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3. An Experiment on Gender Representation in Majoritarian Bargaining.

Author

Baranski, Andrzej, Geraldes, Diogo, Kovaliukaite, Ada, and Tremewan, James

Subjects
GENDER wage gap, SEX discrimination, GENDER inequality, BEHAVIORAL economics, DECISION making
Abstract

Women are underrepresented in business, academic, and political decision-making bodies across the world. To investigate the causal effect of gender representation on multilateral negotiations, we experimentally manipulate the composition of triads in a majoritarian, divide-the-dollar game. We document a robust gender gap in earnings driven largely by the exclusion of women from alliances rather than differential shares within alliances. Experiments with different subject pools show that distinct bargaining dynamics can underlie the same inequitable outcomes; gender-biased outcomes can be caused by outright discrimination, but they can also be driven by more complex dynamics related to differences in bargaining strategies. Although replacing the male with a female majority all but eliminates the gap in one pool, it has minimal effect in the other. These findings show that there is no "one-size-fits-all" solution to the gender gap we uncovered and highlight the importance of studying bargaining dynamics in detail. This paper was accepted by Marie-Claire Villeval, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: A. Baranski recognizes financial support from Tamkeen [under the New York University Abu Dhabi Research Institute; Grant CG005]. J. Tremewan acknowledges funding from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche [Grant ANR-21-CE03-0018 (Project ENDURA)]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data files are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.01800. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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4. Orthotropic modelling of the skeletal system

Author

Martins Da Silva Geraldes, Diogo Miguel and Phillips, Andrew

Subjects
624
Abstract

The femur‘s shape, geometry and internal structure are the result of bone‘s functional adaptation to resist the mechanical environment arising from different daily activities. Many studies have attempted to explain how this adaptation occurs by embedding bone remodelling algorithms in finite element (FE) models. However, simplifications have been introduced to the representation of bone‘s material symmetry and mechanical environment. Trabecular adaptation to the shear stresses that arise from multiple load cases has also been overlooked. This thesis proposes a novel iterative 3D adaptation algorithm to predict the femur‘s material properties distribution and directionality of its internal structures at a continuum level. Bone was modelled as a strain-driven adaptive continuum with local orthotropic symmetry and optimised Young‘s and shear moduli. The algorithm was applied to the Multiple Load Case 3D Femur Model, a FE model of a whole femur, with muscles and ligaments spanning between the hip and knee joints included explicitly. Several artificial structures were included to allow for more physiological modelling of the femur‘s mechanical behaviour. Multiple load cases representing different instances of daily activities were considered. The model‘s positioning and applied inter-segmental loading were extracted from a validated musculo-skeletal model. The mechanical envelope produced by the FE model was matched up with published studies and the model‘s suitability as a platform for the prediction of bone adaptation was confirmed. The resulting material properties distributions were compared against CT data of a human femur specimen and published studies. Furthermore, the predicted directionality of the femur‘s internal structures was validated by comparison with micro CT data of the proximal and distal regions of the same specimen. It was concluded that the proposed model can reliably produce the observed optimised structures in the femur. It is recommended that multiple activities and different instances of each load case should be considered when attempting to model bone‘s adaptation. The final result of this work is a physiological orthotropic heterogeneous model of the femur. This method has the potential to be an invaluable tool in achieving a more thorough understanding of bone‘s structural material properties, improving the knowledge we have of its mechanical behaviour.

Published
2013
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6. A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

