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This study aims to enhance understanding of the socially constructed nature of tourism imaginaries. Qualitative data was collected using purposive sampling, with interviews conducted with a total of 10 stakeholders, including representatives from a government agency (2 persons), village community management (4 persons), a nature guide organization (3 persons), and a wildlife ranger (1 person). Narrative fieldwork in Merapoh was carried out to provide insights into the theory of tourism imaginaries through four key storie. Firstly, the study explores the history and culture that make Merapoh valuable as a tourism destination. Secondly, it examines the production of tourism imaginaries in this place. Thirdly, it analyzes how these images are related to the local communities, who are equally shaped by intangible heritage in the creation of tourism imaginaries. Finally, it investigates the challenges in improving Merapoh's potential as an eco-tourism destination. The findings from the first story reveal that Merapoh was historically inhabited by Chinese miners who discovered iron and gold ores. However, the area was declared an emergency site in 1948, leading to the closure of the mines and the resettlement of Chinese villagers to Jerkoh village. The second story shows that the government is focusing on developing Merapoh's tourism sector, particularly heritage tourism, and is making efforts to restructure Pekan Merapoh to attract more tourists. The third story highlights the tourism redevelopment plan for Merapoh Geopark, which includes cave tourism, national park tourism, and agrotourism, with a focus on the unique limestone caves and eco-tourism opportunities. The fourth story outlines the challenges in developing eco-tourism in Merapoh, such as cave development issues, social problems, a lack of accommodation facilities, limited exposure and interest in local culture, environmental pollution, and uncontrolled logging, which is causing environmental damage and endangering plant species. Tourism imaginaries are the foundation for constructing valuable collective narratives, evoking the emotions associated with a tourist destination. An advanced conceptual model for sustainable tourism, called 'The Pillar of Merapoh Imaginaries,' was developed. The eco-tourism potential of Merapoh is driven by self-fulfilling expectations shaped by local imaginations, best explained through the concept of tourism imaginaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The granitic relief is notable in the Brazilian northeastern landscape due to its resistance to geomorphological processes. In the territory of the Sertão Monumental Geopark Project, which covers the Ceará municipalities of Quixadá and Quixeramobim, there is a significant occurrence of the granitic features, with different shapes and sizes showing subsurface and surface processes. The Etchplanation Theory and morphodynamic studies enabled the analysis of the development of these forms, which was conducted through a literature review, fieldwork and photographic records. The features were classified into macroforms and microforms, taking into account their characteristics and origin. Macroforms are extensive plutonic bodies that stand out in areas of planation relief, exhibiting diverse morphogenetic characteristics, with varying sizes, including inselgebirg, inselberg, flagstones and vertical outcrops. The microforms were subdivided into features associated with weathering, saprolitization and fracturing, and include tafoni, "honeycomb", karren, gnammas and flared slopes. This classification and hierarchization contributes to future research and further study on the subject of granitic relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is devoted to the study of geoheritage objects and the scientific justification for the creation of a geopark in the Ulytau region of Central Kazakhstan. This region is the largest copper-bearing province in the world and has a unique natural and cultural heritage. The purpose of this article is to show the scientific and tourist significance of geoheritage objects of the potential Ulytau Geopark. The geological history of this area tells about no less than 500 million years of the planet's development. Geological, historical and sacred objects make this area extremely interesting for the development of geotourism and the creation of geoparks as a basis for the sustainable development of the area. The research methods included a bibliographic method, which made it possible to collect information on the geoheritage of the territory; field survey techniques; and methods based on the evaluation of the criteria for eligibility for UNESCO Geoparks. The methodology included five main blocks of assessment (geology and landscape, structure and management model, interpretation and environmental education, geotourism and sustainable development at the regional level) and represents an integrated interdisciplinary approach to present regional features in the context of the geological heritage of the world. Despite the length of time geology has been studied and the resources actively used, geoheritage sites have not been previously studied and characterised. Geoparks in Kazakhstan are at an early stage of development and this article aims to show the potential for establishing geoparks in the Ulytau region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the inland areas of Campania (Italy), the Taburno-Camposauro Regional Natural Park covers almost 137 square kilometres. It well represents, in the reliefs that give it its name, the southern segment of the Apennine chain. In fact, the rock outcrops, landscape features and surface and ground water make it possible to reconstruct the geological evolution of this area. Nonetheless, it is possible to understand how the history of man, who has frequented these places since ancient times, has developed by taking advantage of the resources offered by this territory. Among these resources, it is believed that the characteristics of the geological heritage spread throughout the Park can also be an opportunity to attract not only researchers, but also significant tourist flows. To this end, not only has the procedure been initiated to be included in the world network of Geoparks, but efforts have also been made to promote the most representative geological sites using the latest communication tools (e.g., social media). Besides these, numerous initiatives aimed at schools and national tourism agencies were developed. Promotion found particular emphasis with the realisation of an art installation by a well-known author in a water catchment system. In fact, this installation triggered an artistic vein around the beauty of the sites, manifested by videos and photo exhibitions and even forms of entertainment. These events have increased interest in the geological heritage, as evidenced by the increase in visitors observed by a specific analysis of the performance of social media posts, as well as frequent visitors to the geoheritage elements of the Park. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoparks aim to conserve areas of geological significance and achieve sustainable endogenous regional development via geotourism. The management of geoparks requires the involvement of all relevant stakeholders and authorities. However, the strategies when establishing geoparks are often based on the visions of scientists and policymakers. Other stakeholders, such as local residents, often have relatively limited opportunities to become involved in the identification and communication of geoheritage values. Yet, across different social contexts, people's attitudes toward heritage may manifest differently. This adds to the complexity of building cohesive partnerships among stakeholders with the common goal of sustainable development. With a qualitative study of Zhangjiajie UNESCO Global Geopark in China, which has attracted considerable attention due to the conflicts between tourism development and heritage conservation, we aim to understand how the concept of geoheritage is institutionalized in the management of the geopark. Data were collected through interviews with government officials at different levels and various local tourism practitioners, supplemented by a policy document analysis. Results show that geoheritage management in Zhangjiajie Geopark lacked dynamism and inclusivity. The reason was the presence of dissonant understandings among various authorities regarding what constitutes geoheritage. These dissonant understandings were not negotiated strategically because of the embedding of the geopark in a highly convoluted multi‐level governance system related to natural resource management and tourism. The findings underscore that geoheritage research should shift away from an objectivist understanding of geoheritage. Perceiving geoheritage as a power‐loaded construct transforms our comprehension of geopark management dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thap Lao Karst Spring is one of the most important hydrological geoheritages of Thailand and is a part of Chaiyaphum Geopark, the westernmost part of the Khorat Plateau (northeastern Thailand). This geoheritage demonstrates perennial streams originated by groundwater of the karst environment. This study aims to characterize, classify, and assess the value of geoheritage. Field observations indicate that the site is covered by the Permian Saraburi Group. The Pha Nok Khao Formation, composed of limestone, dominates the western part, while the Hua Na Kham Formation, consisting of fine-grained clastic sedimentary rocks and chert, is prominent in the southern part. The eastern and northern parts of the area are overlain by colluvium and alluvium, respectively. Paleontological studies by lithology and petrography have identified that the limestones in the area contain many kinds of fossils (fusulinid, bivalves, coral, crinoid), especially Schagelina sp. indicated middle Permian age. Hydrogeology analysis classifies the collected samples exhibit clarity, cleanliness, and absence of turbidity. Geomorphological and structural geological analysis indicates that when groundwater encounters fine-grained clastic