Search

Σκοπὀς: Σκοπὀς της διατριβής ήταν να διερευνήσει μεθοδολογικά ερωτήματα αναφορικά με τα δίκτυα θεραπειών, ειδικά στο πεδίο της ογκολογίας. Η διερεύνηση πραγματοποιήθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας ως μοντέλο τον μικροκυτταρικό καρκίνο του πνεύμονα (SCLC), όπου η θεραπεία εκλογής είναι ο συνδιασμός Cisplatin με Etoposide (EP).Μέθοδος: Πραγματοποιήσαμε συστηματική ανασκόπηση στις βάσεις δεδομένων PubMed, EMBASE και Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials προκειμένου να εντοπίσουμε τυχαιοποιημένες κλινικές μελέτες (RCT) που συνέκριναν θεραπείες για SCLC. Η σχετική αποτελεσματικότητα των θεραπειών ως προσ τον συνδιασμό Cisplatin με Etoposide (θεραπεία αναφοράς) πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη ανάλυση δικτύου θεραπειών με διάφορες στατιστικές μεθόδους (Bayesian και frequentist).Αποτελέσματα: Επιλέχθηκαν 71 άρθρα, που περιέγραφαν συνολικά 91 διαφορετικές θεραπείες., και συμπεριέλαβαν 16,026 ασθενεί. Η ανάλυση (direct) με Frequentist μεθόδους ανέδειξαν τον συνδιασμό Cisplatin και Cyclophosphamide και Etoposide και Epirubicin ως καλύτερο συγκριτικά με τον συνδιασμό EP ως προς την αποτελεσματικότητα (ORR outcome), αλλά μχειρότερο ως προς τις ανεπιθύμητες ενέργειες. Η indirect ανάλυση ανέδειξε τον συνδιασμό Cisplatin και Doxorubicin και Etoposide (και Vincrisitine) sως καλύτερο συγκριτικά με τον συνδιασμό EP ως προς την αποτελεσματικότητα. Η Bayesian ανάλυση ανέδειξε ο συνδιασμός carboplatin ή cisplatin με etoposide και με αυξητικό παράγοντα (GCSF) παρέχει υψηλότερη πιθανότητα να επιτευχθεί ORR συγκριτικά με τις άλλεσ θεραπείες.Συμπεράσμα: Τα συμπεράσματα αυτής της ανάλυσης θα πρέπει να ληφθούν υπόψη με προσοχή καθώς στο δικτυο θεραπειών κυριάρχησαν οι indirect συγκρίσεις. Οι αναλύσεις με Bayesian και frequentist μεθόδους θα πρέπει να λειτουργούν συμπληρωματικά κατά την αξιολόγηση θεραπειών.

Background Peginterferon alfa-2a induces durable responses in some hepatitis B e antigen-negative patients, but robust pretreatment predictors are not available to identify likely responders. In this study we aimed to develop genotype-specific baseline scoring systems to predict response. Methods Data from 323 hepatitis B e antigen-negative peginterferon alfa-2a recipients from three studies were analyzed. Scoring systems were developed using generalized additive models and multiple logistic regression analysis. Response was defined as hepatitis B virus DNA

BACKGROUND Peginterferon induces off-treatment responses in approximately one-third of patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic hepatitis B. AIM To develop an easy-to-use baseline prediction score to identify hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype B-/C-infected HBeAg-positive Asian patients likely to respond to peginterferon alfa-2a. METHODS Generalised additive models, multiple logistic regression (MLR) analysis and internal validation methods were applied to data from 647 HBeAg-positive patients from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan to develop a scoring system to predict response 24 weeks after completing a 48-week course of peginterferon alfa-2a. RESULTS Five baseline factors (age, sex, alanine aminotransferase ratio, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) level and HBV DNA level) were retained in the final MLR for HBeAg seroconversion and used to develop a scoring system from 0 to 7. Among patients with scores of 0-1, 2-3, 4 or ≥5, HBeAg seroconversion was achieved in 6.4% (6/94), 23.0% (61/265), 36.4% (67/184) and 54.8% (57/104), respectively, and a combined response (HBeAg seroconversion plus HBV DNA

