the consequences of TSPO depletion via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion (indel) mutation in MA-10 cells, we assessed the transcriptome changes in TSPO-mutant versus wild-type (Wt) cells using RNA-seq. Gene expression profiles were validated using real-time PCR. We report herein that there are significant changes in nuclear gene expression in Tspo mutant versus Wt cells. The identified transcriptome changes were mapped to several signaling pathways including the regulation of membrane potential, calcium signaling, extracellular matrix, and phagocytosis. This is a retrograde signaling pathway from the mitochondria to the nucleus and is probably the result of changes in expression of several transcription factors, including key members of the NF-&kappa, B pathway. In conclusion, TSPO regulates nuclear gene expression through intracellular signaling. This is the first evidence of a compensatory response to the loss of TSPO with transcriptome changes at the cellular level.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Edición genómica en línea germinal: dilemas éticos
- Author
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Núñez González, Solange, Gault, Christopher, Simancas Racines, Daniel, Núñez González, Solange, Gault, Christopher, and Simancas Racines, Daniel
- Abstract
Germ cell genomic editing is a genetic engineering technique in which DNA is inserted, removed or replaced in the genome of gametes or precursor cells. In November 2018, the Chinese researcher He Jiankui, announced with his colleagues the "creation" of the world's first genetically modified babies through the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the Lulu and Nana twins. These statements generated different reactions in the scientific community, as well as questions about the bioethical dilemmas that involve these types of procedures. The objective of this article is to analyze national and international consensus related to bioethical aspects in genomic editing research in humans., La edición genómica en células germinales es una técnica de ingeniería genética en la que el ADN es insertado, eliminado o reemplazado en el genoma de los gametos o células precursoras. En noviembre de 2018, el investigador chino He Jiankui, anunciaba junto con sus colegas la "creación" de los primeros bebés genéticamente modificados del mundo a través del sistema CRISPR-Cas9, las gemelas Lulu y Nana. Estas declaraciones generaron diferentes reacciones en la comunidad científica, así como preguntas sobre los dilemas bioéticos que envuelven este tipo de procedimientos. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar los consensos nacionales e internacionales relacionados con los aspectos bioéticos en la investigación de edición genómica en humanos.
- Published
- 2019
5. Establishment of a human neurodegeneration model from pluripotent cells differentiated to neural lineage in a over expression context of alpha synuclein
- Author
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Dimopoulos, Nicolás Alexis and Sevlever, Gustavo Emilio
- Subjects
GENOMIC EDITION ,MITOCHONDRIAL BIODYNAMICS ,MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSPORT ,MITOCHONDRIAL FISSION ,EDICION GENICA ,TRANSPORTE MOTOCONDRIAL ,NEURONAS HUMANAS ,FISION MITOCONDRIAL ,NEURODEGENERATION ,CELULAS MADRE PLURIPOTENTES INDUCIDAS HUMANAS ,ALFA SIN ,ENFERMEDAD DE PARKINSON ,HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS ,MITOCHONDRIAL HOMEOSTASIS ,CELULAS MADRE EMBRIONARIAS HUMANAS ,MITOCHONDRIA ,MITOCONDRIA ,HOMEOSTASIS MITOCONDRIAL ,NEURODEGENERACION ,ALFA SYN ,PARKINSON'S DISEASE ,BIODINAMICA MITOCONDRIAL ,HUMAN NEURONS ,HUMAN INDUCED PLURIPOTENT STEM CELLS - Abstract
Las células pluripotentes humanas pueden ser de origen embrionario, (CMEH), o inducidas (CMPih). Sus características más atrayentes residen en su inagotable potencial proliferativo y su pluripotencia o capacidad de diferenciarse a tejidos pertenecientes a las tres capas germinales. Las CMEH están constituidas por una población de células derivadas del macizo celular interno del blastocisto de mamíferos. Las CMPih son células somáticas que han sido reprogramadas mediante la expresión ectópica de factores de transcripción fundamentales para el mantenimiento del estado indiferenciado (por ejemplo: Oct3/4; Sox2 con Klf4 y c-Myc o Nanog y Lin28) (KazutoshiTakahashi et al, 2007). Las CMPih una vez reprogramadas adquieren características de auto-renovación y capacidad de diferenciarse dando origen a células de las tres capas germinales. La capacidad de estas células pluripotentes para recapitular sistemas celulares humanos experimentalmente in vitro es alta y constituye una herramienta muy valiosa para el estudio tanto de los mecanismos moleculares que subyacen el desarrollo humano