sedimentary rocks within limestone fissures, it becomes obstructed, impeding its flow. Consequently, the groundwater is forced to ascend towards the uppermost part along the contact between the two formations, as evidenced by resistivity surveys. Beyond its geological significance, this area encompasses substantial natural diversity, cultural richness, historical importance, conservation efforts, effective management, and significant tourism potential. The research initiatives aimed at providing scientific and educational insights for visitors. Additionally, the anticipated outcomes of this research are poised to significantly impact the evaluation of the geopark, both nationally and internationally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to present the abiotic geological environment, morphology and the need to protect geoenvironment and the possibilities of using the geoheritage of mining districts of the region located between Zawichost and Puławy city, within the Geopark. The Geopark is the best example of scientific and educational presentation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic outcrops along the Vistula gorge. The Cretaceous sediments (Middle Albian to Maastrichtian) are especially significant, they are unique on the European scale, showing a record of the evolution of the sea basin - from the Middle Cretaceous transgression and its disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous. The landscape and geomorphological values ​​constituting the heritage of the region are extremely important. An additional circumstance conducive to the creation of the Geopark is the fact that in the area covered by the project, areas of geological heritage protection have been operating for many years and tourist traditions date back to the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Non Nuoc Cao Bang Global Geopark, located in the Cao Bang province of Vietnam, covers an area of 339,080 hectares. It is the largest Global Geopark in Vietnam, recognized by UNESCO in 2018. This study aimed to delineate the heritage value zones for conservation and management purposes within the Non Nuoc Cao Bang Geopark. Employing survey methods, data collection, expert assessments, and hierarchical analysis, the heritage value of the Geopark was assessed and mapped for the first time using GIS (Geographic Information System) and remote sensing technology. The heritage zoning map identified three levels: low-value zones, medium-value zones, and high-value zones. The high-value heritage zone covered an area of 66,968.3 hectares, accounting for 19.75% of the total Geopark area. The study also conducted conservation zoning, functional zoning, and proposed conservation and development solutions for the Non Nuoc Cao Bang Geopark. The research results have both scientific and practical significance for the conservation and management of Geopark systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is dedicated to the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for geological heritage conservation and exploration, with a specific focus on the Copper UNESCO Global Geopark. The primary objective is the acquisition of geological heritage data, involving the documentation of geological formations, such as rhyolite, andesite, red sandstone, and glacial sediments. These comprehensive datasets provide a foundation for the creation of immersive Virtual Reality (VR) models, with a primary emphasis on geological heritage preservation and educational dissemination. UAVs play an instrumental role in collecting this extensive dataset, enabling a level of detail and coverage that surpasses conventional data collection methods. Moreover, the study successfully identifies and confirms the presence of historical mining traces along inaccessible coastal areas from the 18th and 19th centuries, achieved through advanced drone remote sensing techniques. This revelation not only enhances the convenience of geohazard analysis but also underscores the immense potential of UAVs in the specialized field of geological heritage preservation, exploration, and communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationships between geodiversity and biodiversity are a topic of growing relevance. Understanding these relationships in different contexts and scales has the potential to increase conservation efforts, especially considering climate and environmental changes. Exploring this topic in educational activities is a way to make it more accessible to the society. Considering the relevance of geosites for education, the present work proposes a thematic inventory of geosites representing relationships between geodiversity and biodiversity. With the use of a descriptive file and a classification scheme, the proposal was applied in the project Geopark Costões e Lagunas (Cliffs and Lagoons), in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 19 geosites were identified, described, and classified, embracing different situations, and allowing approaches on several issues such as spatial and temporal scale of the relations, the influence of the diversity of elements or of specific elements, degradation risks etc. The results are intended to be applied to the educational activities that already take place in the geopark project but also to be an incentive for similar initiatives in other areas, contributing to the dissemination of the topic of relationships between geodiversity and biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspects of geoheritage have interested the general public for centuries. Since the global growth of geotourism and geoparks, the importance of geoheritage has become more evident, especially from the perspective of the development of (geo)tourism. From the perspective of sustainability, effective geoheritage presentation via geointerpretation and geoeducation is crucial. One of the most common and effective ways of presenting specific information in the field is an interpretive panel. This paper presents an assessment of geoheritage interpretation on interpretive panels in 11 UNESCO Global Geoparks. The proposed assessment methodology consists of six categories which include 39 assessment questions in total. The results show that the strongest feature of the evaluated panels is simplicity and clarity without losing scientific meaning, while minimal or no attention is paid to features increasing visitor’s enjoyment (e.g., questions or activities) and sustainability and conservation aspects. The approach presented in this paper may contribute to discussion and research in effective geoheritage interpretation for general public, fostering sustainable geotourism development and geoheritage management, use and protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geotourism is one of the important types of ecotourism with a responsible and conservation -oriented approach that emphasizes the popularization of earth sciences and the cultural, social, and economic development of the local community. In order to evaluate and explain the geotourism conditions of a region and the capabilities of a destination to become a geopark, it is necessary to present and explain the optimal and desirable model for the development of geotourism destinations. Firouzkouh County, with its numerous earth heritage assets, is considered one of the areas susceptible to geotourism. Given the high potential of geotourism for development as a geopark and the lack of necessary utilization of these capabilities in the development of the county, it is necessary to present an optimal model for analyzing the development of geopark capabilities in the county. In this research, through library and survey methods and using geotourism evaluation methods including the Facilas method, the GAM method, and the terrestrial diversity sites method, the county's geosites were evaluated and analyzed from the perspective of different values. The results show that most of the geosites in the region, despite their high representation, educational potential, and aesthetic value, have a weak connection with the local community, and their vulnerability and risk of extinction are increasing. Also, from the perspective of assessing the geopark capabilities, it was determined that this county currently does not have the capability to become an independent geopark. Accordingly, a model for developing the county's capability to become a geopark has been presented, which mainly emphasizes participatory management, entrepreneurship, multipurpose tourists, and geotourism typology, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of tourism activities in the Batur UNESCO Global Geopark has brought many tourists to visit the area. Along with increasing tourism activities, the risk of disasters in the geopark area has also increased. One thing that can be done to reduce disaster risk in the Batur UNESCO Global Geopark area is to utilize geoheritage as a learning medium for disaster risk reduction. In this study, we quantitatively described geoheritage by looking at its relationship with the priority actions of the Sendai framework. The results of the assessment of geological heritage values that have been carried out in 21 geosites of the geopark area show an interrelated relationship. Scientific, educational, tourism and degradation values of geoheritage sites have an important role in conveying information and messages related to disaster mitigation, which is in line with the objectives of Sendai's priority actions. Geological heritage sites can later be developed as an educational medium because it not only has accessibility capital, supporting facilities, good geological conditions, geological diversity, but also contains geological informationthat can be used for education and research. Developing geological disaster information within geoheritage sites in geopark areas may be in the form of geotrails and geotourism activities with the theme of disaster mitigation and earth heritage, picture books for children based on geoheritage information, especially those related to the introduction of geological disasters which are ideal to be developed. A geological information center at the Batur Volcano Museum and other educational acivities can be made within the geopark area.