Background and aims Sustained off-treatment immune control is achievable in a proportion of patients with chronic hepatitis B treated with peginterferon alfa-2a. We evaluated on-treatment predictors of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) clearance 3 years after peginterferon alfa-2a treatment and determined the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods A prospective, international, multicenter, observational study in patients with chronic hepatitis B who have been prescribed peginterferon alfa-2a (40KD) in a real-world setting. The primary endpoint was HBsAg clearance after 3 years' follow-up. Results The modified intention-to-treat population comprised 844 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)positive patients (540 [64%] completed 3 years' follow-up), and 872 HBeAg-negative patients (614 [70%] completed 3 years' follow-up). At 3 years' follow-up, HBsAg clearance rates in HBeAg-positive and HBeAg-negative populations, respectively, were 2% (16/844) and 5% (41/872) in the modified intention-to-treat population and 5% [16/328] and 10% [41/ 394] in those with available data. In HBeAg-positive patients with data, Week 12 HBsAg levels 20,000 IU/mL were associated with HBsAg clearance rates at 3 years' follow-up of 11%, 1%, and 5%, respectively (Week 24 predictability was similar). In HBeAg-negative patients with available data, a ≥10% decline vs a

The first anticancer biosimilars have entered clinical use, with many others under clinical development. Like all biologics, biosimilars may elicit unwanted immune responses that can significantly impact clinical efficacy and safety. Head-to-head immunogenicity assessment of biosimilars and their reference biologics should, therefore, be a critical component of a biosimilar's clinical development program. Various bioanalytical platforms may be used to detect and characterize immune responses, each having relative strengths and weaknesses. To fully recognize the clinical relevance of such data, regulators must be able to interpret immunogenicity results in an assay-specific context as well as in perspective of clinical pharmacology, efficacy and safety. Herein, we discuss current challenges imposed by global regulatory requirements for immunogenicity assessment of biosimilars.

Purpose In observational studies of patients switched from stable treatment with an originator monoclonal antibody (mAb) to a biosimilar, higher rates of biosimilar discontinuation versus those observed in blinded switching studies have been reported. Because this observation relates to the real-world setting, it has been suggested that switching outside of clinical trials may be associated with nocebo effects. However, real-world data on drug discontinuation and nocebo effects after switching to mAb biosimilars remain limited. This systematic review collated information from switching studies regarding discontinuation rates of biosimilar mAbs and investigated the subjectivity of reasons for discontinuation to determine the impact of potential nocebo responses. Methods MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and abstract databases of selected congresses were screened for reports of mAb switching studies with a minimum post-switch follow-up ≥6 months and accessible information on discontinuation rates. Findings A total of 14 observational studies were included, all of which involved a switch to CT-P13. Ten interventional studies involving a switch to other biosimilar mAbs were excluded from the analysis because nocebo effects relate to the observational setting only. Eleven studies (78.6%) reported biosimilar discontinuation rates that were higher than expected based on data pertaining to long-term use of the originator infliximab and clinical trials involving a switch to CT-P13 (>10% per year; range, 12.2%–28.2%). Eight studies attributed a proportion of discontinuations to subjective disease worsening or subjective adverse events. Subjective adverse event reports were identified in 7 of the observational studies. Implications Discontinuation rates of biosimilar mAbs may increase due to subjective effects after switching from an originator mAb. These findings highlight the need for further patient education and well-designed, observational switching studies as well as the collection and analysis of identifiable pharmacovigilance and postmarketing data of biologics, including biosimilars. The collection of real-world results is particularly pertinent for mAbs other than CT-P13, for which there is currently a lack of observational switching data.