como de enfermedades neurodegenerativas o cardíacas entre otras. La proteína Alfasinucleina (αSin) es una proteína pequeña de 14 KDa altamente desorganizada de localización ubicua en el citosol y en las terminales sinápticas de las neuronas. En condiciones normales es soluble, pero en concentraciones elevadas, frente a cambios en el pH, ocambios en los niveles intracelulares de Ca2+se agrega produciendo neurofilamentos conocidoscomo cuerpos de Lewy. Dichos agregados se han observado en formas esporádicas y hereditarias de la Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP), así como en la demencia de Lewy. En el presente trabajo se utilizaron células pluripotentes diferenciadas a neuronas como plataforma para el modelaje de la sobre-expresión de αSin wt y 2 mutantes asociados a la EP Familiar. El análisis del impacto de este tratamiento sobre los cultivos celulares utilizados se centró en la evaluación de la homeostasis mitocondrial en un contexto de sobreexpresión en contraste con el control no tratado. El enfoque sobre la mitocondria se debe a que existen múltiples genes asociados con la EP que convergen en el mantenimiento de la homeostasis de dicha organela como un factor etiológico crucial en la iniciación y el desarrollo temprano de la enfermedad. Los parámetros analizados fueron morfología, estado redox, transporte y biodinámica mitocondrial. Se logró utilizar exitosamente células pluripotentes humanas diferenciadas como modelo neuronal humano, proveyendo evidencia novedosa del impacto de la sobreexpresión de αSin sobre la homeostasis mitocondrial neural. Estos efectos están asociados, por un lado, a las mutaciones presentes en las variantes estudiadas, así como a los niveles de expresión y localización de la proteína respecto a la mitocondria. Asimismo, hemos probado que la fisión mitocondrial dependiente de αSin requiere de una interacción directa entre la proteína y/o agregados de la misma con la membrana externa mitocondrial. Determinamos además que la interacción de αSin con membranas mitocondriales depende en gran parte de su secuencia N-terminal, ya que la disrupción de dicho dominio en el gen de αSin endógeno por edición génica CRISPR-Cas9 indujo cambios en la morfología y biodinámica mitocondrial en las neuronas derivadas a partir de la línea celular editada, lo que soporta un rol fisiológico de la proteína dependiente de su dominio N-terminal. El rol fisiológico y patológico de αSin en la homeostasis mitocondrial axonal evidenciado, aporta al objetivo de un camino etiológico común subyacente a la patología de la EP, que en última instancia es fundamental para el entendimiento de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas y es una herramienta muy útil para el diseño de estrategias terapéuticas y/o preventivas para el tratamiento de las mismas. Human pluripotent cells can have several origins; they can be embryonic (hESC) or induced (hiPSC). Their most appealing features reside in their limitless capacity to self-renewand their pluripotency, or their ability to differentiate into cells from the three germinal layers. The hESCs are derived from the inner blastocyst massif ofmammals. hiPSCs are somatic cells that underwent reprogramming by the ectopic expression of transcription factors that act as master genes controlling the undifferentiated state (e.g.:Oct3/4; Sox2 con Klf4 y c-Myc o Nanog y Lin28) (Kazutoshi Takahashi et al, 2007). Once reprogrammed, the hiPSCs acquire characteristics that resembles the proliferative and pluripotent nature of an embryonic stem cell. The ability of these pluripotent cells, to experimentally model human cell systems in vitro is high. Mainly due to the straight forward homology with its study object and the possibility of modeling cellular types that cannot be cultured as primary cultures from adult human tissue, such is the case for human central nervous system tissues and human cardiomyocytes. Alpha synuclein (αSyn) is a small protein of 14 KDa, inherently disorganized, and ubiquitously found in both cytosol and synaptic termini of neurons. In physiological conditions, it remains soluble, but when present in high concentration and faced with sudden changes in cellular pH or against changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels, it aggregates and produces neurofilaments known as Lewy Bodies. Those aggregates have been observed in sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson’s Disease (PD) as well as in Lewy’s Dementia. In this work, neurons derived from pluripotent human cells were used as a novel platform to model the overexpression of αSyn wt and 2 mutants associated with familial PD. The analysis of the impact of such treatment on the chosen cellular cultures focused on the evaluation of mitochondrial homeostasis in an αSyn