The enigmatic major eruption in the late 16th century, believed to have originated from Raung, the most active stratovolcano in the Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark in East Java, Indonesia, has ignited significant debate among researchers and historians due to its profound impact on the region. This research aims to substantiate Raung as the likely source of the major eruption by integrating geological, archaeological, and historical data. This study synthesizes current findings and explores ongoing debates surrounding historical volcanic activities. Eruption parameters suggest that the late 16th century eruption exhibited a Plinian type, characterized by an explosive eruption column reaching the stratosphere, widespread pumiceous tephra fallout, and pyroclastic density current (PDC). Stratigraphic succession reveals that the eruption occurred in five phases, with deposits from 10 eruptive units. These deposits are mainly concentrated on the northwestern flank of Raung. Archaeological findings, historical records, and local legends converge to pinpoint the occurrence of this catastrophic event in the late 16th century. These diverse sources estimate that the eruption resulted in approximately 10,000 casualties, marking it as one of the most significant volcanic disasters in the past 500 years. The implications of this eruption extend beyond historical documentation, providing a critical case study for advancing disaster mitigation strategies through geotourism in the geopark area. Moreover, the eruption record outcrops identified in this study can be proposed as potential new geosites within the Ijen UNESCO Global Geopark, enhancing its educational and touristic value. We propose the Jebung Kidul, Alas Sumur, and Batu Sappar sites as potential disaster-based geosites, considering that these sites record the eruption process and preserve archaeological structures. This addition would not only commemorate the historical event but also promote awareness and preparedness for future volcanic activities in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karangasem Village, Paliyan District, Gunungkidul Regency, Indonesia is located in the Gunungsewu area, which has been designated as a Global Geopark by UNESCO (UGG = Unesco Global Geopark). This village has an interesting natural landscape, in the form of karst geomorphology which is reflected in the presence of dome and conical hills, dolines, uvala, locva, and caves, which can be promoted as one of the geosites in the Gunungsewu geopark. One aspect of a geopark is science. Thus, geomorphology in the Karangasem area needs to be elaborated from a scientific perspective. The aim of this study is to characterize the relationship between geomorphology and limestone physical/mechanical properties that make up this landform. The methods applied are surface mapping, geomorphological and petrological assessment, physical/mechanical properties testing, and correlation analysis. The research results show that there are three units of lithology, namely reef limestone unit, bedded limestone unit, and marl unit. The three rock units are characterized by their different values of unified compressive strength (UCS), Schmidt hammer hardness, and Mohs scale hardness. Landforms of the study area can be classified into karst hills, karst undulating, and karst plain. This geomorphology is very strong correlated with physical/mechanical properties and lithological units, with correlation coefficient (R2 ) > 0.9. The strong, hard, and resistant rocks form rough relief, while weak, soft, and not resistant rocks produce smooth relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since their creation, geoparks have been among the fastest growing natural environments. Their attractiveness is one of the most important factors for the success of this natural destination. Despite their importance, a bibliometric analysis on geopark attractiveness is missing from the studied databases. The aim of this paper is to synthesise a heterogeneous body of knowledge of geoparks in terms of attractiveness, highlighting the evolution and breadth of the research field. To achieve this, the following objectives were set: (a) to adopt a method based on functions provided by the bibliometrix package to automatically combine databases, namely WoS, Scopus, PubMed and Dimensions, detailing the method used and (b) to analyse the bibliometric indicators in order to identify the trends in the literature and the possible directions for future research. The applied methodology was based on bibliometric analysis using R for non-coders. From the 707 documents retrieved, the validation process resulted in 349 eligible documents published between 2002 and 2024, on which the analysis was carried out. The current study elaborated a method and examined the key information on the topic trends, which were given by production performance, productivity trends, spatial analysis and abstract approach analysis. Additionally, strategic mapping of the conceptual context was performed. Thus, the result provides a description of the automatic method with practical applications. As discerned from the three-dimensional analysis (spatial, temporal and size), the emerging research directions within scientific creativity encompassed (1) forms of tourism practiced in geoparks, especially focused on ecotourism and volcanic tourism; (2) geomorphological features, mineral springs and mud volcanoes; (3) aesthetic aspects, scenic sites and mining heritage; and (4) methodology, data analysis and modelling methods across different regions and countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of tourism activities in the Batur UNESCO Global Geopark has brought many tourists to visit the area. Along with increasing tourism activities, the risk of disasters in the geopark area has also increased. One thing that can be done to reduce disaster risk in the Batur UNESCO Global Geopark area is to utilize geoheritage as a learning medium for disaster risk reduction. In this study, we quantitatively described geoheritage by looking at its relationship with the priority actions of the Sendai framework. The results of the assessment of geological heritage values that have been carried out in 21 geosites of the geopark area show an interrelated relationship. Scientific, educational, tourism and degradation values of geoheritage sites have an important role in conveying information and messages related to disaster mitigation, which is in line with the objectives of Sendai's priority actions. Geological heritage sites can later be developed as an educational medium because it not only has accessibility capital, supporting facilities, good geological conditions, geological diversity, but also contains geological informationthat can be used for education and research. Developing geological disaster information within geoheritage sites in geopark areas may be in the form of geotrails and geotourism activities with the theme of disaster mitigation and earth heritage, picture books for children based on geoheritage information, especially those related to the introduction of geological disasters which are ideal to be developed. A geological information center at the Batur Volcano Museum and other educational acivities can be made within the geopark area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Qian’an National Geopark locates in the southern Yanshan Mountain uplift belt. Active tectonics resulted in mineral enrichment, as well as geoheritages in this area. This includes one of the oldest metamorphic complex exposed in China. This study aims to investigate and protect local geoheritage, to develop geotourism and to contribute to sustainable development. According to the classification standards of geoheritage, we divided geoheritages in Qian’an National Geopark into 6 major categories, 10 categories and 12 subcategories based on extensive field surveys. There are well-preserved human and ecological resources, e.g. the Great Wall as a typical representative. By the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) evaluation, we assessed 20 geoheritage sites in Qian’an National Geopark, resulting in 1 world-class, 2 national-level, 11 regional-level and 6 local-level. Based on their scientific value and rarity, as well as local development planning, the geopark is divided into 3 classes conservation areas. With hierarchical conservation measures, geoheritages have been well protected, and awareness of ecological environment has been greatly improved. Geotourism has made outstanding contributions to local economy and promoted more sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inventory and assessment of mountainous geoheritage sites based on solid and