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Geosite Wonocolo Texas is an icon of the Bojonegoro National Geopark, the shallowest traditional oil mine in the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the elements of tourist attractions, determine the characteristics, perceptions, and readiness of the community, determine the characteristics, perceptions, and readiness of managers, determine the characteristics, perceptions, motivations, and preferences of visitors, and determine the interpretation program. This study uses a Mixed Method. In this study, the data analysis used is descriptive qualitative and descriptive quantitative. Data analysis with a qualitative descriptive method is a way of describing data not in the form of numbers but based on comprehensive information obtained in the field and describing the data. This analysis is used to describe the general conditions of the place where the research activities are carried out and the elements of tourist attractions consisting of tourist attractions, accessibility, and amenities. The results of the identification and analysis of the community, managers, and visitors are used as a reference in the interpretation program planning process. The design of the interpretation program planning is in the form of an activity program, interpretation flow, interpretation facilities and infrastructure, and interpretation narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geoconservation policies assumed by the Sicilian Region (Italy) induced to classify as geosites all the geodiversity preserved in the Sicilian natural reserves. In particular, two of these geosites present in the oriented natural reserve of the coastal lagoon of Cape Peloro (Messina, NE Sicily, Italy), denoted "Morpho–tectonic system of Cape Peloro–Lake Faro" and "Morpho–tectonic system of Cape Peloro–Lake Ganzirri", were considered Global areal geosites on the base of their tectonic origin. Lacking an official scientific report of these sites, the present research was aimed to investigate the lagoon, in order to provide the (i) geological and structural framework, (ii) inventory, and (iii) quantitative assessment of geodiversity. The study geosites resulted to be originated during the post–Wurmian sea–level rise and the strong extensional tectonics affecting the Calabria–Peloritani Arc still active. Indeed, the lagoon depression hosting the Lakes Faro and Ganzirri, developed on low-relief coasts because of different systems of capable faults, NW–SE oriented in the Lake Faro and ENE–WSW oriented in the Lake Ganzirri. The quantitative assessment of geodiversity indicated high scores for the scientific value and the potential educational and touristic uses. On the basis of these results, it was possible to confirm the attribution of Lake Faro's and Lake Ganzirri's geodiversity to Global areal geosites, being the study morpho-structures key localities, providing indicators of representativeness, geological diversity, and rarity that ought to be protected as clear and unequivocal examples of the Earth's geological history and evolution of the Quaternary tectonic coastal lagoons. Actual criticisms that could irreversibly affect the environmental equilibria have been evidenced. Possible actions for the redevelopment of the oriented natural reserve of the coastal lagoon of Cape Peloro and the extension of the geosites were also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyzes and evaluates natural and anthropogenic geosites within the potential Geopark Slovak Karst using a slightly modified Geosite Assessment Model (GAM). It focuses on three case studies from this area: Jasovská Cave, Gombasecká Cave, and Domica Cave, including their surroundings. The aforementioned caves represent the primary points of interest and draw in high concentrations of visitors. We aim to highlight opportunities for dispersing visitors to other nearby geosites and encouraging their extended stay in the region. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the highest point values (from 22.5 to 23.5 points) are achieved by three UNESCO caves (Jasovská Cave, Domica Cave, and Baradla Cave). These caves have a high level of both main and additional values. Gombasecká Cave has a total point value of 20.5 points, with a high level of main values and a medium level of additional values. Other geosites reach total point values from 9 to 16 with different levels of main and additional values. The three accessible caves will continue to be the main object of interest for tourists. The networking of other nearby geosites with caves in the form of educational trails and their greater promotion could help visitors stay longer in the region and direct their attention to these geosites. The research methodology used in this study proved to be suitable and we can see its further use in the evaluation of geosites across the entire territory of the potential Geopark Slovak Karst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the old Lungro mining site was studied by applying two classification methods (Brilha and IELIG Method), considering the site-specific scientific, educational, touristic, and degradation aspects, to promote it as a geosite. The results were compared with those from other worldwide areas, and a potential re-evaluation in the tourism sector was suggested, considering historical data and geological issues. The methods used evaluate the Lungro site an average score from a scientific perspective, and from high to very high for the tourist-educational aspects. On the contrary, lower scores were found regarding the degradation of the site due to natural phenomena, led to a lower total score. The obtained results are comparable with other similar restored mining areas, located in various parts of the world which today represent important geotourists sites recognized internationally. Based on these results, the safest, most cost-effective, and straightforward way to preserve and restore the site is by creating a “Geotourism Route.“. This choice would increase awareness of the area, providing the general public, including the curious and “non-experts”, with an understanding of various geological processes and the extensive history of the mine. A campaign to promote and preserve the Lungro site as a geoheritage will be encouraged, with significant implications for tourism at the local, national, and international levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mt. Wilkołak is one among many hills built of mid-Cenozoic basalts in SW Poland, within the Land of Extinct Volcanoes UNESCO Global Geopark. Appreciated as a recreational ground since the first half of the 19th century, it began to be quarried at the beginning of the 20th century. The quarry located on the western slope was soon abandoned, leaving impressive exposures of variously oriented basaltic columns due to thermal jointing and volcanic breccia. Briefly re-used after World War II, the quarry was definitely closed in 1956 and a small geological reserve was established in 1959. In the meantime, basalt exploitation developed at a much larger scale within the eastern slope, leading to the major conflict between conservation and industry, with frequent voices to delist the reserve and continue quarrying towards complete exhaustion of resources and removal of the entire hilltop. In addition, as a result of poor management of the reserve and uncontrolled vegetation growth its values significantly diminished. In the 21st century various actions initiated by the local community, supported by scientists, concurrent with incoming termination of quarrying, opened the debate about the future of Mt. Wilkołak and its quarries. Stone extraction ended in 2019, after a catastrophic collapse of one quarry wall, and rehabilitation works were executed in 2021–2023, aimed at the conversion of the locality into a place focused on geo-education and recreation. Opened in May 2023, it has various interpretation facilities and offers unprecedented insights into the internal structure of a volcanic plug. However, challenges related to site management, enhancement of educational content, and the future of the nature reserve remain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to present the abiotic geological environment, morphology and the need to protect geoenvironment and the possibilities of using the geoheritage of mining districts of the region located between Zawichost and Puławy city, within the Geopark. The Geopark is the best example of scientific and educational presentation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic outcrops along the Vistula gorge. The Cretaceous sediments (Middle Albian to Maastrichtian) are especially significant, they are unique on the European scale, showing a record of the evolution of the sea basin - from the Middle Cretaceous transgression and its disappearance at the end of the Cretaceous. The landscape and geomorphological values ​​constituting the heritage of the region are extremely important. An additional circumstance conducive to the creation of the Geopark is the fact that in the area covered by the project, areas of geological heritage protection have been operating for many years and tourist traditions date back to the 18th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Present acceleration of interest in geoheritage makes urgent a very large inventory of geosites in all parts of the world, which task cannot be achieved by only geoconservationists. Pure geological publications seem to be promising to deal with geosites without visiting them. To realize the existence of such an opportunity, ten fresh examples of research articles reporting exceptional palaeogeographical localities from the different geographical domains and geological time slices were considered. A semi-quantitative, score-based assessment of suitability (quality) of the published information was undertaken. This procedure should be distinguished from geosite evaluation, which is not the aim of this study. It was found that the outcomes of pure geological research published in journal articles can really help to identify world-class geosites, although the information from these articles is not enough to characterize geosites (especially regarding such properties as accessibility and vulnerability). Finding additional literature and realizing conservation status are the other challenges of geosite inventories based on only journal articles. Some recommendations for writing geoheritage-unrelated articles so to satisfy the needs of geoconservation were given.

