Search

Fil: Schönfeld, Fátima Soledad. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila. Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Valores, Integración y Desarrollo Social; Argentina Fil: Hess, Carina Daniela. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila. Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Valores, Integración y Desarrollo Social; Argentina Fil: Maranzana, Matías. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila; Argentina Fil: Gentile, Leonardo. Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos.; Argentina Fil: Eberle, María de los Ángeles. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila. Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Valores, Integración y Desarrollo Social; Argentina Fil: Gutiérrez, Magalí. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila; Argentina Fil: Schönfeld, Fátima Soledad. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Resumen: A lo largo de la historia, el foco de las intervenciones en áreas relacionadas con la salud, se ha centrado más en la reducción del dolor, el sufrimiento y las carencias que en el desarrollo de las capacidades individuales y colectivas (Vázquez, Hervás, Rahona & Gómez, 2009). Tradicionalmente, la Psicología Clínica y la Psiquiatría han puesto énfasis en el estudio de los trastornos mentales, su diagnóstico y tratamiento. En particular estas disciplinas se han focalizado en las emociones negativas, en las características personales que pueden llegar a predisponer a padecer determinadas enfermedades o en los procesos que pueden crear conflictos (Avia & Vázquez, 1998; Greco, 2010). Ryff y Keyes (1995) señalan que la Psicología y sus desarrollos han tratado de elaborar concepciones que explicaran el malestar del sujeto, descuidando el aspecto positivo de la salud y relegando a un segundo plano el desarrollo de los estados vinculados al bienestar (Seligman, 2002). El estudio de estos aspectos se ha comenzado a investigar recién en las dos últimas décadas, complementando de esta forma a la Psicología Clínica tradicional (Taylor, Kemeny, Reed, Bower & Gruenwald, 2000). El abordaje del proceso de la salud mental en términos positivos nos remite a lo que se ha nombrado en la literatura como Psicología Positiva (Oramas Viera, Santana López & Vergara Barrenechea, 2006). La Psicología Positiva es el estudio científico de las fortalezas y virtudes humanas (Sheldon & Kasser, 2001), así como también de las condiciones y procesos que contribuyen a prosperar o al óptimo funcionamiento de personas, grupos e instituciones (Gable & Haidt, 2005). Hace referencia al abordaje científico de aquello que permite que la vida sea digna de ser vivida; se centra en los aspectos de la condición humana que contribuyen a alcanzar la felicidad, la completitud o plenitud, como también a prosperar. Se ocupa de los medios, procesos y mecanismos que hacen posible una mayor calidad de vida y realización personal (Fernández-Ríos & Vilariño Vázquez, 2018; Linley, Joseph, Harrington & Wood, 2006).

Fil: Oñate, María Emilia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina Fil: Oñate, María Emilia. Universidad Austral. Instituto de Filosofía; Argentina Fil: Oñate, María Emilia. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila. Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Valores, Integración y Desarrollo Social; Argentina Fil: Blanco, Cesar Eduardo. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila. Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Valores, Integración y Desarrollo Social; Argentina Fil: Gentile, Leonardo. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila. Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Valores, Integración y Desarrollo Social; Argentina Fil: Tortul, María Candela. Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina. Facultad Teresa de Ávila. Centro de Investigación Interdisciplinar en Valores, Integración y Desarrollo Social; Argentina Resumen: Es importante examinar la personalidad y el rendimiento académico durante la juventud con el propósito de entender mejor las variables que pueden potenciar o no el éxito académico durante la tercera década de la vida. Con el objetivo de determinar si existe asociación entre los factores de personalidad y el rendimiento académico y comparar si existen diferencias en los factores de personalidad entre aquellos que tienen un rendimiento académico alto y quienes tienen un rendimiento académico bajo, se realizó un estudio comparativo-correlacional, transversal y de campo, en una muestra de 395 jóvenes universitarios argentinos, que tenían entre 18 y 28 años. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico estructurado, el Inventario Revisado de Personalidad NEO (NEO PI-R), y se evaluó el rendimiento académico consultando a cada sujeto sobre el promedio estimado en sus exámenes finales. Se determinó el coeficiente de Pearson y se encontró que la asociación más elevada se presentó entre la responsabilidad y el rendimiento académico, seguidamente se presentaron asociaciones significativas, aunque bajas del resto de los factores como extraversión, apertura a la experiencia y agradabilidad con el rendimiento académico, y no se halló correlación entre neuroticismo y rendimiento académico. En cuanto a la comparación de perfiles, se llevó a cabo una prueba t hallando diferencias significativas en la apertura, la agradabilidad y la responsabilidad en favor de quienes tenían un alto rendimiento, en cambio no se hallaron diferencias en extraversión y neuroticismo. Se recomienda para futuros estudios profundizar en las facetas del factor responsabilidad. Abstract: It is important to examine personality and academic performance during youth to better understand the variables that may or may not enhance academic success during the third decade of life. To determine whether there is an association between personality factors and academic performance and to compare whether there are differences in personality factors between those with high academic performance and those with low academic performance, a field, comparative-correlational and cross-sectional study was carried out, with a sample of 395 young adults of between 18 and 28 years old who are university students in Argentina. A structured sociodemographic questionnaire was applied, the NEO Revised Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), and the academic performance was evaluated by consulting each subject on the estimated average in their final exams. Subsequently, the Pearson coefficient was calculated showing that the highest association was between responsibility and academic performance, followed by significant but weak associations between the rest of the factors -such as extraversion, openness to experience and agreeableness- with academic performance, and no correlation was found between neuroticism and academic performance. Regarding the comparison of profiles, a t-test was carried out, finding significant differences in openness, agreeableness, and responsibility in favor of those who had a high performance, whereas no differences were found in extraversion and neuroticism. It is recommended that future studies delve into the facets of the responsibility factor.