Author

Hoogeveen, Suzanne, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, Aczel, Balazs, Aditya, Yonathan, Alayan, Alexandra J., Allen, Peter J., Altay, Sacha, Alzahawi, Shilaan, Amir, Yulmaida, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, Appiah, Obed Kwame, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, Balsamo, Michela, Banker, Sachin, Bartos, Frantisek, Becerra, Mario, Beffara, Bertrand, Beitner, Julia, Bendixen, Theiss, Berkessel, Jana B., Berniunas, Renatas, Billet, Matthew, Billingsley, Joseph, Bortolini, Tiago, Breitsohl, Heiko, Bret, Amelie, Brown, Faith L., Brown, Jennifer, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Buczny, Jacek, Bulbulia, Joseph, Caballero, Saul, Carlucci, Leonardo, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Cattaneo, Marco E. G., Charles, Sarah J., Claessens, Scott, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., Costa, Angelo Brandelli, Crone, Damien L., Czoschke, Stefan, Czymara, Christian, D'Urso, E. Damiano, Dahlstrom, Orjan, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Danielsson, Henrik, De Ron, Jill, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Dean, Kristy K., Dik, Bryan J., Disabato, David J., Doherty, Jaclyn K., Draws, Tim, Drouhot, Lucas, Dujmovic, Marin, Dunham, Yarrow, Ebert, Tobias, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., Eerland, Anita, Elbaek, Christian T., Farahmand, Shole, Farahmand, Hooman, Farias, Miguel, Feliccia, Abrey A., Fischer, Kyle, Fischer, Ronald, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, Francis, Zoe, Frick, Susanne, Frisch, Lisa K., Geraldes, Diogo, Gerdin, Emily, Geven, Linda, Ghasemi, Omid, Gielens, Erwin, Gligoric, Vukasin, Hagel, Kristin, Hajdu, Nandor, Hamilton, Hannah R., Hamzah, Imaduddin, Hanel, Paul H. P., Hawk, Christopher E., Himawan, Karel K., Holding, Benjamin C., Homman, Lina E., Ingendahl, Moritz, Inkila, Hilla, Inman, Mary L., Islam, Chris-Gabriel, Isler, Ozan, Izydorczyk, David, Jaeger, Bastian, Johnson, Kathryn A., Jong, Jonathan, Karl, Johannes A., Kaszubowski, Erikson, Katz, Benjamin A., Keefer, Lucas A., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Kelly, John M., Klein, Richard A., Kleinberg, Bennett, Knowles, Megan L., Kolczynska, Marta, Koller, Dave, Krasko, Julia, Kritzler, Sarah, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kyritsis, Thanos, Landes, Todd L., Laukenmann, Ruben, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, Lazar, Aryeh, Lehman, Barbara J., Levy, Neil, Lo, Ronda F., Lodder, Paul, Lorenz, Jennifer, Lowicki, Pawel, Ly, Albert L., Maassen, Esther, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., Maier, Maximilian, Marsh, Dylan R., Martinez, Nuria, Martinie, Marcellin, Martoyo, Ihan, Mason, Susan E., Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, McAleer, Phil, McCauley, Thomas, McCullough, Michael, McKay, Ryan, McMahon, Camilla M., McNamara, Amelia A., Means, Kira K., Mercier, Brett, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monin, Benoit, Moon, Jordan W., Moreau, David, Morgan, Jonathan, Murphy, James, Muscatt, George, Nagel, Christof, Nagy, Tamas, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Noack, Pamina, Norenzayan, Ara, Nuijten, Michele B., Olsson-Collentine, Anton, Oviedo, Lluis, Pavlov, Yuri G., Pawelski, James O., Pearson, Hannah, Pedder, Hugo, Peetz, Hannah K., Pinus, Michael, Pirutinsky, Steven, Polito, Vince, Porubanova, Michaela, Poulin, Michael J., Prenoveau, Jason M., Prince, Mark A., Protzko, John, Pryor, Campbell, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Qiu, Lin, Putter, Julian Quevedo, Rabelo, Andre, Radell, Milen L., Ramsay, Jonathan E., Reid, Graham, Roberts, Andrew J., Luna, Lindsey M. Root, Ross, Robert M., Roszak, Piotr, Roy, Nirmal, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., Sasaki, Joni Y., Schaumans, Catherine, Schivinski, Bruno, Schmitt, Marcel C., Schnitker, Sarah A., Schnuerch, Martin, Schreiner, Marcel R., Schuttengruber, Victoria, Sebben, Simone, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., Seryczynska, Berenika, Shjoedt, Uffe, Simsek, Muge, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Smith, Eliot R., Sowden, Walter J., Spath, Marion, Sporlein, Christoph, Stedden, William, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., Stuber, Simon, Sulik, Justin, Suwartono, Christiany, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Tappin, Ben M., Tay, Louis, Thibault, Robert T., Thompson, Burt, Thurn, Christian M., Torralba, Josefa, Tuthill, Shelby D., Ullein, Ann-Marie, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Cappellen, Patty, van den Akker, Olmo R., Van der Cruyssen, Ine, Van der Noll, Jolanda, van Dongen, Noah N. N., Van Lissa, Caspar J., van Mulukom, Valerie, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Verschuere, Bruno, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vilanova, Felipe, Vishkin, Allon, Vogel, Vera, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., Watanabe, Shoko, White, Cindel J. M., Wiebels, Kristina, Wiechert, Sera, Willett, Zachary Z., Witkowiak, Maciej, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., Wiwad, Dylan, Wuyts, Robin, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Yang, Xin, Yeo, Darren J., Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zarzeczna, Natalia, Zhao, Yitong, Zijlmans, Josjan, van