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Bulk analysis of renal allograft biopsies (rBx) identified RNA transcripts associated with acute cellular rejection (ACR); however, these lacked cellular context critical to mechanistic understanding. We performed combined single cell RNA transcriptomic and TCRα/β sequencing on rBx from patients with ACR under differing immunosuppression (IS): tacrolimus, iscalimab, and belatacept. TCR analysis revealed a highly restricted CD8+T cell clonal expansion (CD8EXP), independent of HLA mismatch or IS type. Subcloning of TCRα/β cDNAs from CD8EXPinto Jurkat76 cells (TCR-/-) conferred alloreactivity by mixed lymphocyte reaction. scRNAseq analysis of CD8EXPrevealed effector, memory, and exhausted phenotypes that were influenced by IS type. Successful anti-rejection treatment decreased, but did not eliminate, CD8EXP, while CD8EXPwere maintained during treatment-refractory rejection. Finally, most rBx-derived CD8EXPwere also observed in matching urine samples. Overall, our data define the clonal CD8+T cell response to ACR, providing novel insights to improve detection, assessment, and treatment of rejection.

In vivo animal bioassays are increasingly being supplemented with in vitro assays to serve as the new standard for chemical toxicity tests. Despite this shift, investigators face challenges related...

The high-strain-rate response of pure magnesium and AZ31B magnesium alloy is examined in compression and in a forced shear-loading top-hat configurations. Compression specimens loaded in the direction normal to the plane of the rolled plate (TT) display higher-strain-rate sensitivity than specimens that were loaded within the plane of the rolled plate (IP). This effect is more pronounced for pure magnesium as compared to the alloy, due to increased twinning in the IP direction as compared to the TT. Additionally, top-hat shear specimens loaded at high strain rates are observed to display stable deformation during loading, and the development of adiabatic shear bands is not observed. We hypothesize that this result is due to adiabatic heating during deformation, which enhanced the contribution of slip, lessened the role twinning, and possibly activated dynamic recrystallization processes, thus, preventing the formation of distinct shear bands.

The response of Viton B, a fluorinated tripolymer, to one dimensional shock loading has been investigated using manganin stress gauges as the diagnostic. These have been mounted such that they are sensitive to both the longitudinal and lateral components of stress. In the case of the longitudinal gauges, mounting at multiple locations within the target assembly also allows measurement of shock and release velocities as well. Results show that in terms of shock velocity and stress and shear strength, results from Viton B lie a little higher than the corresponding results for polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), but more similar to those of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF). However, in terms of the release velocity, the behaviour of Viton B is more akin to PTFE. We believe that there are two competing mechanisms at play; an electrostatic repulsion between chains due to the presence of electronegative fluorine atoms that acts against interchain interactions (hence the low shock and high release velocities) and interchain entanglement (tacticity) due to the presence of trifluoromethyl side groups on one of the monomer sub units. This will result in a greater shock velocity and increase in shear strength behind the shock front (when compared to PTFE) as adjacent polymer chains physically interact via entanglement. This should reduce the release velocity for similar reasons; however the release behaviour of Viton B and PTFE is similar. We thus suggest that the electrostatic repulsion between chains may be acting over a longer length scale than interchain entanglement.

The effect of heat-treatment and build orientation on martensitic phase transformation in additively manufactured (AM) 304L stainless steel is studied and compared with conventionally produced wrought material. The relationships between observed martensitic transformations and material microstructures and their effects on mechanical strength are established through experimental observations. In situ high-energy X-ray powder diffraction measurements were performed to monitor the evolution of ϵ and α′ martensite during compressive loading of stainless steel. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to provide insight on initial grain morphology, crystallographic misorientation within grains, and crystallographic texture. Heat treatment alters the microstructure of AM samples creating different initial conditions. This difference in starting microstructure resulted in variability in martensitic transformation during compressive deformation. The rate of martensitic transformation decreased for AM samples treated with temperatures up to 1100∘C, after which the AM microstructures recrystallized, resulting in increased rate of martensitic transformation for those samples treated at higher temperatures. It was also observed that aligning the axis of compression with the AM build direction resulted in a lower rate of strain-induced martensite formation as opposed to aligning the compression axis perpendicular to it. More favorable distribution of crystal orientations in the latter loading orientation promoted martensitic transformation. These and additional experimental observations from EBSD in terms of kernel average misorientation, mean grain orientation spread, and mean crystallite size reveal strong microstructural effects on strength of additively manufactured metallic materials.