clear criteria is a first step for any geoconservation strategy. The study area (DPR Korea) has a complex geological setting and many mountains with geological significance, the reasons that justify the mountainous geoheritage inventory done in this work. The inventoried ten mountainous geoheritage sites were quantitatively assessed and clearly show that Mt. Paektu and Mt. Kumgang is the most important mountainous geoheritage sites in the DPR Korea due to its high international scientific value. Mt. Chilbo and Mt. Myohyang have a slightly low value than these geoheritage sites in scientific value, but a high educational value and a high touristic value. In addition, the majority of the other mountainous geoheritage sites are characterized by moderate scientific, high educational, and high touristic values and low degradation risk. This study may help in selecting the ranking of mountainous geoheritage sites for World Heritage registration and the development of a new geopark project in DPR Korea, a country where the geopark concept is still emerging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:The tourism industry, as an industry that provides women access to job opportunities and economic participation, has played an important role in empowering women. Qeshm Global Geopark, as a tourism destination that has expressed cooperation with economic activists of local community as one of its goals, has been able to create many opportunities for women's employment. According to this issue, the present research examines whether the development of tourism in the village of Borke Khalaf has empowered the women of the village through their active participation in handicraft production cooperatives, and what evidence and documentation are there in relation to the empowerment of women in the village of Borke Khalaf can be identified.Method:The method used in this research is a combination of observation methods, qualitative interview and memory protocol.Result:The results of the research show that the development of tourism activities in Qeshm Geopark has been effective in empowering women in various economic, social, psychological and political dimensions.Conclusion:Due to the positive performance, this cooperative was able to act as a model for women in other villages of the island. Also, the managers of the Geopark emphasized the alignment of the activities of these cooperatives with the fifth goal of development, which deals with the issue of gender equality, and in this regard, they implemented educational programs for women in other villages.

The key to achieving an effective and sustainable geopark waste management system is fostering community participation. This research about the Gunung Sewu Geopark, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, examines the phases and levels of community participation in waste reduction. The study involved surveying 1,757 respondents aged 18 and above using door-to-door questionnaires, which were analysed using the conditional probability method to determine participation stages and levels. The results indicate that community participation in waste reduction activities, such as composting and recycling is inadequate, with only 21.12% of respondents participating in the decision-making stage, 1.99% participating in the implementation stage, and 0.68% finding waste reduction activities valuable. Rural community participation level scores were 0.68 and categorised as very low. The incomplete stages of participation and low levels of participation are significant challenges for implementing sustainable waste management and maintaining conservation principles in Gunung Sewu Geopark. Further research could be conducted to determine the driving factors that most influence rural community participation so that geopark policymakers can develop strategies to increase participation more effectively and to targets.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the contribution of cartographic results obtained from data acquired with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles to the management procedures of geoheritage monuments, specifically in geoeducation. 2D orthophotomaps and 3D textured meshes of a fossil site in the Lesvos Geopark, Greece, which has been monitored since 2018, were generated. The data recordings were collected using a UAV at different flight altitudes for three different cartographic scales. After acquiring UAV and Global Navigation Satellite Systems data, the resulting cartographic products were used to create educational material on geosites. This material was used to deliver lectures to students in various settings: (a) in situ at the Natural History Museum of the Lesvos Petrified Forest, (b) live in a traditional classroom, (c) remotely via e-class software, and (d) in a collaborative Virtual Reality environment. Feedback was provided by students through customized questionnaires, and their knowledge acquisition was assessed post-lecture with specially designed assignments. The final section of this work compares learning experiences and knowledge acquisition across these different environments. The results contribute to the debate on 2D and 3D cartography in geoeducation, quantifying the value of new materials in understanding spatial and geographic features and improving geoheritage management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The heritage's scientific value is one of the most fundamental bases for the UNESCO Global Geoparks' application, and it is also the basis for the existence and protection of geoparks. As an important part of heritage protection and utilization, heritage interpretation can enhance the readability and appreciation of heritage and realize the promotion, inheritance and innovation of cultural heritage value. In this study, while fully considering all the influencing factors related to geopark cultural heritage, natural heritage and tourism, the weight of each index is reasonably allocated, and an evaluation index system of geopark tourism planning based on the interpretation of cultural and natural heritage values has been constructed. At the same time, the evaluation criteria and data sources applicable to different impact factors are proposed in detail. Taking Dali Mount Cangshan UNESCO Global Geopark (China) as the research object, the feasibility of the index system is verified effectively. By establishing a scientific and operable procedure and method, this study hopes to establish a foundation for the objective and accurate conclusion of the geological heritage's scientific value and provide a theoretical basis for the application of geological heritage in the UNESCO Global Geopark, World Natural Heritage site and its protection and utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discontinuous deformations, such as sinkholes, pose significant challenges in post-mining areas due to their unpredictable nature and potential hazard to surface development and the safety of local communities. Therefore, monitoring the post-mining regions should be treated as a continuing task. This study addresses the ongoing problem of sinkhole formation in the former “Przyjaźń Narodów – Szyb Babina” (Babina) lignite mine located in the glaciotectonic region of Muskau Arch in western Poland. The research uses airborne and terrestrial laser scanning methods to identify and monitor discontinuous deformations, focusing on a newly discovered sinkhole. The methodology involves differential analysis of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and their derivatives obtained from airborne laser scanning (ALS) and periodic terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) measurements. The results of ALS DEM analysis allowed the successful identification of 75 confirmed sinkholes, the largest measuring 12.8 m in diameter and 4.8 m deep. Whereas, differential DEM analysis indicated new sinkholes that developed between 2011 and 2020 in the area of shallow underground mining. Two-year TLS monitoring of the new sinkhole showed no progression in its dimensions. However, localised erosion processes associated with water transport were detected. The study shows that sinkhole formation processes are active 5 decades after the end of mining and highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of post-mining areas with advanced laser scanning methodss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research emphasizes the vital role of geoeducation in fostering a deeper appreciation of palaeovolcanic geoheritage in the Kratovo-Zletovo palaeovolcanic area, which is in the northeastern part of North Macedonia. In this paper a sophisticated and objective evaluation of the palaeovolcanic geoheritage for future proclamation as a