Conservation of the brown bear Ursus arctos in the Apennines: a noninvasive genetic approach Molecular techniques were used to assess individual identification for 24 brown bears (Ursus arctos) from the Apennine population through noninvasive sampling. Shed hairs were collected and used as a source of DNA to derive single genotype profiling at 12 microsatellite loci. Genotypes of 11 bears were obtained from tissues or blood of dead or caught animals. Average expected heterozygosity (HE = 0.432) and mean number of alleles per locus (nA = 2.1) showed that the level of genetic diversity was one of the lowest recorded for brown bear populations across their European and North American ranges. A large portion of the original genetic variation may have gone lost through random genetic drift during the recent period of isolation. However, the level of genetic variability proved sufficient to identify the bears individually using 9 microsatellite loci. The probability that two animals shared by chance the same multilocus genotype was estimated to be 1 in 100. Lack of genetic diversity, as well as the maintenance of an adequate effective number are alarming and may seriously jeopardize the long-term survival of this population. Furthermore, high mortality rates, poaching and encroachment with human activities represent immediate, urgent concerns. In a conservation perspective, we suggest to implement protection and enforce habitat restoration for a natural increase of the population. Presently, restocking with bears from other source populations should be discouraged to avoid genetic extinction of the resident bears. Noninvasive sampling provided reliable population and individual genetic data without disturbing the animals, and microsatellite genotyping proved a valuable genetic tagging method and a feasible alternative to conventional field counts. Riassunto Ventiquattro individui di orso bruno (Ursus arctos) appenninico sono stati identificati singolarmente attraverso metodi molecolari, a partire da campioni raccolti con tecniche non invasive. Il DNA è stato estratto dalle radici di peli recuperati sul campo e il genotipo composito di ogni orso è stato ottenuto analizzando 12 loci microsatelliti. I genotipi di 11 individui sono stati determinati isolando il DNA da tessuti e sangue di animali morti o catturati. I risultati hanno evidenziato che la variabilità genetica di questa popolazione (eterozigosi attesa HE = 0,432, numero medio di alleli per locus nA = 2,1) è tra le più basse mai rilevate per l'orso bruno europeo e nord americano. Gran parte della variabilità originale è stata probabilmente perduta per effetto della deriva a causa dell'isolamento e dei colli di bottiglia subiti in passato. Tuttavia, la variabilità genetica residua della popolazione si è rivelata sufficiente per poter identificare individualmente gli orsi, tramite l'analisi di un minimo di 9 loci microsatelliti. Da questa analisi è risultato che la probabilità di trovare due animali diversi che abbiano casualmente lo stesso genotipo è di 1 su 100. Il basso livello di variabilità genetica, così come la ridotta dimensione effettiva sono aspetti assai preoccupanti che potrebbero minacciare la sopravvivenza a lungo termine della popolazione di orsi nell'Appennino. A questo proposito, non sono inoltre da sottovalutare l'alta mortalità, il bracconaggio e il conflitto con le attività umane, che rappresentano attualmente seri e urgenti problemi da risolvere. In un'ottica di conservazione, si suggerisce di favorire l'aumento della popolazione esistente attraverso l'implementazione di misure di conservazione più efficaci e attraverso la corretta gestione dell'habitat. Allo stato attuale, si sconsiglia vivamente di effettuare immissioni di orsi da altre popolazioni, per evitare l'estinzione genetica della popolazione autoctona. Il campionamento non invasivo ha permesso di raccogliere dati genetici a livello di singolo individuo e di popolazione senza arrecare alcun disturbo agli animali, e l'analisi dei loci microsatelliti in particolare si è dimostrata un valido metodo per "marcare" gli orsi in alternativa ai metodi tradizionali di conteggio.