An Introduction to the History of Architecture, Art & Design chronicles the times in which major works of architecture, art and design were created, and is compact with features and images of major artworks from each art and design period. From ancient monuments to whistling kettles, from Renaissance masters to graffiti artists, and from the Colosseum to the Beijing Bird’s Nest, this book presents facts in a clear and accessible way.

Outdoor air pollution is a known lung carcinogen, but research investigating the association between particulate matter (PM) and gastrointestinal (GI) cancers is limited.We sought to review the epidemiologic literature on outdoor PM and GI cancers and to put the body of studies into context regarding potential for bias and overall strength of evidence.We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies that evaluated the association of fine PM [PM with an aerodynamic diameter ofTwenty studies met inclusion criteria and included participants from 14 countries; nearly all were of cohort design. All studies identified positive associations between PM exposure and risk of at least one GI cancer, although in 3 studies these relationships were not statistically significant. Three of 5 studies estimated associations withWe concluded there is some evidence of associations between

A sample of 304L stainless steel manufactured by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) was characterized in 3D using TriBeam tomography. The crystallographic, structural, and chemical properties of the as-deposited microstructure have been studied in detail. 3D characterization reveals complex grain morphologies and large orientation gradients, in excess of 10∘, that are not easily interpreted from 2D cross-sections alone. Misorientations were calculated via a methodology that locates the initial location and orientation of grains that grow during the build process. For larger grains, misorientation increased along the direction of solidification. For grains with complex morphologies, K-means clustering in orientation space is demonstrated as a useful approach for determining the initial growth orientation. The gradients in misorientation directly tracked with gradients in chemistry predicted by a Scheil analysis. The accumulation of misorientation is linked to the solutal and thermal solidification path, offering potential design pathways for novel alloys more suited for additive manufacturing.

Combined in-situ neutron diffraction measurements during post-processing heat treatment and thermo-mechanical crystal plasticity finite element (CPFE) simulations were utilized to study the residual phase stress development in the two-phase microstructure of an additively manufactured (AM) 304L stainless steel. The steel, fabricated via the laser engineering net shaping technique, has a microstructure comprising primarily of the austenite phase, with ∼ 2.5% ferrite phase by volume fraction. The post-build material was heated to greater than 1300 K and neutron diffraction data was recorded during heating and cooling. Specifically, the evolution of lattice strains in the individual phases were measured with temperature and the corresponding coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs) calculated. The dislocation densities, phase fractions and textures, before and after heat treatment, were also measured. CPFE simulations were performed to study the interplay of the stress-free thermal strains and the mechanical strains in inducing inter-granular residual stresses in individual phases. The simulations confirmed the presence of process induced inter-granular residual stress primarily in the ferrite phase of the as-built AM material. Comparison of the relevant simulation data with experiments indicate that model predictions of the lattice strains and CTEs in both phases, as well as the inter-granular residual phase stress and pressure in the ferrite phase are in qualitative agreement with the experimental measurements and calculations.

Phosphorus-carbon spin-spin coupling constants in a series of salient heterocyclic phosphines were calculated at the SOPPA(MP2) level including evaluation of relativistic and solvent effects. A number of the locally dense basis set schemes were thoroughly investigated in terms of their accuracy versus computational demands. The most effective computational scheme was tested in a benchmark series to provide a very good correlation between 2JPC calculated at the SOPPA(MP2) level and experiment. A marked dihedral angle dependence of 2JPC was demonstrated, and this could be used in stereochemical studies of a wide series of organophosphorus compounds based on the phosphorus-carbon coupling constants.