overexpression context when compared with the untreated control. Our group focused on the mitochondria as our main focal point, since there are multiple genes associated with PD that converge in that organelle as a key etiological factor, crucial in the initiation and early development of the disease. To achieve this, we analyzed the following parameters: mitochondrial morphology, oxidative state transport, and biodynamics. We have managed to successfully use differentiated pluripotent human stem cells as a human neural model, providing novel evidence of the αSyn overexpression over neural mitochondrial homeostasis. These effects are associated, both to the mutations present in the studied variants, as well as the expression level and localization of the protein regarding the mitochondria. More so, we have proven that αSyn dependent mitochondrial fission requires the direct interaction of the protein or aggregates of it with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Our group also determined that the interaction between αSyn and mitochondrial membranes largely depends on its N-terminal sequence, since the disruption of that domain in the endogenous αSyn gene by genomic edition using CRISPR-Cas9 induced changes in both mitochondrial morphology and biodynamics within the neurons derived from the edited cell line, which supports the notion of a physiological role for the protein dependent on its N-terminal domain. The evidenced physiological and pathological role of αSyn in the maintenance of axonal mitochondrial homeostasis, contributes to a common underlying path to PD pathology, which ultimately is fundamental for the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases and is both a useful and powerful tool for the design of therapeutic and/or preventive strategies for the treatment of such ailments. Fil: Dimopoulos, Nicolás Alexis. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.
- Published
- 2018
6. Mitochondrial TSPO Deficiency Triggers Retrograde Signaling in MA-10 Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells.
- Author
-
Fan, Jinjiang and Papadopoulos, Vassilios
- Subjects
- *
LEYDIG cells , *GENE expression profiling , *TRANSLOCATOR proteins , *EXTRACELLULAR matrix , *MITOCHONDRIAL proteins , *PHAGOCYTOSIS - Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) has been shown to bind cholesterol with high affinity and is involved in mediating its availability for steroidogenesis. We recently reported that targeted Tspo gene deletion in MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells resulted in reduced cAMP-stimulated steroid formation and significant reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) compared to control cells. We hypothesized that ΔΨm reduction in the absence of TSPO probably reflects the dysregulation and/or maintenance failure of some basic mitochondrial function(s). To explore the consequences of TSPO depletion via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion (indel) mutation in MA-10 cells, we assessed the transcriptome changes in TSPO-mutant versus wild-type (Wt) cells using RNA-seq. Gene expression profiles were validated using real-time PCR. We report herein that there are significant changes in nuclear gene expression in Tspo mutant versus Wt cells. The identified transcriptome changes were mapped to several signaling pathways including the regulation of membrane potential, calcium signaling, extracellular matrix, and phagocytosis. This is a retrograde signaling pathway from the mitochondria to the nucleus and is probably the result of changes in expression of several transcription factors, including key members of the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, TSPO regulates nuclear gene expression through intracellular signaling. This is the first evidence of a compensatory response to the loss of TSPO with transcriptome changes at the cellular level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Descripción del sistema CRISPR-Cas y diseño de sgRNAs ('single guide RNAs') para edición de ADN genómico en levaduras
- Author
-
Universidade da Coruña. Facultade de Ciencias, Pardo Piñón, Marta, Universidade da Coruña. Facultade de Ciencias, and Pardo Piñón, Marta
- Abstract