Na Ngam, situated in the Chi River Basin, boasts rich water resources and notable geological features like the Chi River, Yang River, and Chi oxbow lake. These elements significantly influence local cultures, traditions, temples, and agricultural products. The area's identity is encapsulated in its slogan highlighting its agricultural wealth, educational an d healthcare development, Buddhism conservation, and traditional festivals. Utilizing Participatory Action Research (PAR), Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD), and SWOT analysis, the Na Ngam 101 project aims to enhance tourism by integrating cultural, geotourism, and gastronomic aspects. This model promotes local culture, community income, and environmental conservation, fostering sustainable regional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chiusella Valley (NW Italian Alps) is a key area for both the history of the alpine orogeny and its environmental context. It presents major structural features (including the Traversella neoalpine intrusion and a section of the Insubric line) and evidence of past climate changes in the region. Even if the Chiusella Valley was previously renowned for mining activities and most recently considered an alpine rural area with minor tourist attractions, its important geoheritage could offer alternatives to traditional mountain activities, which are facing adversity from increasing temperatures. This paper emphasises the role of geotourism in both enhancing sustainable development and raising awareness of climate change. For this purpose, the geodiversity of the Chiusella Valley has been analysed and several geosites have been identified. The research methodology includes field surveys, analysis of an existing educational activities and scientific literature, and assessment of geosites by quantitative analysis of five groups of indicators, including scientific, cultural, and educational values. The geosite selection within the Chiusella Valley reveals memories of past and present climate changes but also supports the development of targeted geotourism activities in the area. Additionally, a specific location has been identified for hosting indoor activities showcasing climate change action. These valuable contributions to sustainable geotourism provide opportunities for exploring the Alps in the vicinity of the Po Plain urban areas, while minimizing the environmental impact and facilitating educational activities on geodiversity and geoheritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the key geosites in the Călimani National Park: Colibița Lake, Iezer Lake and Zânelor Lake. The internationally recognized methodology used in this study has a crucial role in the development of tourism and the conservation of natural resources. The obtained results show that these geosites have a significant potential for tourism development. Colibița Lake, an artificial lake, attracts tourists with its picturesque landscape and recreational activities. Iezer Lake impresses with its natural beauty and ecological importance, being a crucial habitat for local flora and fauna. Zânelor Lake offers a unique cultural experience, thanks to the charming landscape and local legends. The evaluation and management of these geosites will contribute to the management and conservation of natural resources in the Călimani Massif. The development of sustainable tourism requires appropriate management strategies that ensure responsible use and conservation of the environment. Promoting sustainable tourism and respecting conservation principles will ensure the preservation and sustainable exploitation of these geosites, benefiting both local communities and visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regions of Acheron and Parga (Epirus, Greece) are characterized by a significant geodiversity (e.g., stratigraphy, palaeontology, tectonic, geomorphology, hydrology, etc.). In this work, we have tried to create a preliminary list of the most prominent geosites of these two areas, based on bibliographical review and, predominantly, our own field observations. More specifically, we have identified and mapped a total of 28 geosites. We assessed their geological value, as well as additional values (socioeconomic and cultural values, aesthetics, as well as potential for geo-education). Upon their assessment, the area was found to be of very high geoeducational significance, whereas the geotouristic potential also is very high. Our ultimate goal is to promote the geological heritage to both geoscientists and the lay public, so as to contribute to its geo-conservation and the geo-education of locals and students/pupils. Thus, after assessment, we created a virtual field trip, in form of a webmap, where all of these geosites could be "visited" by potential geotourists, as well as geoscientists. This webmap can be updated whenever new research on additional geosites in the area is published. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sidi Bouzid escarpment is one of the geosites that present high educational and tourism values in the Safi Province, extending for several kilometers along the Atlantic coast southwest of the city of Safi, Safi Province, Marrakech-Safi region, Morocco. It offers panoramic views over the town and the Atlantic Ocean, as well as a beautiful beach much frequented by holidaymakers. The sedimentary and paleontological information preserved in the rocks that form the escarpment makes a valuable contribution to paleobiogeographic and paleoclimatic interpretations and stratigraphic correlations on a regional and global scale. This paper focused on promoting and popularizing earth sciences among students at universities, research centers, colleges, schools, and the general public by developing an educational program adapted to the Sidi Bouzid geosite. Survey was employed to collect the data, the results of which was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the educational program. The results showed that the program had a significant impact on all visitor categories since it offered visitors a holistic view of how geological processes shaped the Earth, revealing the interconnections between many components of the Earth system (geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The geo-heritage of the Saoura Valley in Southwest Algeria is particularly rich and of undeniable scientific value for studying the Palaeozoic, Neogene and Quaternary strata inherited from the Ougarta chain. Although Algeria has always been highly ranked among the most fascinating geodiversity countries, its geological heritage has been seldom described and presented to the African and international community. Subsequently its geodiversity and geo-resources are under-recognized. The Saoura Valley is renowned for its gorgeous geological, oasian and geomorphological landscapes, as well as for its archaeological wealth. In the present paper, we intend to briefly describe the main lithostratigraphic units of the Devonian series exposed in the Saoura Valley and to give an overview of the Quaternary outcrops. Several geo-sites were observed and inventoried, showing a highly significative scientific value and also some remarkable educational and tourism potential as evidenced by their huge historical, archaeological, geological, and cultural heritage. Additionally, the Saoura Valley displays pedagogical geo-sites of cardinal interest for different geological disciplines, among which are stratigraphy, palaeontology, ichnology, geomorphology, geodynamics, structural geology, and ecology, all reflecting the diversified geological record of the area. Besides its aesthetic value, the rich geodiversity of the Saoura Valley displays an obvious scientific and touristic interest. According to the obtained numerical scores using recent quantitative assessment methodology, the Saoura Valley is very promising and can be considered a first-order destination since geo-sites therein score quite a high attraction potential and recreational value for tourism development. These scores ought to be treated with great care by the authorities to effectively promote tourism and to accordingly enhance the local socio-economic development in this remote area. Furthermore, the Saoura Valley area deserves more attention and requires geo-conservation programs and protection strategies right away to make sure that these geo-resources will be preserved for future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of “geoheritage” that has emerged as a new discipline over the last few years has advocated for the preservation of geological features, such as landforms, towards a cultural perspective. It aims for the conservation of geological entities referred to as “geosites”, that are significant from geoscience education point of view, as well as for the development of local “geotourism”. In this paper, five potential geosites located across India have been identified. The “geosites” identified are located in the states of Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand. These five geosites are located in five different geological terrains, and the idea of proposing these geosites is that they are uniquely significant from geological, geomorphological as well as cultural perspective. These geosites are significant for geoscience education, and have scope for the development of “geotourism”. Hence, these geological entities need to be conserved for the forthcoming generations of geoscientists, researchers, students and science enthusiasts, in addition to growth and development of the local tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Rudny Altai is a western segment of the Altai orogenic belt. Its geological richness makes its geoheritage exploration an urgent matter. Investigations in the Loktevsky District (Altai Region, Russian Federation) have led to the finding of three notable localities, which are proposed as geosites. Field investigations and both qualitative and semi-quantitative (scoring by criteria) studies were carried out to characterize and value the geoheritage properties of these localities. The Neverovsky palaeoreef is a relatively large geosite, representing a Frasnian reef developed on a volcanic edifice. The Zolotukha section and the Razdolnoe section are smaller geosites representing deep-marine facies of the Giventian–Frasnian transition and the late Frasnian, respectively. Seven geoheritage types are established in the Neverovsky palaeoreef, and four geoheritage types are established in the other two geosites. Examination of rarity, accessibility, vulnerability, and other properties allows the ranking of the Neverovsky palaeoreef globally and the other two geosites regionally. The three proposed geosites need special geoconservation measures (especially regarding their rich fossil content). The palaeoreef can be used for the promotion of local tourism.