Background In the large randomised NEPTUNE study, peginterferon alfa-2a 180 μg/wk for 48 weeks produced higher hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) seroconversion rates 24 weeks post-treatment (36%) than a lower dose (90 μg/wk) and/or shorter duration (24 weeks) (range 14%-26%). Aim To determine seroconversion rates 5 years after completion of treatment in NEPTUNE. Methods HBeAg-positive patients who completed 24 weeks' follow-up in NEPTUNE (with peginterferon alfa-2a 90 μg/wk × 24 weeks [group 1]; 180 μg/wk × 24 weeks [2]; 90 μg/wk × 48 weeks [3] or 180 μg/wk × 48 weeks [4]) were followed up. Results Three hundred and eighty three of the 544 patients in the original study were enrolled in the long-term follow-up study. Many patients (196 overall; more in groups 1-3 than 4) received nucleos(t)ide analogues or immunomodulators during follow-up, and more patients had missing data at year 5 in groups 2 and 4 (48 weeks, 50/112) than in groups 1 and 3 (24 weeks, 23/103), which confounds the planned per-protocol analysis. HBeAg seroconversion rates in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 at year 5 were 47.5%, 50.7%, 52.2% and 67.1%, respectively, (odds ratio for group 4 versus 1-3: 2.02; 95% CI 1.21, 3.38), using multiple imputation methods for missing measurements. Conclusion Seroconversion rates are durable for up to 5 years after completion of peginterferon alfa-2a therapy and, consistent with NEPTUNE, the results suggest that the licensed regimen (180 μg × 48 weeks) is more efficacious for HBeAg-positive patients than a lower dose and/or shorter treatment duration.

Background and purpose Contradictory data exist on the association between host interleukin-28B (IL28B) rs12979860 genotype and liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC). This large, international, observational study (NCT01675427/MV25600) investigated relationships between IL28B rs12979860 genotype and liver fibrosis stage in CHC patients. Methods A total of 3003 adult, treatment-naive CHC patients were enrolled into the study. Patients made one study visit to provide a blood sample for genotyping; other data were obtained from medical records. Results 2916 patients comprised the analysis population; the majority were enrolled in Europe (n = 2119), were Caucasian (n = 2582) and had hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype (G)1 infection (n = 1702) (G2 = 323, G3 = 574, G4 = 260). Distribution of IL28B genotypes varied according to region of enrolment, patient ethnicity and HCV genotype. A significant association was observed between increasing number of IL28B T alleles and the prevalence of cirrhosis/transition to cirrhosis (based on biopsy or non-invasive assessments) in G1-infected patients (CC = 22.2% [111/499], CT = 27.5% [255/928], TT = 32.3% [87/269]; p = 0.0018). The association was significant in the large subgroup of European Caucasian G1 patients (n = 1245) but not in the smaller Asian (n = 25), Latin American (n = 137) or Middle Eastern (n = 289) G1 subgroups. IL28B genotype was not associated with liver fibrosis stage in patients with HCV G2, G3 or G4 infection. Conclusion This large, international study found that IL28B rs12979860 genotype is significantly associated with liver fibrosis stage in CHC patients with HCV G1 infection. This association was evident in European Caucasians but not in G1-infected patients from Asia, Latin America or the Middle East. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3663-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

[Background] Access to direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) is restricted in some settings; thus, the European Association for the Study of the Liver recommends dual peginterferon/ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) therapy wherever DAAs are unavailable. HCV genotype (GT) 3 infection is now the most difficult genotype to eradicate and PegIFN/RBV remains an effective option. The goal of this study was to devise a simple predictive score to identify GT3 patients with a high probability of achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR) with PegIFN alfa-2a/RBV therapy., [Methods] Relationships between baseline characteristics and SVR were explored by multiple logistic regression models and used to develop a simple scoring system to predict SVR using data from 1239 treatment-naive GT3 patients who received PegIFN alfa-2a/RBV for 24 weeks in two large observational cohort studies., [Results] The score was validated using a database of 473 patients. Scores were assigned for six factors as follows: age (years) (≤40: 2 points; >40 but ≤55: 1); bodyweight (kg) (200: 2; ≥100 but, [Conclusions] A simple baseline scoring system involving age, bodyweight, cirrhosis status, ALT level, platelet count and HCV RNA level can be used to identify treatment-naive Caucasian patients with HCV GT3 infection with a high probability of SVR with PegIFN alfa-2a/RBV therapy., These studies were funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. F. Hoffmann-La Roche participated in the design and conduct of the study, in the analysis and interpretation of the data, and in the preparation and review of the manuscript before submission. Third-party medical writing assistance, provided by Blair Jarvis MSc, ELS, of Health Interactions, but not editorial content development sufficient to meet International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) authorship criteria, was provided by Health Interactions and funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd provided support in the form of salaries for authors [GB]. PROMETRIS GmbH is the clinical research organization contracted by F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd to provide data management and statistical services.