protected area is provided. Various programs can be implemented to promote geoeducation at different educational levels, making the concepts of palaeovolcanic geoheritage, geoeducation, and geoconservation more accessible and understandable to the local community and visitors. The study applies the Brilha’s method as a means to evaluate the geoeducational potential of specific geosites within the Kratovo-Zletovo palaeovolcanic area. This method, designed to assess a wide spectrum of criteria, provides a comprehensive framework for evaluating the scientific, educational, and touristic potential of the identified geosites. This research contributes to our understanding of the multifaceted significance of palaeovolcanic geosites from scientific, educational, and touristic perspectives. It serves as a valuable reference for decision-makers, educators, and conservationists working to preserve and promote the geoheritage of the Kratovo-Zletovo palaeovolcanic area. The study underscores the need for a method for the inventory of geosites, considering their scientific value. Four key criteria—representativeness, integrity, rarity, and scientific knowledge—are proposed for selecting geosites. Although the method used is based on numerical data, it was supported by a heuristic approach and field research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rio Grande do Sul is located in the southern portion of Brazil and has peculiarities related to its physical aspects, especially related to climate, relief and cultural aspects resulting from its colonization process, in which the presence of European, Asian and African immigrants, as well as the native population, including indigenous people, stands out. The location of the state in relation to Latin American countries makes it one of the largest gateways for international tourists in the country. According to the State Secretariat of Tourism of Rio Grande do Sul, in 2023 the state was the third gateway for international tourists. However, this flow does not reverberate in the dynamism of local tourism, since mainly Argentine and Uruguayan tourists only “pass through” the state, constituting a “tourist corridor”, when heading mainly to the beaches of the state of Santa Catarina. In this context, this study was carried out, the main objective of which is to prospect possibilities of attracting foreign tourists to the territory of the Raízes de Pedra Project. The same was carried out based on applied research (regarding the purpose), bibliographical and documentary research (regarding the means), using the qualitative method and content analysis to systematize and interpret the data. It was found that the municipalities that make up the territory of the geopark project have been developing joint actions of geoeducation, geotourism and geoconservation since 2021, with the aim of obtaining the “UNESCO Global Geopark” seal and, with this, developing local tourism, taking advantage of the flow of foreign tourists who usually enter Rio Grande do Sul. It was observed that such a proposition requires public and private investments in the diversification of the tourist offer, in infrastructure and in the qualification of the workforce, as well as in the implementation of road and tourist signage with a view to the qualified offer as a way of providing opportunities and instigating the tourist flow that only passes through the territory towards the coast, to dedicate a few days of their season to visit the Raízes de Pedra Geopark.

Abstract Volcano-hazard maps are broadly recognized as important tools for forecasting and managing volcanic crises and for disseminating spatial information to authorities and people at risk. As scientists, we might presume that hazards maps can be developed at the time and with the methods of our discretion, yet the co-production of maps with stakeholder groups, who have programmatic needs of their own, can sway the timing, usability, and acceptance of map products. We examine two volcano hazard map-making efforts by staff at the U.S. Geological Survey. During the 1990s and early 2000s scientists developed a series of hazard assessments and maps with detailed zonations for volcanoes in Washington and Oregon. In 2009, the National Park Service expressed the need for simplified versions of the existing hazard maps for a high-profile visitor center exhibit. This request created an opportunity for scientists to rethink the objectives, scope, content, and map representations of hazards. The primary focus of this article is a discussion of processes used by scientists to distill the most critical information within the official parent maps into a series of simplified maps using criteria specified. We contextualize this project with information about development of the parent maps, public response to the simplified hazard maps, the value of user engagement in mapmaking, and with reference to the abundance of guidance available to the next generation of hazard-mapmakers. We argue that simplified versions of maps should be developed in tandem with any hazard maps that contain technical complexities, not as a replacement, but as a mechanism to broaden awareness of hazards. We found that when scientists endeavor to design vivid and easy-to-understand maps, people in many professions find uses for them within their organization’s information products, resulting in extensive distribution.

Geopark has three main components: geological, biological, and cultural diversity. Cultural and biological diversity in geoparks does not stand alone but must be related to geological diversity. This study aims to determine the relationship between seven geological criteria (lithology, mining materials, elevation, slope, landscape, river distance, and groundwater/geohydrology) on the formation of culture in the Megalithic, Hindu-Buddhist, Islamic, and Colonial eras in the Karangsambung-Karangbolong Geopark and surrounding area. The analytical method used is a scoring and weighting process using Analytical Hierarchy Processes (AHP). Based on AHP analysis, many relationships exist between culture formation and geological conditions. In the early stages of cultural formation during the Megalithic and Hindu-Buddhist eras, the influence of geological criteria was more dominant than that in the Islamic and Colonial eras. In the Megalithic era, groundwater had an effect of 32.38%, with the main sub-criteria being wide productive aquifers, while river distance had an impact of 28.31%, especially at river distances less than 50 m. The very well-suited area correlated with the geological condition and had the highest percentage (29.03%). In the Hindu-Buddhist era, groundwater conditions were influenced by 36.05%, mainly due to the wide productive aquifer as a sub-criterion, while the distance of the river had an effect of 25.78%, especially when the river's length was less than 50 m. The percentage of the very well-suited area was 27.47%. The elevation criteria had a 34.68% influence in the Islamic era, especially at elevations

Traditional ceremonies are one of the cultural representations that are passed down from generation to generation. The public's interest in traditional ceremonies has declined over time, especially for the younger generation. As part of the MarosPangkep Geopark, it needs special attention by UNESCO's vision and mission. This study aims to: (1). Know the difference of Mappalili Ceremony as cultural tourism in the perspective of Arajang and Balla Kalompoang, (2). know the sustainability of the Mappalili Ceremony in supporting the Maros-Pangkep Geopark according to UNESCO's vision and mission. This research uses qualitative research with an ethnographic approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, documentation, and Tudang Sipulung. Data analysis using the Miles and Huberman model, namely: 1). Data collection is done through in-depth interviews and documentation, 2). Data reduction to generalize data from in-depth interviews, 3). Presentation of data to classify the results of interviews and process them, and 4). The Verification is done by pouring and making the final results according to the objectives. The results of the research obtained by the Mappalili Ceremony are a command ceremony to descend the rice fields. The Mappalili Ceremony has the potential to become cultural tourism because in the process there are several unique series of each tribe in managing agricultural land, especially rice fields. The Mappalili Ceremony is cultural tourism that can support the Maros-Pangkep Geopark according to UNESCO's vision and mission. Therefore, efforts to preserve cultural sustainability in the future need to be considered properly to support the development of cultural tourism in South Sulawesi.