In 2014, Kelud, an active volcano in East Java, ejected ashes (hereafter termed KA; Kelud ash) that reportedly reached as far as Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). The KA deposits are observable in, among others, the coastal sand dune area in Parangtritis. Due to the active aeolian process, the KA layers can be found at different depths five years after the eruption. Thus, the KA can be used as a marker of the post-2014 aeolian activities at the Parangtritis dune, which was once classified as a degraded land and later recognized as a coastal geosite, ultimately allowing us to calculate the volume and sand transport rate. The research surveys performed at 25 points discovered volcanic ash layers at 1 cm to 26 cm below the surface. At some observed points, the ash deposits were found on the surface and continuously transported. This research observed an area of 60,000 m2 with an average of 8.5 cm thick sand layers lying above the KA layer. Based on the calculation, the total volume of the transported sand at the Parangtritis sand dune from 2014 to 2019 was approximately 5,100 m3. This volume is considerably small owing to various obstacles in the transport zones. Based on the five-year dynamic of the sand dune, this study suggested that restoration needs to be conducted immediately particularly in eliminating vegetation barriers to maintain the sediment balance (erosion-transport-sedimentation) of the coastal sand dune area.

The Devonian outcrops of the Azrou-Khenifra Basin are located in the eastern band of the Moroccan Central Massif. They are characterized by a high geodiversity since they show sedimentary, stratigraphic, paleontological, tectonic and geomorphological aspects. Those outcrops allow the understanding of the evolution and geodynamic of the area during the Devonian. This proves their relevant in term of scientific value. In addition, they also have educational and touristic interests. The objectives of this work are making the inventory and quantitative assessment as well as the mapping of nine Devonian geosites. To approach the topic, the method proposed by Brilha (2016) have been used which based on qualitative and quantitative criteria. The results show that the geosite Famennian zebra griottes limestones of Ziyar has the highest scientific value (345) while the others are characterized by scientific, educational and tourist values ranging from moderate to high. Regarding the degradation risk, the geosites have a low value. This work could be considered as the base of any geoconservation strategy and geotourism action plan in the area since it focused on the two first steps of it. This may help improve the sustainable development through the establishment of geopark consequently and enhance economical level of people living the Azrou-Khenifra area.