The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene has been proposed as a candidate gene for breast cancer (BC). However, the specific role of MTHFR polymorphisms and haplotypes has not been fully clarified and replicated. We examined the association of two common MTHFR polymorphisms (C677T and A1298C) and their haplotypes in a candidate-gene association study, involving 300 female patients with BC and 283 healthy women. The single locus analysis for the two polymorphisms revealed an association only for the C677T polymorphism [odds ratio (95% confidence interval), OR=2.05 (1.21-3.48)], but adjustment for age diminished this association [OR=1.76 (0.92-3.42)]. The menopausal status showed no significant effect in the association between the MTHFR polymorphisms and BC. The analysis of haplotypes showed an association for the C677-A1298 haplotypes (p=0.04). The available evidence from our study may support a contributory role of MTHFR polymorphisms in BC development. Future larger studies may help in elucidating the genetics of BC further.

Introduction Boceprevir was not previously studied with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin in phase III trials in treatment-naïve chronic hepatitis C patients. The international phase IIIb/IV TriCo study was, therefore, designed to evaluate boceprevir in combination with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin in treatment-naïve genotype 1 patients. Methods A total of 165 treatment-naïve genotype 1 patients were assigned to boceprevir plus peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin therapy according to the label. All patients received a 4-week lead-in with peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin, after which boceprevir (2400 mg/day) was introduced. The total duration of treatment ranged from 28 to 48 weeks depending on the virological response at Weeks 4, 8, and 24, and on fibrosis status. The primary efficacy outcome was sustained virological response (SVR) [undetectable hepatitis C virus (HCV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) 12 weeks after actual end of treatment, SVR12]. Results The overall SVR12 rate was 81% (133/165, 95% confidence interval 74–86%). After 8 weeks of treatment, 61% of patients had undetectable HCV RNA, and 78 patients (47%) had an early response (undetectable HCV RNA at Weeks 8 and 24) and were eligible to stop all therapy at Week 28. Among early responders the SVR12 rate was 95% (74/78), and among patients with cirrhosis assigned to 48 weeks’ treatment, the SVR12 rate was 67% (14/21). The overall relapse rate was 7% (10/143), and was 4% (3/77) among early responders. The most common adverse events were anemia (41%), neutropenia (32%), and dysgeusia (31%). Conclusion High SVR12 rates can be achieved with boceprevir plus peginterferon alfa-2a/ribavirin in treatment-naïve HCV genotype 1 patients, including patients with well-compensated cirrhosis. Treatment is well tolerated when label restrictions are taken into account. Trial Registration Number ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01591460. Funding F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s40121-016-0110-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Background The scientific evidence of a beneficial effect of ALS in pre-hospital treatment in trauma patients or patients with any acute illness is scarce. The objective of this systematic review of controlled studies was to examine whether ALS, as opposed to BLS, increases patient survival in pre-hospital treatment and if so, to identify the patient groups that gain benefit. Methods A systematic review of studies published in the databases Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Scopus up to July 31st, 2010. Controlled studies comparing survival after the pre-hospital ALS treatment versus BLS treatment in trauma patients or patients with cardiac arrest were included. Results We identified 1081 studies of which 18 met our inclusion criteria. In nine of 18 studies including 16,857 trauma patients in the intervention group, ALS care did not increase survival compared to BLS treatment (pooled OR 0.892, 95% CI, 0.775–1.026). In nine of 18 studies including 7659 patients with cardiac arrest in the intervention group, ALS care increased survival compared to BLS treatment (OR 1.468, 95% CI, 1.257–1.715). Most subgroup analyses revealed no significant interactions, but data from six trials, where ALS was provided by physicians, increases the probability of survival at hospital discharge even more (OR 2.047, 95% CI 1.593–2.631). Conclusion Implementation of ALS care to non-traumatic cardiac arrest patients can increase survival and further research is unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of the effect. On the contrary, in trauma patients our meta-analysis revealed that ALS care is not associated with increased survival. However, only few controlled studies of sufficient quality and strength examining survival with pre-hospital ALS treatment exist.