Elk, Michiel, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Hoogeveen, Suzanne, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, Aczel, Balazs, Aditya, Yonathan, Alayan, Alexandra J., Allen, Peter J., Altay, Sacha, Alzahawi, Shilaan, Amir, Yulmaida, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, Appiah, Obed Kwame, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, Balsamo, Michela, Banker, Sachin, Bartos, Frantisek, Becerra, Mario, Beffara, Bertrand, Beitner, Julia, Bendixen, Theiss, Berkessel, Jana B., Berniunas, Renatas, Billet, Matthew, Billingsley, Joseph, Bortolini, Tiago, Breitsohl, Heiko, Bret, Amelie, Brown, Faith L., Brown, Jennifer, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Buczny, Jacek, Bulbulia, Joseph, Caballero, Saul, Carlucci, Leonardo, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Cattaneo, Marco E. G., Charles, Sarah J., Claessens, Scott, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., Costa, Angelo Brandelli, Crone, Damien L., Czoschke, Stefan, Czymara, Christian, D'Urso, E. Damiano, Dahlstrom, Orjan, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Danielsson, Henrik, De Ron, Jill, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Dean, Kristy K., Dik, Bryan J., Disabato, David J., Doherty, Jaclyn K., Draws, Tim, Drouhot, Lucas, Dujmovic, Marin, Dunham, Yarrow, Ebert, Tobias, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., Eerland, Anita, Elbaek, Christian T., Farahmand, Shole, Farahmand, Hooman, Farias, Miguel, Feliccia, Abrey A., Fischer, Kyle, Fischer, Ronald, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, Francis, Zoe, Frick, Susanne, Frisch, Lisa K., Geraldes, Diogo, Gerdin, Emily, Geven, Linda, Ghasemi, Omid, Gielens, Erwin, Gligoric, Vukasin, Hagel, Kristin, Hajdu, Nandor, Hamilton, Hannah R., Hamzah, Imaduddin, Hanel, Paul H. P., Hawk, Christopher E., Himawan, Karel K., Holding, Benjamin C., Homman, Lina E., Ingendahl, Moritz, Inkila, Hilla, Inman, Mary L., Islam, Chris-Gabriel, Isler, Ozan, Izydorczyk, David, Jaeger, Bastian, Johnson, Kathryn A., Jong, Jonathan, Karl, Johannes A., Kaszubowski, Erikson, Katz, Benjamin A., Keefer, Lucas A., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Kelly, John M., Klein, Richard A., Kleinberg, Bennett, Knowles, Megan L., Kolczynska, Marta, Koller, Dave, Krasko, Julia, Kritzler, Sarah, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kyritsis, Thanos, Landes, Todd L., Laukenmann, Ruben, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, Lazar, Aryeh, Lehman, Barbara J., Levy, Neil, Lo, Ronda F., Lodder, Paul, Lorenz, Jennifer, Lowicki, Pawel, Ly, Albert L., Maassen, Esther, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., Maier, Maximilian, Marsh, Dylan R., Martinez, Nuria, Martinie, Marcellin, Martoyo, Ihan, Mason, Susan E., Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, McAleer, Phil, McCauley, Thomas, McCullough, Michael, McKay, Ryan, McMahon, Camilla M., McNamara, Amelia A., Means, Kira K., Mercier, Brett, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monin, Benoit, Moon, Jordan W., Moreau, David, Morgan, Jonathan, Murphy, James, Muscatt, George, Nagel, Christof, Nagy, Tamas, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Noack, Pamina, Norenzayan, Ara, Nuijten, Michele B., Olsson-Collentine, Anton, Oviedo, Lluis, Pavlov, Yuri G., Pawelski, James O., Pearson, Hannah, Pedder, Hugo, Peetz, Hannah K., Pinus, Michael, Pirutinsky, Steven, Polito, Vince, Porubanova, Michaela, Poulin, Michael J., Prenoveau, Jason M., Prince, Mark A., Protzko, John, Pryor, Campbell, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Qiu, Lin, Putter, Julian Quevedo, Rabelo, Andre, Radell, Milen L., Ramsay, Jonathan E., Reid, Graham, Roberts, Andrew J., Luna, Lindsey M. Root, Ross, Robert M., Roszak, Piotr, Roy, Nirmal, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., Sasaki, Joni Y., Schaumans, Catherine, Schivinski, Bruno, Schmitt, Marcel C., Schnitker, Sarah A., Schnuerch, Martin, Schreiner, Marcel R., Schuttengruber, Victoria, Sebben, Simone, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., Seryczynska, Berenika, Shjoedt, Uffe, Simsek, Muge, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Smith, Eliot R., Sowden, Walter J., Spath, Marion, Sporlein, Christoph, Stedden, William, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., Stuber, Simon, Sulik, Justin, Suwartono, Christiany, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Tappin, Ben M., Tay, Louis, Thibault, Robert T., Thompson, Burt, Thurn, Christian M., Torralba, Josefa, Tuthill, Shelby D., Ullein, Ann-Marie, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Cappellen, Patty, van den Akker, Olmo R., Van der Cruyssen, Ine, Van der Noll, Jolanda, van Dongen, Noah N. N., Van Lissa, Caspar J., van Mulukom, Valerie, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Verschuere, Bruno, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vilanova, Felipe, Vishkin, Allon, Vogel, Vera, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., Watanabe, Shoko, White, Cindel J. M., Wiebels, Kristina, Wiechert, Sera, Willett, Zachary Z., Witkowiak, Maciej, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., Wiwad, Dylan, Wuyts, Robin, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Yang, Xin, Yeo, Darren J., Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zarzeczna, Natalia, Zhao, Yitong, Zijlmans, Josjan, van Elk, Michiel, and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan

Abstract

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported beta = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported beta = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

Published
2023

7. Lying in two dimensions

Author

Theoretische micro-economie, UU LEG Research UUSE Multidisciplinary Economics, Geraldes, Diogo, Heinicke, Franziska, Rosenkranz, Stephanie, Theoretische micro-economie, UU LEG Research UUSE Multidisciplinary Economics, Geraldes, Diogo, Heinicke, Franziska, and Rosenkranz, Stephanie

Published
2023

9. Nudging farmers towards adopting microbial applications in times of the COVID-19 pandemic

Author

Tensi, Annika, Ang, Frederic, Geraldes, Diogo, and van der fels - klerx, ine

Subjects
Behavioral Economics, Experimental Economics, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Economics, Holt & Laury, Farming, Life Sciences, Agriculture, Experimental Analysis of Behavior, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Microbial Applications, Lotteries, FOS: Psychology, Psychology, Business, Agribusiness, Agricultural Economics, Nudging
Abstract

In this paper, we test whether arable crop farmers in times of COVID-19 are more inclined to adopt microbial applications after watching a nudging video on the potential positive effects of microbial applications. Extreme exogenous events, like natural disasters, increase the risk aversion of individuals that experienced them (Cameron & Shah, 2015; Cassar et al., 2017). The unprecedented COVID-19 outbreak in Europe in 2020, which at some point put all countries to different degrees on hold, is the most recent example of such an exogeneous drastic event. Further is it well-known that risk attitudes are an important determinant of agricultural production decisions as well as agricultural technology adoption decisions. In general, farmers are seen as utility maximisers, as described by the Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1947) theory. Yet, a growing body of literature suggests that deviations from the expected utility theory are quite common in agricultural technology adoption and production decisions (Bellemare et al., 2020; Brunette & Tevenart, 2019; Streletskaya et al., 2020). For instance, Bellemare et al. (2020) find that farmers’ behaviour is nonmonotonic when it comes to price risks. Bocquého et al. (2014) find that Tversky and Kahneman’s Prospect Theory (1992) describes farmers’ behaviour better than expected utility theory. Liu (2013) finds in her field experiment on Bt cotton adoption that risk attitude as well as probability weighting determines the timing of adoption: The more risk averse farmers adopt Bt cotton later, while the farmers that overweight small probabilities adopt the new variety earlier. Taken together, the findings on the relationship between extreme events and risk attitude, and risk attitudes and farmers’ behaviour, suggest that the COVID-19 outbreak may lead farmers to become more risk averse, potentially deterring them from making essential investments for future profitability. In this article, we investigate whether a nudge, in form of an informative video, can overcome exogenous risk attitudes and lead to better production decisions. While Liu (2013) investigated ex post how risk attitudes affect technological adoption decisions, we investigate ex ante the adoption of a novel technology. We use the risk preference parameters (utility function curvature) and parameters of the probability weighting function, as well as exposure to COVID-19 to model the uptake of microbial applications in arable farming. We use two lotteries to elicit the two parameters. The Holt and Laury (2002) protocol is used to elicit the parameters of the probability weighting function. We follow the adjustments by Drichoutis and Lusk (2016) to estimate the parameters of the utility function curvature. For parameter estimation, we use maximum likelihood estimation models (Harrison & Rutström, 2008).