Ijen Geopark, also known as “Sunrise of Java,” is situated on the eastern tip of Java. Twelve geosites of the geopark are located in Banyuwangi Regency, while the left are situated in Bondowoso Regency. This paper aims to inventory and conduct a geosites quantitative assessment in Ijen Geopark in Banyuwangi Regency. A four-step model, comprising scientific value, potential educational value, potential tourism value, and degradation risk, is utilized for the quantitative assessment of the geosites. Geological characteristics of the twelve geosites have been inventoried. Ijen Acidic Crater Lake is the most valuable geosite in scientific terms. The publication of international papers can enhance the scientific score, particularly for geosites with a final scientific score below 300. All geosites in Ijen Geopark are potential for both education and tourism purposes, as they have final scores higher than 300. The Intrusive Rock Pulau Merah, despite facing moderate challenges related to population density and uniqueness, has been shown to have the greatest potential for both educational and tourism purposes. The geosites within Ijen Geopark are relatively protected from deterioration, with a total deterioration risk score less than 250. The study supports the efforts of local and national governments in promoting economic development.

The Rudny Altai is a western segment of the Altai orogenic belt. Its geological richness makes its geoheritage exploration an urgent matter. Investigations in the Loktevsky District (Altai Region, Russian Federation) have led to the finding of three notable localities, which are proposed as geosites. Field investigations and both qualitative and semi-quantitative (scoring by criteria) studies were carried out to characterize and value the geoheritage properties of these localities. The Neverovsky palaeoreef is a relatively large geosite, representing a Frasnian reef developed on a volcanic edifice. The Zolotukha section and the Razdolnoe section are smaller geosites representing deep-marine facies of the Giventian–Frasnian transition and the late Frasnian, respectively. Seven geoheritage types are established in the Neverovsky palaeoreef, and four geoheritage types are established in the other two geosites. Examination of rarity, accessibility, vulnerability, and other properties allows the ranking of the Neverovsky palaeoreef globally and the other two geosites regionally. The three proposed geosites need special geoconservation measures (especially regarding their rich fossil content). The palaeoreef can be used for the promotion of local tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many geographical domains possess notable geological and geomorphological features, which are yet to be characterized comprehensively in terms of geoheritage. The present study focuses on the Kislovodsk area, which is situated in the southern part of the Central Ciscaucasus (post-Paleozoic platform), where the latter joins to the Greater Caucasus (late Cenozoic orogen). Three geosites are reported from there, and their qualitative description and semi-quantitative, score-based assessment are offered. The Honey Waterfalls represent an example of river erosion affecting Carboniferous granitoids with uppermost Jurassic weathering horizon and overlain by Lower Cretaceous carbonates. The Ring Mountain is a natural arch formed as result of wind erosion. The Little Saddle is a viewpoint offering a spectacular, panoramic view toward the Elbrus Mountain that is the highest peak of Russia and Europe and an impressive dormant stratovolcano. The Honey Waterfalls and the Ring Mountain are ranked nationally (the latter receives the highest total scores), and the Little Saddle is ranked regionally. These geosites are diverse in several aspects, and, particularly, different geoheritage types and forms are established. The Kislovodsk area bearing the reported geoheritage objects is a part of the Mineralnye Vody resort area, which is large and important for the national tourism and recreation industry. The related opportunities and challenges for geoheritage resource management have to be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2014, Kelud, an active volcano in East Java, ejected ashes (hereafter termed KA; Kelud ash) that reportedly reached as far as Central Java and the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY). The KA deposits are observable in, among others, the coastal sand dune area in Parangtritis. Due to the active aeolian process, the KA layers can be found at different depths five years after the eruption. Thus, the KA can be used as a marker of the post-2014 aeolian activities at the Parangtritis dune, which was once classified as a degraded land and later recognized as a coastal geosite, ultimately allowing us to calculate the volume and sand transport rate. The research surveys performed at 25 points discovered volcanic ash layers at 1 cm to 26 cm below the surface. At some observed points, the ash deposits were found on the surface and continuously transported. This research observed an area of 60,000 m2 with an average of 8.5 cm thick sand layers lying above the KA layer. Based on the calculation, the total volume of the transported sand at the Parangtritis sand dune from 2014 to 2019 was approximately 5,100 m3. This volume is considerably small owing to various obstacles in the transport zones. Based on the five-year dynamic of the sand dune, this study suggested that restoration needs to be conducted immediately particularly in eliminating vegetation barriers to maintain the sediment balance (erosion-transportsedimentation) of the coastal sand dune area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Devonian outcrops of the Azrou-Khenifra Basin are located in the eastern band of the Moroccan Central Massif. They are characterized by a high geodiversity since they show sedimentary, stratigraphic, paleontological, tectonic and geomorphological aspects. Those outcrops allow the understanding of the evolution and geodynamic of the area during the Devonian. This proves their relevant in term of scientific value. In addition, they also have educational and touristic interests. The objectives of this work are making the inventory and quantitative assessment as well as the mapping of nine Devonian geosites. To approach the topic, the method proposed by Brilha (2016) have been used which based on qualitative and quantitative criteria. The results show that the geosite Famennian zebra griottes limestones of Ziyar has the highest scientific value (345) while the others are characterized by scientific, educational and tourist values ranging from moderate to high. Regarding the degradation risk, the geosites have a low value. This work could be considered as the base of any geoconservation strategy and geotourism action plan in the area since it focused on the two first steps of it. This may help improve the sustainable development through the establishment of geopark consequently and enhance economical level of people living the Azrou-Khenifra area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ijen Geopark, also known as "Sunrise of Java," is situated on the eastern tip of Java. Twelve geosites of the geopark are located in Banyuwangi Regency, while the left are situated in Bondowoso Regency. This paper aims to inventory and conduct a geosites quantitative assessment in Ijen Geopark in Banyuwangi Regency. A four-step model, comprising scientific value, potential educational value, potential tourism value, and degradation risk, is utilized for the quantitative assessment of the geosites. Geological characteristics of the twelve geosites have been inventoried. Ijen Acidic Crater Lake is the most valuable geosite in scientific terms. The publication of international papers can enhance the scientific score, particularly for geosites with a final scientific score below 300. All geosites in Ijen Geopark are potential for both education and tourism purposes, as they have final scores higher than 300. The Intrusive Rock Pulau Merah, despite facing moderate challenges related to population density and uniqueness, has been shown to have the greatest potential for both educational and tourism purposes. The geosites within Ijen Geopark are relatively protected from deterioration, with a total deterioration risk score less than 250. The study supports the efforts of local and national governments in promoting economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NEOM in the northwestern part of Saudi Arabia comprises of range of geodiversity like desert, mountain, and coast. This paper is a pioneering approach to document the geoheritage value of key landforms with outstanding scientific, educational, touristic, and additional value. The objective of this study is to prepare an inventory of the key geosites. The methodology involves the identification of geosites and geoheritage assessment and identifies geotourism potential. The study revealed ten key geosites, classified into geomorphological, geological, and geoarchaeological sites. Major key landforms are canyon, yardang, honeycomb structure, columnar basaltic lava, syn- and post-sedimentary deformation, denuded landscape, gullies in evaporite, alluvial fan, dyke swarm, and valley. The tectonic process in different geological phases formed various-scale deformations and fault structures, modified by rainfall and fluvial systems, including various gully and alluvial fans. Further, substantial shifting of the environment from the fluvial to the aeolian environment and weathering along the tectonic structures within a single territory of NEOM represent the geodiversity. Biodiversity and archaeological imprint in the geosites enhanced the additional value of the geosite. The study recommends that these ten sites be conserved and promoted for geotourism through the involvement of academicians, policymakers, and local people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The far north part of Coromandel Peninsula can be considered a good place for geoeducation and geotourism, which is justified by the remnants of Miocene-Pleistocene volcanic integration with marine environment. These processes in collaboration with old Jurassic and quaternary sediments create a diverse geological and geomorphological constructions forming the abiotic environment of areas surrounding Port Jackson and Fletcher Bay. These two locations have been chosen as two main campsites of the north Coromandel Peninsula, which are maintained by the Department of Conservation (DOC) of Coromandel Peninsula. Hence, the campsites should be considered as main places for camping for the trips of different purposes. They provide an access costal way and/or trails leading to the main geologically important locations presenting some knowable features like Pinnacles and Sugar Loaf spread through the region. To highlight these locations of interests, “geosites,” we developed qualitative-quantitative assessment of geodiversity for geosite recognition based on 8-m DEM and 1:1250,000 scale geological map and QGIS (3.28 “Firenze”) software. The methodology utilizing 8-point evaluation system applied for geological formations of the studied region and its multiplication with morphological slope degree. The result of assessment has been expanded and justified with geological, cultural, and geomorphological database acquired from literature review and direct field trips of the studied areas. The conclusion demonstrates the main geological knowledge of recognized geosites together with description of drawbacks and possible obstacles for tourism and education in the region of the northern Coromandel Peninsula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