Three 316L stainless steel materials are studied and reported upon; wrought, as-built additively manufactured (AM), and heat-treated AM material. The AM material was produced from the laser engineered net shaping (LENS) process. Macroscopic uniaxial compression stress-strain curves were obtained for all three materials. The curves were similar for the wrought and heat-treated AM materials but the as-built AM material demonstrated approximately 1.7 times greater flow stress at any given level of strain than the other two materials. Electron-backscatter diffraction analysis of the materials also showed that the microstructures of the three materials differed; with complex grain morphology for the as-built AM material. The mean grain size of each of the three materials also differed. The initial dislocation density was also measured with neutron diffraction and line-profile analysis for both wrought and as-built AM materials with the density in the AM material approximately 2.5 times greater. A single crystal model was proposed to represent the essential features of the three FCC materials accounting for dislocation interactions and representation of grain size via a simple Hall-Petch type term. The strength of this term is evaluated through independent experimental results on traditionally manufactured materials. The model was applied to each of the three materials by simulation of the uniaxial compression experiments by direct numerical simulation of electron-backscatter diffraction images. This allowed for representation of the size of each grain in the simulations. The results suggest that the difference in initial dislocation density of the three materials is the primary factor causing the difference in stress-strain response. Although the differences in grain size contribute to a higher stress for the as-built AM material, the effect is small. Other factors such as internal stress and grain morphology could play a role in mechanical behavior difference and these two factors are also discussed.

Professor John Edwin Field passed away on October 21st, 2020 at the age of 84. Professor Field was widely regarded as a leader in high-strain rate physics and explosives. During his career in the Physics and Chemistry of Solids (PCS) Group of the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge University, John made major contributions into our understanding of friction and erosion, brittle fracture, explosives, impact and high strain-rate effects in solids, impact in liquids, and shock physics. The contributions made by the PCS group are recognized globally and the impact of John’s work is a lasting addition to our knowledge of the dynamic effects in materials. John graduated 84 Ph.D. students and collaborated broadly in the field. Many who knew him attribute their success to the excellent grounding in research and teaching they received from John Field.

In this article, we discuss four vexing problems in risk-based decision making that John Evans has addressed over the last nearly 40 years and has perennially challenged the two of us and others to think about. We tackle the role in decision making of potential thresholds in dose-response functions, how the lack of health reference values for many chemicals may distort risk management, the challenge of model uncertainty for risk characterization, and the yet-untapped potential for value-of-information analysis to enhance public health decision making. Our theme is that work remains to be done on each of these, but that some of that work would merely involve listening to ideas that John has already offered.

It is well known that spall failure strongly depends on the microstructure of a material. There have been numerous studies to study the effect of grain size on the overall spall strength and the total amount of damage in single element metals like copper. However, such systematic studies remain rare in two-phase materials and alloys. In this work, two incipient spall experiments were performed on a Cu–1%Pb alloy to understand the effect of grain size on the damage and failure in a two-phase material. Overall, these results showed that even though the spall strength did not change as a function of grain size, there were significant differences in the total amount of damage as a function of grain size. A clear increase in the total damage present in the material was seen as the grain size was increased from 32 to either 70 or 75 μm in either of the experiments. This difference was attributed to variations in the void growth rate as the grain size was increased.

Grain boundaries play an important role in the overall mechanical performance of metals and alloys; however, isolating the effects of individual grain boundaries remains rather challenging experimentally. In this work, wire-feed, electron beam additively manufactured tantalum is studied under shock loading conditions generating incipient spall damage. Three grain boundaries aligned parallel to the shock direction were isolated inside a single sample. Postmortem metallography showed voids preferentially appeared on two of the three grain boundaries which had high misorientation angles > 30° compared to the third grain boundary with a relatively lower misorientation angle

It is generally recognized that single crystals exhibit orientation-dependent elastic and plastic responses. However, it is less known how the dynamic tensile, or spall, strength depends on crystalline orientation, especially for BCC materials. It has been previously shown that the dynamic tensile strength of FCC materials is highly dependent on their plastic response under compression, with a direct correlation between plastic deformation and spall strength. In BCC materials like Ta, where the primary deformation mechanism at high strain rates is a combination of slip and twinning, the quantitative dependence of spall strength on these deformation mechanisms is less understood. To fill this gap in our knowledge, a series of non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations are completed for six tantalum single crystal orientations: , , , , , , to explore the role of directional anisotropy on ductile spallation. Our results show that due to the role of non-Schmid and release effects in BCC Ta, the evolution of plasticity follows a complex trajectory through shock compression, release, and tension. Orientations that contain residual twinning deformation have a reduced spall strength proportional to the amount of twinning present. Twins and their intersections function as regions of increased stress localization within the system due to compatibility requirements and their interactions with dislocations.