[Resumen] El descubrimiento de los sistemas CRISPR-Cas y concretamente del sistema CRISPR-Cas9 ha supuesto una revolución en el campo de la ingeniería genómica y la biotecnología, puesto que permite editar cualquier región del genoma de cualquier organismo de manera altamente eficaz, precisa y económica. Así, desde su descubrimiento como un sistema natural de inmunidad adaptativa en organismos procariotas, sus características estructurales y funcionales han sido estudiadas y redefinidas hasta obtener variantes de CRISPR-Cas9 que incrementan la versatilidad de esta maquinaria para su empleo en investigación e industria. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión teórica de las características generales, estructura y función de CRISPR-Cas9 en la naturaleza así como de las funciones y aplicaciones que lo perfilan como una de las más novedosas y eficaces herramientas biotecnológicas conocidas. Además, para ejemplificar su empleo como mecanismo de edición genómica, se llevará a cabo el diseño de un proyecto experimental mediante el diseño de un oligonucleótido que permitirá la introducción y expresión de la proteína GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) en el organismo eucariota Saccharomyces cerevisiae., [Abstract] The discovery of CRISPR-Cas systems and specifically the CRISPR-Cas9 system has led to a revolution in the field of genomic engineering and biotechnology, since it allows to edit any region of the genome of any organism in a highly effective, precise and economical way. Thus, since its discovery as a natural system of adaptive immunity in prokaryotic organisms, its structural and functional characteristics have been studied and redefined until obtaining variants of CRISPR-Cas9 that increase the versatility of this machinery for its use in research and industry. In the present work a theoretical review of the general characteristics, structure and function of CRISPR-Cas9 in the nature as well as of the functions and applications that profile it as one of the most novel and effective known biotechnological tools. In addition, to exemplify its use as a genomic editing mechanism, the design of an experimental project will be carried out by designing an oligonucleotide that will allow the introduction and expression of the GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) protein in the eukaryotic organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae., [Resumo] O descubrimento dos sistemas CRISPR-Cas e concretamente do sistema CRISPRCas9 supuxo unha revolución no campo da inxeniería xenómica e a biotecnoloxía, posto que permite editar calquera rexión do xenoma de calquera organismo de maneira altamente eficaz, precisa e económica. Así, dende o seu descubrimento como un sistema natural de inmunidade adaptativa en organismos procariotas, a súas características estructurais e funcionais foron estudadas e redefinidas ata obter variantes de CRISPRCas9 que incrementan a versatilidades desta maquinaria para o seu emprego en investigación e industria. No presente traballo realízase unha revisión teórica das características xerais, estructura e función de CRISPR-Cas9 na natureza así como das funcións e aplicacións que o perfilan como unha das máis novedosas e eficaces ferramentas biotecnolóxicas coñecidas. Ademáis, para exemplificar o seu emprego como mecanismo de edición xenómica, levaráse a cabo o deseño dun proxecto experimental mediante o deseño dun oligonucleótido que permitirá a introducción e expresión da proteína GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) no organsimo eucariota Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Published
- 2017
8. Descripción del sistema CRISPR-Cas y diseño de sgRNAs ('single guide RNAs') para edición de ADN genómico en levaduras
- Author
-
Pardo Piñón, Marta, Rodríguez Belmonte, Esther, and Universidade da Coruña. Facultade de Ciencias
- Subjects
Edición xenómica ,sgRNA ,CRISPR-Cas ,CRISPR-Cas9 ,Cas9 ,Edición genómica ,Genomic edition - Abstract
Traballo fin de grao (UDC.CIE). Bioloxía. Curso 2016/2017 [Resumen] El descubrimiento de los sistemas CRISPR-Cas y concretamente del sistema CRISPR-Cas9 ha supuesto una revolución en el campo de la ingeniería genómica y la biotecnología, puesto que permite editar cualquier región del genoma de cualquier organismo de manera altamente eficaz, precisa y económica. Así, desde su descubrimiento como un sistema natural de inmunidad adaptativa en organismos procariotas, sus características estructurales y funcionales han sido estudiadas y redefinidas hasta obtener variantes de CRISPR-Cas9 que incrementan la versatilidad de esta maquinaria para su empleo en investigación e industria. En el presente trabajo se realiza una revisión teórica de las características generales, estructura y función de CRISPR-Cas9 en la naturaleza así como de las funciones y aplicaciones que lo perfilan como una de las más novedosas y eficaces herramientas biotecnológicas conocidas. Además, para ejemplificar su empleo como mecanismo de edición genómica, se llevará a cabo el diseño de un proyecto experimental mediante el diseño de un oligonucleótido que permitirá la introducción y expresión de la proteína GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) en el organismo eucariota Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [Abstract] The discovery of CRISPR-Cas