United Nations protection programmes under the UNESCO’s Global Geopark initiatives have resulted in the establishment and recognition of 195 Global Geoparks in 48 countries to sustainably protect Geoheritage. Given an inclusive approach with local communities and the geoscientific communities as stakeholders, the UNESCO Global Geopark concept has gained popularity in India. Further, India provides a diverse range of geoheritage in terms of rock records from the Precambrian to the Holocene. The Kachchh region (western India) has tremendous scope to be conserved under the UNESCO Geopark programme as it sustains many plausible geosites. Of the numerous geosites within Kachchh, the “Palasava” locale holds geoheritage potential as it exposes ~ 14 million-year-old Chassra Formation sedimentary succession that is well-known to yield vertebrate (including marine and terrestrial mammals) fossils. These fossils hold significance in the context of origin and diversification of middle Miocene vertebrates (including mammals), Neogene biochronology of Kutch, palaeobiogeographic scenarios involving various vertebrate groups, and related aspects. In a geotourism context, the Palasava locale presents picturesque views being located between the Wagad Highland and the Little Rann of Kutch. In addition to local religious and cultural features, the Kachchh (= Kutch) region is globally well-recognized for the “Wild Ass Sanctuary” and the “Rann Utsav”– “Festival of the Rann.” Owing to its unique Geoheritage and geotourism potential, we herein, propose Palasava locale as a “geosite” within the “Kachchh Geopark” to protect and conserve this geologically significant locale, to enhance sustainable geotourism in the region for the economic benefit of the local population and for the public to cherish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is an initial attempt to introduce the concept of geoheritage resilience, which refers to the capacity of a geosite and its system to absorb, adapt, or resist disturbances, and to consider it in geoconservation planning. Assessing the resilience of geoheritage sites is crucial for managing, protecting and developing sustainable geotourism that requires a specific approach and methodology. Therefore, this research aims to propose a comprehensive method based on criteria and indicators to measure the resilience of geoheritage sites and implement it in the most significant geosites of Lorestan province through literature review and fieldwork. The proposed method is based on 5 criteria and 22 indicators. Each indicator is measured based on 5 parameters and calculations are performed using the corresponding equations. The results of the geoheritage resilience assessment, using the proposed method, indicate that various geological, hydroclimatic, ecological, anthropogenic, and geotourism disturbances have led to a reduction the resilience of the geosites studied. According to the results, Calder Cave and Shirz Canyon geosites have a high level of resilience with final scores of 65.62 and 62.62, respectively. In contrast, Bisheh Waterfall and Pol-e Dokhtar Lakes have a low level of resilience with scores of 46.73 and 35.51, respectively. These two geosites are affected by natural and human disturbances, which require effective management, protection, and improvement of their resilience levels. This study has also provided a basic conceptual model to illustrate the planning process for enhancing and promoting geoheritage resilience through geoconservation planning. Given the importance of geoheritage and the potential threats, it is very important to pay attention to the concept of resilience and the measurement of geoheritage resilience in geoconservation planning for sustainable scientific, educational and geotourism use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation of the Geotourism Potential of the Mountain Lakes in the Călimani Massif: Colibița Lake, Iezer Lake and Zânelor Lake. This paper evaluates the key geosites in the Călimani National Park: Colibița Lake, Iezer Lake and Zânelor Lake. The internationally recognized methodology used in this study has a crucial role in the development of tourism and the conservation of natural resources. The obtained results show that these geosites have a significant potential for tourism development. Colibița Lake, an artificial lake, attracts tourists with its picturesque landscape and recreational activities. Iezer Lake impresses with its natural beauty and ecological importance, being a crucial habitat for local flora and fauna. Zânelor Lake offers a unique cultural experience, thanks to the charming landscape and local legends. The evaluation and management of these geosites will contribute to the management and conservation of natural resources in the Călimani Massif. The development of sustainable tourism requires appropriate management strategies that ensure responsible use and conservation of the environment. Promoting sustainable tourism and respecting conservation principles will ensure the preservation and sustainable exploitation of these geosites, benefiting both local communities and visitors.