The inherent link between the mining history and culture in the region of Banská Štiavnica (Slovakia) and the unique geological and morphological heritage offers significant potential for the development of geotourism and educational trails, thus presenting the heritage to a wide spectrum of visitors. In recent years, online availability of information about such trails has become very important for the digital society that uses the internet and social networks daily. This article focuses on the development and online information availability of geotrails located in the territory of the first Slovak geopark, Banská Štiavnica Geopark. Results show that there are very few geoscience-based trails with limited online information available. By investing in effective on-site heritage interpretation and proper online promotion, the territory can become a premier geotourism destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoconservation and related quantitative and qualitative geodiversity assessments are gaining increasing attention. However, methodologies for measuring geodiversity at local scale are currently rare. Here, we present a framework for assessing local-scale geodiversity of different landforms using field-based and digital elevation model (DEM-) derived data from the Rokua UNESCO Global Geopark in Finland. We observed the presence or absence of various geodiversity elements, such as geological or topographical elements in our study sites, and used these data to quantify alpha (α), gamma (γ) and beta (β) geodiversity of various landforms. In addition, we measured topographical heterogeneity in the field and from DEMs. The results showed distinct patterns in the geodiversity and topographical variation of the landforms. The differences between α, γ and β geodiversity of different landforms were particularly clear. According to the results, measures of topographical variability can be used to some extent as surrogates for geodiversity, but the choice of optimal variables is context and scale dependent. These results provide perspectives for further local-scale geodiversity assessments in different study areas and are applicable for a range of purposes, from scientific research to practical management and geoconservation. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'Geodiversity for science and society'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopark has three main components: geological, biological, and cultural diversity. Cultural and biological diversity in geoparks does not stand alone but must be related to geological diversity. This study aims to determine the relationship between seven geological criteria (lithology, mining materials, elevation, slope, landscape, river distance, and groundwater/geohydrology) on the formation of culture in the Megalithic, Hindu-Buddhist, Islamic, and Colonial eras in the Karangsambung-Karangbolong Geopark and surrounding area. The analytical method used is a scoring and weighting process using Analytical Hierarchy Processes (AHP). Based on AHP analysis, many relationships exist between culture formation and geological conditions. In the early stages of cultural formation during the Megalithic and Hindu-Buddhist eras, the influence of geological criteria was more dominant than that in the Islamic and Colonial eras. In the Megalithic era, groundwater had an effect of 32.38%, with the main sub-criteria being wide productive aquifers, while river distance had an impact of 28.31%, especially at river distances less than 50 m. The very well-suited area correlated with the geological condition and had the highest percentage (29.03%). In the Hindu-Buddhist era, groundwater conditions were influenced by 36.05%, mainly due to the wide productive aquifer as a sub-criterion, while the distance of the river had an effect of 25.78%, especially when the river's length was less than 50 m. The percentage of the very well-suited area was 27.47%. The elevation criteria had a 34.68% influence in the Islamic era, especially at elevations <5 m. Mining material criteria influenced 24.34%. The level of very well-suited areas was 14.45%. The geomorphology had the most significant influence (37.17%) in the Colonial era, especially in the fluvial and marine landscapes. Mining materials had the second influence (24.18%). The very good suitability area accounted for 25.54%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fossilized wood is a key geoheritage feature found in many protected areas. Knowledge about its formation is also key to the understanding of such areas. This study investigates the mineralization processes of the world's longest petrified wood (Koompassioxylon elegans), BT1, located in Tak, Thailand, an extraordinary and rare specimen with significance for scientific, educational, geotourism, recreational, geopark, and geoheritage purposes. Multiple techniques including petrography, scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEMEDS), and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) were employed. Petrographically, the wood structures exhibit different types of quartz crystals, with microcrystalline quartz and spherulitic chalcedony being prominent. The vessels contain chalcedony and crypto-to micro- crystalline quartz, with vug-like precipitation occurring within them. Prismatic quartz crystals grow divergently around the vessels, while other cells such as tracheids, rays, and parenchyma (see Appendix for definition of these terms) are permineralized by polycrystalline quartz, chalcedony, and opal, indicating degradation of these cells. The cells outside the vessels also contain the larger polycrystalline quartz grains cross-cutting the wood cell boundaries. Red to reddish-brown Feoxides coat some fissures and cracks. XRD analysis reveals dominant peaks of quartz, followed by analcite, feldspar, montmorillonite, and goethite. SEM-EDS analysis identifies major and trace elements in the wood, showing incomplete permineralization with remnants of carbon in the wood cells. Mineral replacement and permineralization occur in the cell walls, tracheid lumen, vessels, intercellular spaces, and void spaces. The weathering in BT1 is identified by the presence of iron stains, goethite inclusions, a spongy appearance, lenticular features, and fungal growth on the perforated texture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Devils Tower is located in Wyoming, USA. It is composed of volcanic elements from the Tertiary Period of geologic time. Geologists are interested in this geosite because it is a unique, upstanding, steep-sided, high-relief exhumed Tertiary-age volcanic plug. As a Native American cultural geosite, however, it is often called Mateo Tepe, and it is a sacred place to over 20 Native American tribes. It was inscribed as America's first national monument in 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt, because of its special geology. It is visually dramatic due to its columns, which are understood by earth scientists as a wonder of geology but by Native people as the claw scratches of a spiritual bear. These vertical cracks are the focus of rock climbers and Native people, respectively as opportunities for adventure and self-fulfillment and spiritual paths to another dimension and the achievement of religious balance in the world. Mateo Tepe became a national monument due to it being a unique geologic feature. The geopark concept is used in this analysis to talk about this geologically based monument. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study takes Cangshan UNESCO Global Geopark as an example, which takes the connection between tourism and economic departments as the starting point, adopts appropriate tourism development methods, and determines that tourists are one of the most important stakeholder groups in tourism development. Based on this, this study aims to explore the tourists' cognition and support for the sustainable tourism development of Cangshan Global Geopark. In this study, a self-administered questionnaire survey method is used to construct the tourist satisfaction evaluation model of Mount Cangshan, and the tourist satisfaction of various scenic spots in Mount Cangshan is calculated and evaluated. The characteristics, tendency and purpose of tourists are studied. This result provides an effective reference for strengthening the construction of the characteristics of Cangshan scenic area and the management of tourists' complaints. It can also help Cangshan scenic area plan tourism arrangements more reasonably, improve social service level and provide tourists with "zero defect" tourism products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geodiversity, geoheritage, geoconservation, and geotourism insights are meticulously interrelated. Their investigations are of comprehensive attention worldwide because of their high scientific, educational, scenic, and recreational values. Various new destinations in Egypt have been promoted for the geotourism and abundance in significance geological heritages in which Samalute-Minia Area is one of the most energetic tourist’s magnetism. The study area is an imperative geo-cultural province that has significant number of geosites and geotouristic fascinations, demonstrating broad array of distinctive phenomena. The latter are assigned to remarkable geomorphological, volcanological, hydrogeological, quarrying, historical, and cultural landscapes that are deliberated a vital part of the polythematic geopark. All of these sites allow the visitors, sightseers, and indigenous populations to enjoy different aspects of tourism such as religious, antiquities, recreational, safari, or ecological tourism as the root for providing the commitment, education, and pleasure. The goal of the present paper aims to stress the reputation of the geological heritage earmarked by Samalute-Minia Area. A quantitative assessment of geodiversity at the study area was carried out using the Brilha’s method (2016) in which the evaluation outputs are labeled for geotourism obligations. A list of eight geosites has been inventoried. Among the principal geosites are (1) geomorphology and karst landforms (GKL), (2) circular structural landforms (CSL), (3) volcanic landforms (VL), (4) riverine landforms (RL), (5) Christian Religion sites (CRS), (6) ancient Egypt monuments (AEM), (7) industrial sites (IS), and (8) hydrogeological aquifers (HA). Quantitative valuation has been revealed that the bunched geosites of GKL, VL, and RL have great scientific and educational value scores, while the geosites of CRS and AEM have high potential touristic use compared to low value for the IS. Regarding the risk evaluation, a high degradation risk is assigned to the sites of AEM, RL, and HA. Severe threats comprising pollution, rapid urbanization, intense degradation of underground water, illegal water pumping, quarrying/excavation, bumpy tourism, and lacking of environmental management are the chief causes for the degradation risk. The lasting five geosites display a moderate to low risk of degradation because there are no extreme observed denudation processes that generate degradation. The protection and geoconservation, increasing the touristic attractiveness, and the socio-economic development for the local community could be proposed in order to decrease the high degradation risk for some geosites. Lastly, the Samalute-Minia Area needs more scientific and potential geoheritage study, improvement in the security circumstances, promotion of the geosites, and strategic implementations as well as regulation constraints for continuous regional development to improve geotourism and geoconservation. The geotourism development would diminish the rate of joblessness and immigration, offer scenarios for dropping poverty through engaging the local inhabitants in tourism activities, and ensure the protection and educational stopovers to well-known geosites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuwaiq Mountain is in the central portion of Saudi Arabia and is characterised by several denuded landscapes and geological features. A total of 10 geosites have been identified for the quantitative assessment. Scarp, cuesta, mesa, butte, pinnacles, gully network, wadi, and cave are the geomorphological features, and Jurassic fossil remains are part of the geological features. Geoheritage score was prepared based on scientific, educational, tourism, and degradational values. The study indicates that most of the sites fall within moderate to high scores. Low to high degradation risk of the geosites suggests the need for geoconservation. Geoethics is also a significant aspect of generating local awareness of the value of geomorphological and geological features with outstanding values and potential for tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main missions of the Geoparks is to sensibilize the inhabitants of the protected territories to the rich geoheritage that surrounds them through numerous educational activities, such as guided tours of geological sites, thematic workshops on Quercy paleontology, or training courses for schoolchildren and professionals. However, it can sometimes be difficult to convey important concepts and information without adapted educational material. The paleontological heritage of the Geopark UNESCO Causses du Quercy is extremely rich, but also extremely fragile, with many unique and precious fossils that are difficult to valorize. 3D printing of these exceptional pieces after being scanned is an efficient method to overcome this problem. 3D printing is now regularly used in educational operations on the geopark territory. In a span of a year, we have already observed several positive outcomes from the use of these prints. In particular, the public, both scholars and general public, is more receptive and more active during the educational activities offered by the Geopark teams, and the information is thus more easily transmitted. Also, the prints allow us to illustrate concepts or information that is otherwise more difficult to explain. Finally, this technique allows us to put a fragile and previously inaccessible geoheritage within reach of everyone, which is an ideal window to make the public understand its value and richness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since their creation, geoparks have been among the fastest growing natural environments. Their attractiveness is one of the most important factors for the success of this natural destination. Despite their importance, a bibliometric analysis on geopark attractiveness is missing from the studied databases. The aim of this paper is to synthesise a heterogeneous body of knowledge of geoparks in terms of attractiveness, highlighting the evolution and breadth of the research field. To achieve this, the following objectives were set: (a) to adopt a method based on functions provided by the bibliometrix package to automatically combine databases, namely WoS, Scopus, PubMed and Dimensions, detailing the method used and (b) to analyse the bibliometric indicators in order to identify the trends in the literature and the possible directions for future research. The applied methodology was based on bibliometric analysis using R for non-coders. From the 707 documents retrieved, the validation process resulted in 349 eligible documents published between 2002 and 2024, on which the analysis was carried out. The current study elaborated a method and examined the key information on the topic trends, which were given by production performance, productivity trends, spatial analysis and abstract approach analysis. Additionally, strategic mapping of the conceptual context was performed. Thus, the result provides a description of the automatic method with practical applications. As discerned from the three-dimensional analysis (spatial, temporal and size), the emerging research directions within scientific creativity encompassed (1) forms of tourism practiced in geoparks, especially focused on ecotourism and volcanic tourism; (2) geomorphological features, mineral springs and mud volcanoes; (3) aesthetic aspects, scenic sites and mining heritage; and (4) methodology, data analysis and modelling methods across different regions and countries.