Published
2022
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10. Das competências do Presidente da Mesa da Assembleia-Geral nas sociedades comerciais

Author

Geraldes, Diogo Couto da Rocha, José, Pedro Quartin Graça Simão, and Delgado, Ruben Bahamonde

Subjects
Atos de gestão intraorgânica, The Chairman of the board of the General Meeting, Functional powers, Private limited company, Non-profit organization, Presidente de Mesa da Assembleia-Geral, Legal proceeding to convocation, Processo de convocação judicial, Ciências Sociais::Direito [Domínio/Área Científica], Intraorganic management acts, Poderes funcionais, Sociedade anónima -- Business corporation, Associações
Abstract

A presente dissertação incide sobre o regime jurídico do Presidente da Assembleia-Geral nas sociedades anónimas, designadamente no âmbito do conjunto atos que por este podem ser praticados. Não obstante a atribuição pelo legislador nacional de poderes funcionais próprios, na esteira da tradição oitocentista, ímpar no direito comparado, os seus poderes funcionais carecem de uma abordagem sistemática, sobretudo nos novos quadros da corporate governance. A necessidade de concretização, de forma clara, dos contornos deste regime, convoca a premência na caracterização da natureza jurídica, através do estudo aprofundado dos poderes funcionais (de natureza ordinária e extraordinária), dos traços fundamentais do início e da cessação do vínculo e dos requisitos de independência do Presidente permanente e “ad hoc”. Assim, permite-se delimitar as funções específicas, resultantes da sua autonomia, com especial relevo para o modo como se efetiva a articulação interorgânica com os demais órgãos no quadro dos mecanismos de fiscalização da legalidade no procedimento deliberativo – atribuição primacial do Presidente de Mesa da Assembleia-Geral. Nessa medida, é possível apurar e delimitar a admissibilidade dos atos que se subsumem ao controlo interorgânico, no processo deliberativo, com a correspondente análise da responsabilidade do Presidente de Mesa pelos seus atos. A dinâmica do plano contencioso é fundamental para a concretização deste regime jurídico, mormente quanto aos meios de tutela judicial ao dispor dos sócios no âmbito do processo de convocação judicial de Assembleia-Gerais, assim como a sua tramitação, inclusive nas Associações. The present study focuses on the legal regime of the Chairman of the General meeting in private limited companies, namely within the scope of the set of acts that can be practiced. Notwithstanding the attribution by the national legislator of its own functional powers, in the wake of the 19th century tradition, unique in comparative law, its functional powers lack a systematic approach, especially in the new frameworks of corporate governance. The need to implement, in a clear way, the contours of this regime, calls for the urgency in the characterization of the legal nature, through the in-depth study of the functional powers of the fundamental traces of the beginning and the cessation of the bond and independence requirements of the permanent and ad hoc Chairman. This way, it is possible to delimit the specific functions, resulting from their autonomy, with special emphasis on the way in which the inter-organic articulation with the other organs takes place within the framework of the mechanisms for legality monitoring in the deliberative procedure - primal attribution-. To this extent, it is possible to determine and delimit the admissibility of acts that are subject to inter-organic control, in the deliberative process, with the corresponding analysis of the Chairman's responsibility for his actions. The dynamics of the litigation plan is fundamental in this legal regime, especially regarding the means of judicial protection available to the partners in the scope of the legal proceeding to convocation, as well as their procedure, including in the non-profit organizations.

Published
2022

12. Gender Differences in Performance Under Competition:: Is There a Stereotype Threat Shadow?

Author

Geraldes, Diogo, Geraldes, Diogo, Riedl, Arno, Strobel, Martin, Geraldes, Diogo, Geraldes, Diogo, Riedl, Arno, and Strobel, Martin