This study focuses on evaluating the geological heritage of the Northern Apuseni Mountains in Romania, assessing the scientific, educational and tourism value of various geological elements. Geological heritage elements, such as rocks, formations, fossils, structures, and landscapes, offer valuable insights into unique geological events or phenomena. Understanding their significance is crucial for conservation and management purposes. Our study aims to identify and assess the degradation risk of eleven selected geosites based on specific criteria related to their vulnerability to deterioration and potential human impact. The assessment revealed that three geosites, namely the type locality of dacite (Poieni), the paleontological reserve Snail Hill from Vidra, and the Upper Cretaceous rudist-bearing shallow-marine deposit from Crișului Valley, have a high degradation risk, necessitating the development of targeted geoconservation plans. For the Runcuri Karst Plateau, Tășad Geological Reserve, Bedeleu Massif, Turda Gorges, and Călugări Karst Spring, we obtained a moderate degradation risk. Possibility of deterioration of the main or secondary geological elements, deficiency of legal protection, and the easy access of a large number of tourists are the main factors to contribute to the increased degradation risk. Low degradation risk was found for the geological structures located in the Padiș Karst Plateau and Galbena Valley. Their location within the Apuseni Natural Park provides the framework for legal protection. The geological elements in the Sighiștel Valley also present a low risk of degradation due to their location in a little known and visited area. Our results provide a comprehensive evaluation of degradation risk for geosites in the Northern Apuseni Mountains, offering insights into the specific factors contributing to their vulnerability and highlighting the need for protective measures. The research outcomes contribute to the broader field of geological heritage conservation and management, providing guidance on the presentation of scientific information and promoting the understanding and appreciation of geosites. Effective promotion strategies can enhance awareness and encourage sustainable tourism while safeguarding these unique geological features.

The geoconservation policies assumed by the Sicilian Region (Italy) induced to classify as geosites all the geodiversity preserved in the Sicilian natural reserves. In particular, two of these geosites present in the oriented natural reserve of the coastal lagoon of Cape Peloro (Messina, NE Sicily, Italy), denoted “Morpho–tectonic system of Cape Peloro–Lake Faro” and “Morpho–tectonic system of Cape Peloro–Lake Ganzirri”, were considered Global areal geosites on the base of their tectonic origin. Lacking an official scientific report of these sites, the present research was aimed to investigate the lagoon, in order to provide the (i) geological and structural framework, (ii) inventory, and (iii) quantitative assessment of geodiversity. The study geosites resulted to be originated during the post–Wurmian sea–level rise and the strong extensional tectonics affecting the Calabria–Peloritani Arc still active. Indeed, the lagoon depression hosting the Lakes Faro and Ganzirri, developed on low-relief coasts because of different systems of capable faults, NW–SE oriented in the Lake Faro and ENE–WSW oriented in the Lake Ganzirri. The quantitative assessment of geodiversity indicated high scores for the scientific value and the potential educational and touristic uses. On the basis of these results, it was possible to confirm the attribution of Lake Faro’s and Lake Ganzirri’s geodiversity to Global areal geosites, being the study morpho-structures key localities, providing indicators of representativeness, geological diversity, and rarity that ought to be protected as clear and unequivocal examples of the Earth’s geological history and evolution of the Quaternary tectonic coastal lagoons. Actual criticisms that could irreversibly affect the environmental equilibria have been evidenced. Possible actions for the redevelopment of the oriented natural reserve of the coastal lagoon of Cape Peloro and the extension of the geosites were also described.