According to a significant part of experts in the legal protection of natural resources, the lack of adequate legal regulation of relations on the management and use of geoparks remains a pressing problem of modern Russian legislation. The lack of a unified legal mechanism for the implementation of economic activities, use and protection of complex geological heritage sites not only creates legal uncertainty (which is largely a practical problem), but also has a negative impact on the evolution of natural resource legislation. Purpose: to analyze modern scientific research and conceptual provisions on the concept, features, characteristics of geological objects, to formulate scientifically based conclusions and proposals for the legal regulation of relations on the management and use of geoparks. Methods: empirical, theoretical, specific scientific methods. Results: the study makes it possible to formulate proposals for the development of a normative legal act regulating relations in the field of legal protection, management and use of g eoparks.

This article elucidates the significance of collaboration between the Local Government (LG) and the Local Government Association (LGA) in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) implementation within Sawahlunto City Geopark, Indonesia that aims to explore the role of diverse stakeholders in shaping policy implementation in Indonesia, particularly in the context of Geopark tourism in Sawahlunto. The central issue at hand concerns how LGA can assist in surmounting challenges and bolstering Sawahlunto City's aspiration to elevate its status from a National Geopark to a UNESCO Global Geopark (UGG). This research employs theoretical frameworks and adopts a qualitative approach using the quadruple helix investigator model. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and the acquisition of information from primary and secondary sources, including Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMD), Geopark documentation, Project Documents, and more. The research findings underscore the pivotal role played by UCLG ASPAC, as an LGA, in collaborating with LG to optimize the involvement of other stakeholders in advancing RPJMD, particularly in the realm of tourism aligned with SDG 11.4. Furthermore, this collaboration is crucial for aiding LG in realizing its aspiration to attain UGG status. Additionally, it emphasizes the imperative for regional governments with geopark potential to develop their regional assets.

Menoreh Mountain area is an area with very high geological uniqueness. One of the statuses that is contextually determined is a geopark because it provides a framework for conservation, education, and sustainable local economic activities as its pillars that are relevant to the agenda of economic development. It is necessary to characterize the existing geotourism potential in Menoreh Mountain area. This research attempts to identify and develop this potential using spatial and regional complex approaches. Technically, the method used is the Modified Geosites Assessment Model (M-GAM) combined with Hot-Spot Analysis to obtain spatial and non-spatial geotourism potential clustering. Clustering is done using K-Means Cluster Analysis. The results show that the existing geosites, spatially formed a cluster and can be used to determine the theme of the tourism activity to strengthen the geopark pillars. The development of geopark is hindered by several constraints including the division of administration and the disparity of each administrative region's capability. In general, a strategy to tighten the stakeholder and optimize the research is required to initially strengthen the geopark's pilars. It is also important to build a linkage of the geodiversity with the biodiversity and cultural diversity to enhance the significance value of Menoreh Mountain.

While crowdsourcing applications that can support decision-making are increasing in volume, citizen science practice in Greece is in its early stages. The article presents the design of a BioBlitz that took place in the Ioannina Castle and aims to complement the natural and cultural heritage assessment of the specific site through the participation of 116 citizens and university students. The iNaturalist mobile application and online social network were used as basic tools for recording biodiversity and assisting in the identification process. Before the activity, participants received basic training through an open course in Science Education offered by the School of Early Childhood Education at the University of Ioannina. Additionally, participants completed pre-questionnaire of the Connectedness to Nature Scale (CNS). The results revealed that more than 26% of almost 1,000 observations received a Research Grade, while 207 species were recorded, engaging 191 identifiers. The analysis of both the pre-questionnaires and the post-questionnaires that were collected a week after the BioBlitz, showing a statistically significant positive shift in the levels of CNS. However, low intensity and small scale of the activity should be considered, and multiple interventions or long-time programs could supply more robust findings.

The Karangsambung-Karangbolong National Geopark, Kebumen, Indonesia, and its surrounding area contain numerous cultural sites. Such cultural sites are generally located not only for cultural reasons but also for geological conditions and geodiversity. We examine the relationships in space between these sites and the geology and geomorphology. There are 11 Megalithic era cultural sites, 12 Hindi - Buddist sites, 31 Islamic sites, and 83 colonial sites in the research area. We look at the geospatial distribution of the sites concerning seven geological criteria: lithology, elevation, slope, landscape, mining materials, distance from rivers and groundwater using an overlay process using Geographical Information System applications. The geospatial analysis of site distribution allowed us to find that the leading choice for site location was on alluvial deposits. Mining potential was not a significant correlation to site placement. Elevation (

Many studies have developed methods for assessing attractiveness, but the question is which one should be used to evaluate geopark designated areas? Therefore, the aim of this study is to find suitable criteria for assessing the attractiveness of a natural area such as a geopark in order to find the best quantifiable method as a methodological guide to evaluate attractiveness. The principle of the methodology takes into account three facts: the use of available attractiveness methods elaborated over time, the UNESCO Global Geoparks (UGGp) geopark requirements, and a certified geopark (Haţeg UNESCO Global Geopark was chosen as etalon—benchmark), then matching these together. To this end, the following specific objectives have been set: (i) an inventory of factors used to estimate attractiveness; (ii) through analysis, identifying the appropriate evaluation criteria for the field (a set for criteria's SMART parameter, which can be clearly expressed, quantitatively measurable, and achievable); and (iii) developing a methodological guideline for geopark attractiveness assessment. The methodology is based on an analytical thinking approach, builds on the experience of existing methods, and stands out by the attributes matched to the UGGp's evaluation criteria using the certified geopark as a benchmark. The result itself presents a method for assessing the attractiveness of geoparks. The outcome offers the attractiveness suitability for new geopark-designated areas as well as for existing geoparks aspiring to UNESCO certification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geoparks, as a modern product of geotourism and territorial management, currently represent a new way of protecting and preserving geoheritage, which is closely related to knowledge and education. They increase general awareness of the value of the Earth and, on the other hand, represent the support and development of the territory. The fulfillment of geopark goals, together with their purpose and activities, emphasizes the need for an effective management structure and function of the whole. This research aimed at clarifying the management issues of geoparks, and defined management areas derived from essential geopark functions. Based on determining management areas and their specifics, the task is to define a suitable management structure applicable in geoparks, representing a supporting link in creating plans and management methods. The task involves a multi-criteria decision-making method to define an appropriate management structure for the geopark. This method helped to define three key areas of management, such as marketing management, cooperation management and, last but not least, destination management. Of course, this does not mean that other areas of management are not important, as they represent an inseparable support structure in management. The usability of the results of this article can serve as support in the creation of management plans, and also indicates priorities in deciding which way to proceed in the management of geoparks as specific entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]