Abstract

The gender gap in income and leadership positions in many domains of our society is an undisputed pervasive phenomenon. One explanation for the disadvantaged position of women put forward in the economic and psychology literature is the weaker response of women to competitive incentives. Despite the large amount of literature trying to explain this fact, the precise mechanisms behind the gender difference in competitive responsiveness are still not fully uncovered. In this paper, we use laboratory experiments to study the potential role of stereotype threat on the response of men and women to competitive incentives in mixed-gender competition. We use a real effort math task to induce an implicit stereotype threat against women in one treatment. In additional treatments we, respectively, reinforce this stereotype threat and induce a stereotype threat against men. In contrast to much of the literature we do not observe that women are less competitive than men, neither when there is an implicit nor when there is an explicit stereotype threat against women. We attribute this to two factors which differentiates our experiment from previous ones. We control, first, for inter-individual performance differences using a within-subject design, and, second, for risk differences between non-competitive and competitive environments by making the former risky. We do find an adverse stereotype threat effect on the performance of men when there is an explicit stereotype threat against them. In that case any positive performance effect of competition is nullified by the stereotype threat. Overall, our results indicate that a stereotype threat has negative competitive performance effects only if there is information contradicting an existing stereotype. This suggests that the appropriate intervention to prevent the adverse effect of stereotype threat in performance is to avoid any information referring to the stereotype.