Purpose With the introduction of biosimilars of anticancer monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in oncology, physicians are potentially confronted with the question whether it is clinically adequate to switch patients who are clinically stable on treatment with the reference product to a newly available biosimilar (or vice versa/from 1 biosimilar to another). For a proper impact assessment of switching, robust, product-specific, and clinically relevant evidence should be required, ideally including data from appropriately designed switching studies. In this article, we assess the current body of switching data available for approved or proposed biosimilars of anticancer mAbs. Methods PubMed was systematically searched and ClinicalTrials.gov and abstract databases of selected congresses were hand-searched to identify all switching studies including biosimilars of anticancer mAbs. Findings We identified 8 switching studies with biosimilars of rituximab (CT-P10, GP2013, PF-05280586, and BCD-020) and trastuzumab (ABP 980). Two were performed in oncology indications and the other 6 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Key elements of a well-designed switching study, such as randomization and blinding, were contained in several of the studies, but significant limitations were also present. The most frequent limitations were low statistical power because of small patient numbers, lack of an appropriate control arm, short follow-up, chosen outcome measures, and (for studies performed in RA) the concern whether switching data can be extrapolated to oncology indications. Accordingly, the data from these studies need to be interpreted with caution. Of note, all identified studies included a single switch only, whereas multiple switches may occur in the real-world setting. The scientific need to evaluate the impact of repeated switching has been recognized by the US Food and Drug Administration, who incorporated such a requirement in its draft guidance on interchangeability. Implications From the scarce data available, the consequences of switching between reference product mAbs and their biosimilar(s) in the oncology setting are as yet unknown. Additional clinical evidence from well-designed switching studies is needed to guide switching decisions.

Wherever access to direct-acting antiviral agents is restricted, dual peginterferon/ribavirin (PegIFN/RBV) therapy remains an option for treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 4 (GT4) infection, which predominates in the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Our goal was to develop a baseline scoring system to identify GT4-infected patients with a low or high probability of achieving a sustained virologic response (SVR) with PegIFN alfa-2a/RBV using data from two large cohort studies. Associations between baseline characteristics and SVR were explored by generalized additive models and multiple logistic regression analysis to develop a predictive model, which was then checked by bootstrapping. The score comprised four factors with points assigned thus: age ≤40, 3 points; >40 but ≤55, 2 points; alanine aminotransferase ≤1 or >3× the upper limit of normal, 1 point; no cirrhosis, 1 point; HCV RNA

We welcome the position paper by the European Society for Medical Oncology on issues surrounding biosimilars.1 After recent approval of the first biosimilars of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in oncology, the input of medical oncology societies to an open discussion of medical opinion and provision of guidance regarding the introduction of these drugs into clinical practice are urgently needed. As pointed out by Tabernero et al , safety and efficacy of biosimilars are the shared responsibility of manufacturers and regulatory bodies. We agree that a robust regulatory framework for authorisation of biosimilars is in place in Europe, and properly developed and approved biosimilars can be considered a valid treatment option.2 In line with the authors and the whole pharmaceutical industry,3 we advocate that …

Background & Aims We assessed predictors of response in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B patients treated with peginterferon alfa-2a in routine clinical practice. Methods Ninety-five HBeAg-negative patients received peginterferonalfa-2a for 48 weeks and were followed-up for 48 weeks post-treatment. Serum HBsAg and HBV DNA levels were monitored during and after therapy with valid commercial assays. Sustained response (SR) was defined as HBV DNA 10% at 24 weeks is significantly associated with SR. The combination of the PARC rule and week 24 decline in HBsAg can identify almost two-thirds of patients who are unlikely to achieve SR. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT01283074.

Summary What is known and objective The relative effectiveness and safety profile of the treatments with marketing authorization for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) are not well known because randomized controlled trials with head-to-head comparisons between these treatments do not exist. Thus, a network of multiple-treatments meta-analysis was performed using four clinical outcomes: ‘patients free of relapse’, ‘patients without disease progression’, ‘patients without MRI progression’ and ‘patients with adverse events’. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on MS were systematically searched in PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial. The network analysis performed pairwise comparisons between the marketed treatments (Betaferon 250mcg, Avonex 30mcg, Rebif 44mcg, Rebif 22mcg, Aubagio 7 mg, Aubagio 14 mg, Copaxone 20 mg, Tysabri 300 mg, Gilenya 0·5 mg and Novantrone 12 mg/m2) using direct and indirect analyses. Results and discussion The analysis included 48 articles, involving 20 455 patients with MS. The direct analysis showed better response for more than one outcome for Gilenya compared with Avonex (‘patients free of relapse’ and ‘patients without MRI progression’) and for Betaferon compared with Avonex (‘patients without disease progression’ and ‘patients without MRI progression’). The indirect analysis indicated that Tysabri may have better relative effectiveness compared with the other treatments for two outcomes: ‘patients free of relapse’ and ‘patients without MRI progression’. Regarding ‘patients with adverse events’, no data were available for all comparisons to make fair inferences. What is new and conclusion This was an attempt, for the first time, to compare the efficacy and safety profile of existing approved treatments for relapsing MS. Although some treatments have shown better response, the results of the network analysis should be interpreted with caution because of the lack of RCTs with head-to-head comparisons between treatments.