A series of measurements were designed to gain confidence in the interpretation of the peak breadth in diffraction patterns collected from additively manufactured material, which has a novel microstructure in comparison to the well understood microstructure of wrought materials. Stainless steels made with two additive manufacturing techniques were compared to wrought material. Similar patterns observed in the scattering vector dependence for additively manufactured and deformed wrought materials suggested that the broadening in both materials was related to dislocations. This was confirmed by heat-treatment, during which both materials exhibited recovery due to the annealing of dislocations at the same temperature.

Additively manufacturing tantalum is a challenging process in which obstacles are stemming from the high melting temperature and susceptibility to oxidation of tantalum. Several combinations of deposition parameters were considered in an effort to obtain fully dense additively manufactured tantalum produced on an EOSINT M280 DMLS system. Deposition parameters significantly affect the resulting microstructure of additively manufactured tantalum, altering grain morphology, grain size, crystallographic preferred orientation, and deposition porosity. Due to the nature of the laser sintering process applied, which implies large directional temperature gradients, the resulting microstructures were strongly columnar along the building direction. Microstructural differences for different deposition conditions manifested themselves in both grain morphology and preferred crystal orientations in the columnar grains. Deposition speed and laser power were important parameters to consider for obtaining porosity-free material. Stripe width had the most significant effect on grain growth.

Here we seek to probe and understand the mechanical behavior of grain boundaries in pure Ta as a model bcc material using micropillar compression experiments. Three high angle grain boundaries are chosen with varying crystal orientations. Multiple bi-crystal pillars are prepared containing a single, nearly vertical grain boundary in the approximate center of the pillar and compared against their single crystalline pillar counterparts. The main phenomenon of interest was slip transmission or strain transfer in the bi-crystals which was considered to occur when slip traces aligned across the grain boundary. This occurred in two of the three bi-crystals. These observations were compared against two slip transmission factors, m ' = cos ( ψ ) cos ( κ ) and L R B = cos ( θ ) cos ( κ ) , where ψ , θ , a n d κ are the angles between the slip vectors, slip plane normals, and the intersection of the slip planes with the grain boundary from the slip systems on either side of the grain boundary. Additionally, transmission was compared against the stress-strain response and overall deformation (i.e., sheared boundary) of the bi-crystal. The transmission factors exhibited a consistent behavior with slip transmission occurring for high transmission factors and not occurring for low transmission factors. For example, slip transmission occurred for m ' ≥ 0.85 and did not occur for m ' ≤ 0.46. The engineering stress-strain response and overall deformation behavior did not show correlations with the presence or absence of slip transmission. High angle boundaries in bcc metals are shown to represent a diverse set of responses in bi-crystalline micropillar compression experiments.

The nature of dislocation generation as a function of applied plastic strain in quasi-statically compressed polycrystalline pure nickel has been studied experimentally at ambient temperature. First, to ensure representative datasets of the geometrically-necessary dislocation densities (ρGND) associated with non-uniform plastic deformation, measurements over large (several millimeter square) areas were made using Hough-based EBSD methods. In addition, the total dislocation density (ρT) responsible for the overall work hardening is estimated from the measured flow stress based on Taylor's hardening model. Next, the statistically stored dislocation (SSD) density (ρSSD) is calculated by subtracting the GND density from the total dislocation density. The results demonstrate that in quasi-statically deformed nickel: i) the measured GND density varies linearly as a function of plastic strain in the range between 0.05 and 0.46; although Ashby's model predicts linearity for GND density evolution over entire range of strains, this study does not cover strains below 0.05; ii) the SSD density increases at a rate much faster than GND density; and iii) the SSD density exceeds the GND density at above 0.09 plastic strain. Both i) and ii) are in agreement with Ashby's prediction, while the magnitudes of GND density (iii) differ from Ashby's model prediction, particularly at large applied strains. Overall, this study enables the interplay of GNDs and SSDs in the hardening of nickel to be gleaned in a quantitative sense. This study illustrates that GNDs are the more important for the strength of polycrystalline metals in the early stages of work hardening, whereas SSDs contribute more to the strength at larger strains. Over the range of strain in this study, work hardening is predominantly through rapid multiplication of SSDs; whereas the GND density is initially higher than SSD density at 0.05 probably due to non-linear evolution of GNDs at low strains (

Recent work in both 304L and 316L stainless steel produced by additive manufacturing (AM) has shown that in addition to the unique, characteristic microstructures formed during the process, a fine dispersion of sub-micron particles, with a chemistry different from either the powder feedstock or the expected final material, are evident in the final microstructure. Such fine-scale features can only be resolved using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or similar techniques. The present work uses electron microscopy to study both the initial powder feedstock and microstructures in final AM parts. Special attention is paid to the chemistry and origin of these nanoscale particles in several different metal alloys, and their impact on the final build. Comparisons to traditional, wrought material will be made.