As part of the Abruzzo National Park wildlife health management program, serum samples from 62 free-living and captive Abruzzo chamois, Rupicapra (pyrenaica) ornata, were tested to estimate antibody presence to some pathogenous agents. The serum, drawn during chemical immobilisations for introductions or population study programs, were tested for: bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV-1), parainfluenza virus (PI3), pesti virus, foot and mouth disease virus (FMD) type O-A-C, bovine leukemia virus (BLV), ovicaprini lentivirus, encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), S-phase brucellae, leptospira interrogans, mycobacterium paratuberculosis, chlamydia psittaci, coxiella burnetii, rickettsia mooseri and conori and toxoplasrna gondii. Twenty-three subjects were found positive to BHV-1 (7/62), pestivirus (6/62), EMCV (8/62), leptospira (5/62) and toxoplasma (4/62). Results did not indicate any active infection but only contact with some pathogenic agents.

We have studied genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationships of Alpine, Spanish and Abruzzo chamois (genus Rupicapra) by sequencing a region of 330 nucleotides within the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene (mtDNA cyt b). These sequences were aligned with additional homologous sequences of Caprinae: Japanese serow, Chinese goral, Canadian mountain goat, Mishmi takin, muskox, Sardinian mouflon and domestic goat. Results suggest that, using representatives of the Bovini as outgroups, the Caprinae constitute a monophyletic clade. However, inferred phylogenetic relationships among and within tribes of Caprinae were poorly defined and did not reflect current evolutionary and taxonomical views. In fact, the Asian Rupicaprini goral and serow constituted a strongly supported clade, which included the muskox, while the takin grouped with Ovis. Therefore, the monophyly of Ovibovini was not supported by cyt b sequences. Species of Rupicapra joined a strongly supported monophyletic clade, which was distantly related to the Asian rupicaprins and Oreamnos. Therefore, the monophyly of the Rupicaprini was not supported by these cyt b sequences. There were sister species relationships within Rupicapra, Spanish and Alpine chamois and the Abruzzo chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) was strictly related to the Spanish chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica parva), as previously suggested by allozyme data and biogeographic reconstructions.

Simple Summary Conservation practices in the nature of some animal species are very difficult when they are in conflict with anthropogenic activities. In order to make possible the coexistence of a predator such as the wolf with animal breeding activities in the wild, the EU has produced solid and structured legislation through the Natura 2000 network. The application of the Habitats Directive allows the various member countries to choose biodiversity management actions as long as they maintain their resilience. Our work compares two different management methods developed in Spain and Italy with the aim of evaluating a possible difference in the conservation of wolf packs present in their respective territories. The results obtained show that both in Spain and Italy, the presence of the wolf causes damage to livestock. The economic damage is quite substantial and affects, in different ways, sheep, goat, bovine, and equine breeding. Nevertheless, wolf populations are stable in Spain, where hunting is allowed, and slightly increasing in Italy, where the species is particularly protected. Abstract Our work shows that, despite the persistence of persecutory actions, conservation activity has proved successful for the return of numerous wild mammals to different habitats, including the wolf. The human-wolf conflict is still described in all countries where the wolf is present. This is evidenced by the high number of damages on livestock, and the corpses of wolves found both in protected areas and in those where hunting is permitted. The diagnosis of road accidents, together with poisoning and poaching, are major causes of mortality. Although hunting records the highest percentage of kills in Spain, the demographic stability reported by the censuses suggests that this activity does not have a consistent influence on the Iberian wolf population’s survival. In Italy, where wolf hunting is prohibited, wolf populations are to be increasing. In some Italian situations, wolf attacks on horses seem to cause unwanted damage to foals, but they represent a very precious source of information about the habits of carnivores. A simple management plan would be sufficient to help the coexistence between the productive parts and the ecosystem services ensured by the presence of the wolf. The presence of hybrids is a negative factor.