Published
2021

15. A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

Author

Hoogeveen, Suzanne, primary, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, additional, Aczel, Balazs, additional, Aditya, Yonathan, additional, Alayan, Alexandra J., additional, Allen, Peter J., additional, Altay, Sacha, additional, Alzahawi, Shilaan, additional, Amir, Yulmaida, additional, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, additional, Kwame Appiah, Obed, additional, Atkinson, Quentin D., additional, Baimel, Adam, additional, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, additional, Balsamo, Michela, additional, Banker, Sachin, additional, Bartoš, František, additional, Becerra, Mario, additional, Beffara, Bertrand, additional, Beitner, Julia, additional, Bendixen, Theiss, additional, Berkessel, Jana B., additional, Berniūnas, Renatas, additional, Billet, Matthew I., additional, Billingsley, Joseph, additional, Bortolini, Tiago, additional, Breitsohl, Heiko, additional, Bret, Amélie, additional, Brown, Faith L., additional, Brown, Jennifer, additional, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., additional, Buczny, Jacek, additional, Bulbulia, Joseph, additional, Caballero, Saúl, additional, Carlucci, Leonardo, additional, Carmichael, Cheryl L., additional, Cattaneo, Marco E. G. V., additional, Charles, Sarah J., additional, Claessens, Scott, additional, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., additional, Costa, Angelo Brandelli, additional, Crone, Damien L., additional, Czoschke, Stefan, additional, Czymara, Christian, additional, D'Urso, E. Damiano, additional, Dahlström, Örjan, additional, Rosa, Anna Dalla, additional, Danielsson, Henrik, additional, De Ron, Jill, additional, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, additional, Dean, Kristy K., additional, Dik, Bryan J., additional, Disabato, David J., additional, Doherty, Jaclyn K., additional, Draws, Tim, additional, Drouhot, Lucas, additional, Dujmovic, Marin, additional, Dunham, Yarrow, additional, Ebert, Tobias, additional, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., additional, Eerland, Anita, additional, Elbaek, Christian T., additional, Farahmand, Shole, additional, Farahmand, Hooman, additional, Farias, Miguel, additional, Feliccia, Abrey A., additional, Fischer, Kyle, additional, Fischer, Ronald, additional, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, additional, Francis, Zoë, additional, Frick, Susanne, additional, Frisch, Lisa K., additional, Geraldes, Diogo, additional, Gerdin, Emily, additional, Geven, Linda, additional, Ghasemi, Omid, additional, Gielens, Erwin, additional, Gligorić, Vukašin, additional, Hagel, Kristin, additional, Hajdu, Nandor, additional, Hamilton, Hannah R., additional, Hamzah, Imaduddin, additional, Hanel, Paul H. P., additional, Hawk, Christopher E., additional, K. Himawan, Karel, additional, Holding, Benjamin C., additional, Homman, Lina E., additional, Ingendahl, Moritz, additional, Inkilä, Hilla, additional, Inman, Mary L., additional, Islam, Chris-Gabriel, additional, Isler, Ozan, additional, Izydorczyk, David, additional, Jaeger, Bastian, additional, Johnson, Kathryn A., additional, Jong, Jonathan, additional, Karl, Johannes A., additional, Kaszubowski, Erikson, additional, Katz, Benjamin A., additional, Keefer, Lucas A., additional, Kelchtermans, Stijn, additional, Kelly, John M., additional, Klein, Richard A., additional, Kleinberg, Bennett, additional, Knowles, Megan L., additional, Kołczyńska, Marta, additional, Koller, Dave, additional, Krasko, Julia, additional, Kritzler, Sarah, additional, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, additional, Kyritsis, Thanos, additional, L. Landes, Todd, additional, Laukenmann, Ruben, additional, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, additional, Lazar, Aryeh, additional, Lehman, Barbara J., additional, Levy, Neil, additional, Lo, Ronda F., additional, Lodder, Paul, additional, Lorenz, Jennifer, additional, Łowicki, Paweł, additional, Ly, Albert L., additional, Maassen, Esther, additional, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., additional, Maier, Maximilian, additional, Marsh, Dylan R., additional, Martinez, Nuria, additional, Martinie, Marcellin, additional, Martoyo, Ihan, additional, Mason, Susan E., additional, Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, additional, McAleer, Phil, additional, McCauley, Thomas, additional, McCullough, Michael, additional, McKay, Ryan, additional, McMahon, Camilla M., additional, McNamara, Amelia A., additional, Means, Kira K., additional, Mercier, Brett, additional, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, additional, Monin, Benoît, additional, Moon, Jordan W., additional, Moreau, David, additional, Morgan, Jonathan, additional, Murphy, James, additional, Muscatt, George, additional, Nägel, Christof, additional, Nagy, Tamás, additional, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, additional, Nilsonne, Gustav, additional, Noack, Pamina, additional, Norenzayan, Ara, additional, Nuijten, Michèle B., additional, Olsson-Collentine, Anton, additional, Oviedo, Lluis, additional, Pavlov, Yuri G., additional, Pawelski, James O., additional, Pearson, Hannah I., additional, Pedder, Hugo, additional, Peetz, Hannah K., additional, Pinus, Michael, additional, Pirutinsky, Steven, additional, Polito, Vince, additional, Porubanova, Michaela, additional, Poulin, Michael J., additional, Prenoveau, Jason M., additional, Prince, Mark A., additional, Protzko, John, additional, Pryor, Campbell, additional, Purzycki, Benjamin G., additional, Qiu, Lin, additional, Pütter, Julian Quevedo, additional, Rabelo, André, additional, Radell, Milen L., additional, Ramsay, Jonathan E., additional, Reid, Graham, additional, J. Roberts, Andrew, additional, Luna, Lindsey M. Root, additional, Ross, Robert M., additional, Roszak, Piotr, additional, Roy, Nirmal, additional, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., additional, Sasaki, Joni Y., additional, Schaumans, Catherine, additional, Schivinski, Bruno, additional, Schmitt, Marcel C., additional, Schnitker, Sarah A., additional, Schnuerch, Martin, additional, Schreiner, Marcel R., additional, Schüttengruber, Victoria, additional, Sebben, Simone, additional, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., additional, Seryczyńska, Berenika, additional, Shjoedt, Uffe, additional, Simsek, Müge, additional, Sleegers, Willem W. A., additional, Smith, Eliot R., additional, Sowden, Walter J., additional, Späth, Marion, additional, Spörlein, Christoph, additional, Stedden, William, additional, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., additional, Stuber, Simon, additional, Sulik, Justin, additional, Suwartono, Christiany, additional, Syropoulos, Stylianos, additional, Szaszi, Barnabas, additional, Szecsi, Peter, additional, Tappin, Ben M., additional, Tay, Louis, additional, Thibault, Robert T., additional, Thompson, Burt, additional, Thurn, Christian M., additional, Torralba, Josefa, additional, Tuthill, Shelby D., additional, Ullein, Ann-Marie, additional, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., additional, van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., additional, Van Cappellen, Patty, additional, van den Akker, Olmo R., additional, Van der Cruyssen, Ine, additional, Van der Noll, Jolanda, additional, van Dongen, Noah N. N., additional, Van Lissa, Caspar J., additional, van Mulukom, Valerie, additional, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, additional, van Zyl, Casper J. J., additional, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, additional, Većkalov, Bojana, additional, Verschuere, Bruno, additional, Vianello, Michelangelo, additional, Vilanova, Felipe, additional, Vishkin, Allon, additional, Vogel, Vera, additional, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., additional, Watanabe, Shoko, additional, White, Cindel J. M., additional, Wiebels, Kristina, additional, Wiechert, Sera, additional, Willett, Zachary Z., additional, Witkowiak, Maciej, additional, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., additional, Wiwad, Dylan, additional, Wuyts, Robin, additional, Xygalatas, Dimitris, additional, Yang, Xin, additional, Yeo, Darren J., additional, Yilmaz, Onurcan, additional, Zarzeczna, Natalia, additional, Zhao, Yitong, additional, Zijlmans, Josjan, additional, van Elk, Michiel, additional, and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, additional