Several decades after the mechanics of quantitative uncertainty analysis (QUA) for risk assessment and regulatory cost analysis were developed and refined, QUA still rarely reaches the minds of decision-makers. The most common justification for this situation is that “decision-makers want a number, not a set of statistical distributions.” This may be an accurate assessment of their druthers, but one obvious though perhaps impractical retort is to say that if decision-makers insist on misleading point estimates, then we need new and better decision-makers. This article offers a way out of this dilemma. Decision-makers do not have to understand (or even receive) all the information contained in a complete QUA, but they do have to drive the QUA. They need to instruct analysts how to approach the phenomena they analyze (parameter uncertainty, model uncertainty, interindividual variability, offsetting and second-order effects, and the monetary value of future uncertainty reductions), they need to insist that uncertainties in cost be treated a priori as exactly as important as uncertainties in risk, and—even more importantly—they need to instruct analysts which estimator(s) to seek, report, and explain. Here we offer 10 detailed principles to guide decision-makers into a new relationship with risk and cost analysts—10 observations about how “eyes wide open” point estimates can vastly outperform point estimates handed to the decision-maker without context, justification, or honesty about the value judgments they impose upon the decision. A decision-maker who explains “I chose Option A because its benefits of 2.345 exceed its costs of 1.234” can be replaced by a dollar-store calculator. We need decision-makers who can say “I chose Option A because the spectrum of benefits it likely offers, to these citizens, considering the range of costs it likely imposes, makes it a superior choice to any other.” QUA, performed carefully and following clear policy instructions, can empower decision-makers to earn their influential roles.

Rodent species are commonly used in traditional toxicology testing guidelines to predict human health toxicity outcomes. The use of a consistent species in test guidelines is important for maintaining consistency and comparability between tests and testing guidelines. This recommendation was operationalized for this study as the implicit assumption of uniform species and species-sex sensitivities. This investigation analyzed the uniformity assumption using data from National Toxicology Program Technical Reports (and where applicable Toxicity Reports), which provide data from both short-term and chronic rodent toxicity tests. These data were extracted and modeled using the Environmental Protection Agency's Benchmark Dose Software. Minimum best-fit benchmark doses (BMD) and benchmark dose lower limits (BMDL) were determined and a minimum best-fit BMD10 and BMDL10 estimated for every chemical and study duration. Endpoints of interest included non-neoplastic lesions, final mean body weights, and mean organ weights. The distribution of findings was then assessed to determine the most sensitive species and species-sex combinations associated with the minimum best-fit BMDL10. Data indicated that species and species-sex sensitivity for this group of chemicals is not uniform and that rats are significantly more sensitive than mice for non-cancerous outcomes observed, depending upon study duration. There are also indications that male rats may be more sensitive than other species-sex groups in certain situations.

Determination of the large-strain shear response of materials is important for an improved understanding of shear driven failure mechanisms as well as constitutive modeling efforts. While many shear specimen designs have been proposed in the literature, few systematic studies have examined the effects of varying sample geometry on the homogeneity of the resultant stress state and strain path. Here we propose modifications to the compact forced simple shear specimen of Gray et al. (2016), and use both digital image correlation and finite element analysis to determine the effect of specimen geometry on simple shear deformation at quasi-static rates in high purity wrought tantalum. For the specimens considered here, where a notch is used to create the shear zone, it is found that a notch inclination angle of 45 degrees provides a substantial improvement in the deformation behavior compared to a horizontally oriented notch. A parametric study of notch inclination angle is conducted using FEA simulation.

Predicting the failure of crystalline materials at high strain rates requires knowledge of the underlying failure mechanisms and their dependence on microstructure. In this study, a 3D-EBSD characterization experiment is performed on high-purity tantalum prior to and after partial spallation by plate impact, which allows for the statistical assessment of the microstructural neighborhoods surrounding incipient voids. In analyzing the resulting dataset containing 5884 grains and 467 voids, it is observed that the voids were roughly spherical and consistent in size throughout the spalled material. The voids are most likely to reside at quadruple points, at triple junctions, at grain boundaries, and within grains, in decreasing order of prevalence. Moreover, voids tend to form at grain boundaries with high degrees of plastic incompatibility, growing into the plastically soft grain but orienting primarily with or perpendicular to the loading direction. The statistics from these analyses of 3D microstructural data support dynamic cavitation models for ductile spallation.