This study focuses on evaluating the geological heritage of the Northern Apuseni Mountains in Romania, assessing the scientific, educational and tourism value of various geological elements. Geological heritage elements, such as rocks, formations, fossils, structures, and landscapes, offer valuable insights into unique geological events or phenomena. Understanding their significance is crucial for conservation and management purposes. Our study aims to identify and assess the degradation risk of eleven selected geosites based on specific criteria related to their vulnerability to deterioration and potential human impact. The assessment revealed that three geosites, namely the type locality of dacite (Poieni), the paleontological reserve Snail Hill from Vidra, and the Upper Cretaceous rudist-bearing shallow-marine deposit from Crișului Valley, have a high degradation risk, necessitating the development of targeted geoconservation plans. For the Runcuri Karst Plateau, Tășad Geological Reserve, Bedeleu Massif, Turda Gorges, and Călugări Karst Spring, we obtained a moderate degradation risk. Possibility of deterioration of the main or secondary geological elements, deficiency of legal protection, and the easy access of a large number of tourists are the main factors to contribute to the increased degradation risk. Low degradation risk was found for the geological structures located in the Padiș Karst Plateau and Galbena Valley. Their location within the Apuseni Natural Park provides the framework for legal protection. The geological elements in the Sighiștel Valley also present a low risk of degradation due to their location in a little known and visited area. Our results provide a comprehensive evaluation of degradation risk for geosites in the Northern Apuseni Mountains, offering insights into the specific factors contributing to their vulnerability and highlighting the need for protective measures. The research outcomes contribute to the broader field of geological heritage conservation and management, providing guidance on the presentation of scientific information and promoting the understanding and appreciation of geosites. Effective promotion strategies can enhance awareness and encourage sustainable tourism while safeguarding these unique geological features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, geotourism has enriched the range of tourism products with its relatively new attraction—geoparks. In addition to high-quality management, geoparks must also offer excellent geological attractions (geosites). Several scientific works dealt with the geoheritage management and geosite evaluation procedure. The paper evaluates geosites from the geopark management point of view while considering the needs of such geoparks. Using newly created methodology, we have selected the limiting criteria that indicate the usability of geosites in the geopark. The management and the methodology above were tested at the proposed Zemplín geopark. The results indicate the importance of such an evaluation throughout all the phases of the geopark creation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geosites in syn- and post-collisional granitoid rocks of the Rio Doce Magmatic Arc are important markers of the tectonic environments associated with the amalgamation of the western portion of Gondwana during the Neoproterozoic. Another aspect that stands out in these geosites is the relief that resulted from the breakup of Pangea with the opening of the South Atlantic Ocean and the action of the climate propitiating the alteration of the rocks and the soil erosion during the Cenozoic, leaving a landscape full of inselbergs that allow us to reach minerals, rocks, and structures that were formed between 630 and 480 Ma. The morphology of syn-collisional granitoid geosites is controlled by NNW-SSE fractures of Colatina lineament, and secondarily, by a shear fracture pair of WNW-ESE and WSW-ENE directions. In post-collisional granitoid geosites, the main control is the shape of the intrusion, and secondarily, a pair of shear fractures of WNW-ESE and WSW-ENE directions. The State of Espírito Santo has a strong connection between rural communities and cities with the local geology. Several initiatives to preserve this landscape can be noticed in the different tourist areas, such as the Pontões Capixabas Natural Monument and Pedra Azul State Park. Espírito Santo is a good example of geoconservation in Brazil, but at the same time, it needs to be aware of its geotourism potential, which can contribute to the local rural communities. For this, actions are needed to spread geological knowledge in schools, by training guides and taking this information to rural communities through new routes and using existing routes combined with geological knowledge, geodiversity, and cultural manifestations of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Călimani Mountains offer an impressive diversity of natural elements that can be conserved, including flora and fauna that could represent a tourism potential. This study evaluates three key geosites within the Călimani National Park: the sulphur quarry, Doisprezece Apostoli (Twelve Apostles), and Pietrosul Peak (2100 m). The results indicate that these geosites have significant potential for tourism development. The sulphur quarry holds historical and industrial importance, while Twelve Apostles and Pietrosul Peak are significant geologically and culturally. Evaluating these geosites will aid in resource management and conservation. Sustainable tourism development is achievable in the Călimani Mountains, and geosite assessment is a crucial step toward this goal. Future management strategies should prioritize sustainable use and conservation of natural resources.

The central part of the Western Desert of Egypt, where the Bahariya and Farafra oases are situated, possesses many notable geological features. However, to date the related geoheritage information remains incomplete. Field investigation has permitted the characterization of ten localities representing Quaternary environments, which were rather humid and, thus, differed from the present hyper-arid conditions. Lacustrine-palustrine calcretes and dolocretes, lake (playa) deposits, fluvial tufa and travertines, speleothems (cavern deposits), and aeolian nebkha facies are among the features of these localities. Tentatively, a geosite with a new form is proposed for the studied entity of the localities, namely a serial geosite; this term signifies geosites embracing localities representing the same geological phenomenon, but scattered in the study area. The managerial implications of this study are recommendations for careful planning based on the geosite descriptions.

The Chiusella Valley (NW Italian Alps) is a key area for both the history of the alpine orogeny and its environmental context. It presents major structural features (including the Traversella neoalpine intrusion and a section of the Insubric line) and evidence of past climate changes in the region. Even if the Chiusella Valley was previously renowned for mining activities and most recently considered an alpine rural area with minor tourist attractions, its important geoheritage could offer alternatives to traditional mountain activities, which are facing adversity from increasing temperatures. This paper emphasises the role of geotourism in both enhancing sustainable development and raising awareness of climate change. For this purpose, the geodiversity of the Chiusella Valley has been analysed and several geosites have been identified. The research methodology includes field surveys, analysis of an existing educational activities and scientific literature, and assessment of geosites by quantitative analysis of five groups of indicators, including scientific, cultural, and educational values. The geosite selection within the Chiusella Valley reveals memories of past and present climate changes but also supports the development of targeted geotourism activities in the area. Additionally, a specific location has been identified for hosting indoor activities showcasing climate change action. These valuable contributions to sustainable geotourism provide opportunities for exploring the Alps in the vicinity of the Po Plain urban areas, while minimizing the environmental impact and facilitating educational activities on geodiversity and geoheritage.

Ethiopia constitutes one of the most significant environmental, religious and cultural reserves on Earth. The study aims to assess the geotourism of the monuments. The study has been conducted using literature review, fieldwork, data collection and production of geotourism maps and interpretations. Geosites are important resources for geotourism development in Ethiopia along the Historic route of Ethiopian tourism. This route is the main tourism corridor of the country in which geotourism knowledge is very important. Among the major geotourism sites in the study area are, Axum Stelea and its Quary Site, archaeological sites, monasteries, Adwa Volcanic Mountain Chains, palaces, rock-hewn churches, and viewpoints. Therefore, the study has concluded that knowing and understanding the geotourism (which includes geosites and historical heritages) is very important for the development of tourism in Tigray, Ethiopia.