systems and specifically the CRISPR-Cas9 system has led to a revolution in the field of genomic engineering and biotechnology, since it allows to edit any region of the genome of any organism in a highly effective, precise and economical way. Thus, since its discovery as a natural system of adaptive immunity in prokaryotic organisms, its structural and functional characteristics have been studied and redefined until obtaining variants of CRISPR-Cas9 that increase the versatility of this machinery for its use in research and industry. In the present work a theoretical review of the general characteristics, structure and function of CRISPR-Cas9 in the nature as well as of the functions and applications that profile it as one of the most novel and effective known biotechnological tools. In addition, to exemplify its use as a genomic editing mechanism, the design of an experimental project will be carried out by designing an oligonucleotide that will allow the introduction and expression of the GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) protein in the eukaryotic organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. [Resumo] O descubrimento dos sistemas CRISPR-Cas e concretamente do sistema CRISPRCas9 supuxo unha revolución no campo da inxeniería xenómica e a biotecnoloxía, posto que permite editar calquera rexión do xenoma de calquera organismo de maneira altamente eficaz, precisa e económica. Así, dende o seu descubrimento como un sistema natural de inmunidade adaptativa en organismos procariotas, a súas características estructurais e funcionais foron estudadas e redefinidas ata obter variantes de CRISPRCas9 que incrementan a versatilidades desta maquinaria para o seu emprego en investigación e industria. No presente traballo realízase unha revisión teórica das características xerais, estructura e función de CRISPR-Cas9 na natureza así como das funcións e aplicacións que o perfilan como unha das máis novedosas e eficaces ferramentas biotecnolóxicas coñecidas. Ademáis, para exemplificar o seu emprego como mecanismo de edición xenómica, levaráse a cabo o deseño dun proxecto experimental mediante o deseño dun oligonucleótido que permitirá a introducción e expresión da proteína GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein) no organsimo eucariota Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
- Published
- 2017
9. Mitochondrial TSPO Deficiency Triggers Retrograde Signaling in MA-10 Mouse Tumor Leydig Cells.
- Author
-
Fan J and Papadopoulos V
- Subjects
- Animals, CRISPR-Cas Systems, Cell Line, Tumor, Chromosome Mapping, Extracellular Matrix metabolism, Gene Editing, Gene Expression Profiling, Gene Expression Regulation, INDEL Mutation, Male, Mice, NF-kappa B metabolism, Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor pathology, Transcriptome, Leydig Cells metabolism, Mitochondria genetics, Mitochondria metabolism, Receptors, GABA deficiency, Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor etiology, Sertoli-Leydig Cell Tumor metabolism, Signal Transduction
- Abstract
The mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO) has been shown to bind cholesterol with high affinity and is involved in mediating its availability for steroidogenesis. We recently reported that targeted Tspo gene deletion in MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells resulted in reduced cAMP-stimulated steroid formation and significant reduction in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ
m ) compared to control cells. We hypothesized that ΔΨm reduction in the absence of TSPO probably reflects the dysregulation and/or maintenance failure of some basic mitochondrial function(s). To explore the consequences of TSPO depletion via CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion (indel) mutation in MA-10 cells, we assessed the transcriptome changes in TSPO-mutant versus wild-type (Wt) cells using RNA-seq. Gene expression profiles were validated using real-time PCR. We report herein that there are significant changes in nuclear gene expression in Tspo mutant versus Wt cells. The identified transcriptome changes were mapped to several signaling pathways including the regulation of membrane potential, calcium signaling, extracellular matrix, and phagocytosis. This is a retrograde signaling pathway from the mitochondria to the nucleus and is probably the result of changes in expression of several transcription factors, including key members of the NF-κB pathway. In conclusion, TSPO regulates nuclear gene expression through intracellular signaling. This is the first evidence of a compensatory response to the loss of TSPO with transcriptome changes at the cellular level.- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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