Background : The combination of Cisplatin plus Etoposide (EP) is currently the standard treatment for small cell lung cancer (SCLC). However, a large number of alternative treatments (monotherapies and combinations) have been studied in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to identify more effective treatments. Aim of the present study was to assess the relative effectiveness and tolerability of these treatments. Methods : PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched to identify all RCTs that compared treatments for SCLC. Then, effectiveness of the treatments relative to the combination of Cisplatin plus Etoposide, reference treatment) was estimated by performing a network of treatments analysis. The analysis evaluated two efficacy outcomes (complete response – CR and objective response rate – ORR) and two tolerability outcomes (neutropenia and febrile neutropenia). All RCTs that provided data for calculating the odds ratios (OR) for the selected outcomes were considered. The network analysis involved direct and indirect analyses. Results : We identified 71 articles eligible for inclusion, involving 91 different treatments. In total, 16,026 patients were included in the analysis. In the direct analysis the combination of Cisplatin plus Cyclophosphamide plus Etoposide plus Epirubicin showed better response than EP for the ORR outcome, but with worse tolerability (presence of neutropenia). The indirect analysis revealed that the combination of Cisplatin plus Doxorubicin plus Etoposide (plus Vincrisitine) showed better response that EP for the ORR outcome. Conclusions : No therapy shows better response for the two efficacy outcomes (CR and ORR); though, Cisplatin plus Doxorubicin plus Etoposide plus Vincrisitine might be a promising therapy for SCLC. The results should be interpreted with caution because the network was dominated by indirect comparisons. Large scale head-to-head RCTs are needed to confirm the present findings.

Background : Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a complex disease with genetic background. The genetic association studies (GAS) that investigated the association between ALL and the MTHFR C677T and A1298C gene variants have produced contradictory or inconclusive results. Materials and methods : In order to decrease the uncertainty of estimated genetic risk effects, a meticulous meta-analysis of published GAS related the variants in the MTFHR gene with susceptibility to ALL was conducted. The risk effects were estimated based on the odds ratio (OR) of the allele contrast and the generalized odds ratio (OR G ). Cumulative and recursive cumulative meta-analyses were also performed. Results The analysis showed marginal significant association for the C677T variant, overall [OR=0.91 (0.82–1.00) and OR G =0.89 (0.79–1.01)], and in Whites [OR=0.88 (0.77–0.99) and OR G =0.85 (0.73–0.99)]. The A1298C variant produced non-significant results. For both variants, the cumulative meta-analysis did not show a trend of association as evidence accumulates and the recursive cumulative meta-analysis indicated lack of sufficient evidence for denying or claiming an association. Conclusion : The current evidence is not sufficient to draw definite conclusions regarding the association of MTHFR variants and development of ALL.

with pegylated interferon a-2a and ribavirin (PR) in patients infected with chronic HCV. Futility rules may prevent unnecessary prolongation of therapy, minimising adverse effects and limiting resistance emergence. We explored potential futility rules for patients treated with faldaprevir. Methods: In STARTVerso1 and -2, treatment-naive patients infected with HCV genotype-1 were randomised to 48 weeks (W) of PR plus: placebo for 24W (Arm 1); faldaprevir 120mg QD for 12W or 24W (Arm 2); or faldaprevir 240mg QD for 12W (Arm 3). Patients in Arms 2 and 3 stopped all treatment at W24 on achievement of early treatment success (HCVRNA 100 or >1,000 IU/mL at week 4 or 12 have high probabilities of predicting treatment failure; NPVs are similar using the W4 or W12 time point.