The Kula-Salihli UNESCO Global Geopark includes evidence of geological history spanning 600 million years, from Palaeozoic metamorphic rocks to late prehistoric volcanic eruptions. It can function as a field laboratory for geosciences, demonstrating a variety of graben and fault structures and fluvial, volcanic, and karstic landscapes, in addition to rocks from various geological eras, evidence of fluvial processes, and topographic inversions caused by differential erosion. The topography and landscape elements also exhibit the qualities of a natural monument. The majority of the most recent basaltic lava eruptions, linked to the development of scoria cones, took place in the western Anatolian Kula-Salihli UNESCO Geopark during the Pleistocene and Holocene epochs. In this unique volcanic province, there is also much earlier volcanism, such as a few older lavas that overlie mesa-style uplands, conserving underneath them sediments that are loosely bound but otherwise would have been lost to erosion. Because of its rich and diverse geoheritage value, the geopark is emerging as a location for academic studies, teaching, and investigation of natural events. This study aims to introduce the volcanism-related geosites of the Kula Salihli UNESCO Global Geopark. In this context, we present the results of geomorphological research that we have been conducting in the region with an international team for many years, as well as field observations and relevant literature.

The central part of the Western Desert of Egypt, where the Bahariya and Farafra oases are situated, possesses many notable geological features. However, to date the related geoheritage information remains incomplete. Field investigation has permitted the characterization of ten localities representing Quaternary environments, which were rather humid and, thus, differed from the present hyper-arid conditions. Lacustrine-palustrine calcretes and dolocretes, lake (playa) deposits, fluvial tufa and travertines, speleothems (cavern deposits), and aeolian nebkha facies are among the features of these localities. Tentatively, a geosite with a new form is proposed for the studied entity of the localities, namely a serial geosite; this term signifies geosites embracing localities representing the same geological phenomenon, but scattered in the study area. The managerial implications of this study are recommendations for careful planning based on the geosite descriptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many geographical domains possess notable geological and geomorphological features, which are yet to be characterized comprehensively in terms of geoheritage. The present study focuses on the Kislovodsk area, which is situated in the southern part of the Central Ciscaucasus (post-Paleozoic platform), where the latter joins to the Greater Caucasus (late Cenozoic orogen). Three geosites are reported from there, and their qualitative description and semi-quantitative, score-based assessment are offered. The Honey Waterfalls represent an example of river erosion affecting Carboniferous granitoids with uppermost Jurassic weathering horizon and overlain by Lower Cretaceous carbonates. The Ring Mountain is a natural arch formed as result of wind erosion. The Little Saddle is a viewpoint offering a spectacular, panoramic view toward the Elbrus Mountain that is the highest peak of Russia and Europe and an impressive dormant stratovolcano. The Honey Waterfalls and the Ring Mountain are ranked nationally (the latter receives the highest total scores), and the Little Saddle is ranked regionally. These geosites are diverse in several aspects, and, particularly, different geoheritage types and forms are established. The Kislovodsk area bearing the reported geoheritage objects is a part of the Mineralnye Vody resort area, which is large and important for the national tourism and recreation industry. The related opportunities and challenges for geoheritage resource management have to be considered.

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Aim: the present study aimed at developing an integrated decision-making model based on remote sensing (RS) and GIS to identify the geomorphotourism potentials of Tajnood Valley and Hemmatbad Desert in Zirkuh County. Methodology: In the present study, after identifying landforms, geomorphological features, and geosites through RS, the Fassoulas, GAM, and Comanescu models were employed to prioritize and value geotourism potentials, including geosites, geomorphosites, and economic and cultural sites. Finally, in order to overcome the challenges of each model and take advantage of the capacity of all models, the Fassoulas-GAM-Comanescu integrated model (FA-CO-GM) was used based on the Analytical Hierarchy Method (AHP). In this way, it is possible to combine several factors that are considered separately in each model and to use the advantages of all models. Findings: The final map of the decision-making model based on RS and GIS integrated from Comanescu, Fassoulas, and GAM shows that 36% of the region is located in a high potential zone, corresponding to the geomorphological landforms, proper access, extended perspective, and high viewpoints. 51% of the region is located in a very high potential zone due to its representativeness, geomorphological diversity, rarity, intactness, and integrity in geosites. In order to verify the accuracy of Comanescu, Fascilos, GAM and AHP models, a sample t-test was used. The significance level of the test is less than 0.05 and it is within the standard and significant test limit. Conclusion: While identifying and evaluating the capability of the geomorphosite of Tajnood Valley and Hemmatabad Desert in the dry region of Zirkuh county, it was found that after applying several valuation models, with one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) in GIS, it is possible to fix these defects and prepare a suitable zoning map for the geosite and combine the results of several models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper proposes a method to valorize abandoned mines whose traces were lost in the territory and in the collective memory. We selected two case studies in the Umbria region (central Italy) that were used as examples. The evidence of the presence of lignite mines on the Upper Tiber River Valley (northern Umbria) has been completely erased, and since they were located in rural areas, they represent an interesting challenge regarding recovering the memory of the places and proposing a no-longer-existent site as a geosite. The recovery and valorization of historical documents of the two lignite mines (Caiperino–Terranera and Carsuga) and their conversion into a digital format was carried out before constructing a geolocalized database in a GIS environment. This framework is the starting point for a promising dissemination process via a digital media app, using multimedia contents as video, 3D models and the principles of augmented reality (AR) to enhance the touristic or didactic experience and promote the cultural heritage of the territory by keeping the memory of 'ghost places'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Călimani Mountains offer an impressive diversity of natural elements that can be conserved, including flora and fauna that could represent a tourism potential. This study evaluates three key geosites within the Călimani National Park: the Sulphur Quarry, Doisprezece Apostoli (Twelve Apostles), and Pietrosul Peak (2100 m). The results indicate that these geosites have significant potential for tourism development. The Sulphur Quarry holds historical and industrial importance, while Twelve Apostles and Pietrosul Peak are significant geologically and culturally. Evaluating these geosites will aid in resource management and conservation. Sustainable tourism development is achievable in the Călimani Mountains, and geosite assessment is a crucial step toward this goal. Future management strategies should prioritize sustainable use and conservation of natural resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]