This study investigated whether, in the absence of chronic noncancer toxicity data, short-term noncancer toxicity data can be used to predict chronic toxicity effect levels by focusing on the dose-response relationship instead of a critical effect. Data from National Toxicology Program (NTP) technical reports have been extracted and modeled using the Environmental Protection Agency's Benchmark Dose Software. Best-fit, minimum benchmark dose (BMD), and benchmark dose lower limits (BMDLs) have been modeled for all NTP pathologist identified significant nonneoplastic lesions, final mean body weight, and mean organ weight of 41 chemicals tested by NTP between 2000 and 2012. Models were then developed at the chemical level using orthogonal regression techniques to predict chronic (two years) noncancer health effect levels using the results of the short-term (three months) toxicity data. The findings indicate that short-term animal studies may reasonably provide a quantitative estimate of a chronic BMD or BMDL. This can allow for faster development of human health toxicity values for risk assessment for chemicals that lack chronic toxicity data.

For additive manufacturing (AM) of metallic materials, the certification and qualification paradigm needs to evolve as there is currently no broadly accepted “ASTM- or DIN-type” additive manufacturing certification process or AM-produced material specifications. Accordingly, design, manufacture, and subsequent implementation and insertion of AM materials to meet engineering applications requires detailed quantification of the constitutive (strength and damage) properties of these evolving materials, across the spectrum of metallic AM methods, in comparison/contrast to conventionally-manufactured metals and alloys. For this study, cylindrical samples of 316L SS were produced using a LENS MR-7 laser additive manufacturing system from Optomec (Albuquerque, NM) equipped with a 1 kW Yb-fiber laser. The microstructure of the AM-316L SS was characterized in both the “as-built” AM state and following a heat-treatment designed to obtain full recrystallization to facilitate comparison with annealed wrought 316L SS. The constitutive behavior as a function of strain rate and temperature was characterized and is compared to that of annealed wrought 316L SS plate material. The dynamic shock-loading-induced damage evolution and failure response of all three 316L SS materials was quantified using flyer-plate impact driven spallation experiments at peak stresses of 4.7 and 6.5 GPa. The spall strength of AM-produced 316L SS and the recrystallized-AM-316L SS were found to decrease with increasing peak shock stress while the annealed wrought 316L SS spall strength remained essentially constant. The damage evolution, characterized using optical metallography and electron-backscatter diffraction (EBSD), was found to vary significantly across the three 316L SS microstructures while the three samples loaded to a peak shock stress of 6.5 GPa displayed only ∼12% differences in spall strength.

The influence of microstructural anisotropy on shear response of high-purity titanium was studied using the compact forced-simple-shear specimen (CFSS) loaded under quasi-static loading conditions. Post-mortem characterization reveals significant difference in shear response of different directions in the same material due to material crystallographic texture anisotropy. Shear bands are narrower in specimens in which the shear zone is aligned along the direction with a strong {0001} basal texture. Twinning was identified as an active mechanism to accommodate strains in the shear region in both orientations. This study confirms the applicability of the CFSS design for the investigation of differences in the shear response of materials as a function of process-induced crystallographic texture. A detailed, systematic approach to quantifying shear band evolution by evaluating geometrically necessary dislocations (GND) associated with crystallographic anisotropy is presented. The results show that: i) line average GND density profiles, for Ti samples that possess a uniform equiaxed-grain structure, but with strong crystallographic anisotropy, exhibit significant differences in GND density close to the shear band center; ii) GND profiles decrease steadily away from the shear band as the plastic strain diminishes, in agreement with Ashby's theory of work hardening, where the higher GND density in the through-thickness (TT) orientation is a result of restricted type slip in the shear band compared with in-plane (IP) samples; iii) the anisotropy in deformation response is derived from initial crystallographic texture of the materials, where GND density of GNDs are higher adjacent to the shear band in the through-thickness sample oriented away from easy slip, but the density of type GNDs are very similar in these two samples; and iv) the increase in grain average GND density was determined to have strong correlation to an increase in the Euler Φ angle of the grain average orientation, indicating an increased misorientation angle evolution.