Published
2022
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16. A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being

Author

Hoogeveen, Suzanne, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, Aczel, Balazs, Aditya, Yonathan, Alayan, Alexandra J., Allen, Peter J., Altay, Sacha, Alzahawi, Shilaan, Amir, Yulmaida, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, Appiah, Obed Kwame, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, Balsamo, Michela, Banker, Sachin, Bartos, Frantisek, Becerra, Mario, Beffara, Bertrand, Beitner, Julia, Bendixen, Theiss, Berkessel, Jana B., Berniunas, Renatas, Billet, Matthew, Billingsley, Joseph, Bortolini, Tiago, Breitsohl, Heiko, Bret, Amelie, Brown, Faith L., Brown, Jennifer, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Buczny, Jacek, Bulbulia, Joseph, Caballero, Saul, Carlucci, Leonardo, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Cattaneo, Marco E. G., Charles, Sarah J., Claessens, Scott, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., Costa, Angelo Brandelli, Crone, Damien L., Czoschke, Stefan, Czymara, Christian, D'Urso, E. Damiano, Dahlstrom, Orjan, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Danielsson, Henrik, De Ron, Jill, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Dean, Kristy K., Dik, Bryan J., Disabato, David J., Doherty, Jaclyn K., Draws, Tim, Drouhot, Lucas, Dujmovic, Marin, Dunham, Yarrow, Ebert, Tobias, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., Eerland, Anita, Elbaek, Christian T., Farahmand, Shole, Farahmand, Hooman, Farias, Miguel, Feliccia, Abrey A., Fischer, Kyle, Fischer, Ronald, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, Francis, Zoe, Frick, Susanne, Frisch, Lisa K., Geraldes, Diogo, Gerdin, Emily, Geven, Linda, Ghasemi, Omid, Gielens, Erwin, Gligoric, Vukasin, Hagel, Kristin, Hajdu, Nandor, Hamilton, Hannah R., Hamzah, Imaduddin, Hanel, Paul H. P., Hawk, Christopher E., Himawan, Karel K., Holding, Benjamin C., Homman, Lina E., Ingendahl, Moritz, Inkila, Hilla, Inman, Mary L., Islam, Chris-Gabriel, Isler, Ozan, Izydorczyk, David, Jaeger, Bastian, Johnson, Kathryn A., Jong, Jonathan, Karl, Johannes A., Kaszubowski, Erikson, Katz, Benjamin A., Keefer, Lucas A., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Kelly, John M., Klein, Richard A., Kleinberg, Bennett, Knowles, Megan L., Kolczynska, Marta, Koller, Dave, Krasko, Julia, Kritzler, Sarah, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kyritsis, Thanos, Landes, Todd L., Laukenmann, Ruben, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, Lazar, Aryeh, Lehman, Barbara J., Levy, Neil, Lo, Ronda F., Lodder, Paul, Lorenz, Jennifer, Lowicki, Pawel, Ly, Albert L., Maassen, Esther, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., Maier, Maximilian, Marsh, Dylan R., Martinez, Nuria, Martinie, Marcellin, Martoyo, Ihan, Mason, Susan E., Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, McAleer, Phil, McCauley, Thomas, McCullough, Michael, McKay, Ryan, McMahon, Camilla M., McNamara, Amelia A., Means, Kira K., Mercier, Brett, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monin, Benoit, Moon, Jordan W., Moreau, David, Morgan, Jonathan, Murphy, James, Muscatt, George, Nagel, Christof, Nagy, Tamas, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Noack, Pamina, Norenzayan, Ara, Nuijten, Michele B., Olsson-Collentine, Anton, Oviedo, Lluis, Pavlov, Yuri G., Pawelski, James O., Pearson, Hannah, Pedder, Hugo, Peetz, Hannah K., Pinus, Michael, Pirutinsky, Steven, Polito, Vince, Porubanova, Michaela, Poulin, Michael J., Prenoveau, Jason M., Prince, Mark A., Protzko, John, Pryor, Campbell, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Qiu, Lin, Putter, Julian Quevedo, Rabelo, Andre, Radell, Milen L., Ramsay, Jonathan E., Reid, Graham, Roberts, Andrew J., Luna, Lindsey M. Root, Ross, Robert M., Roszak, Piotr, Roy, Nirmal, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., Sasaki, Joni Y., Schaumans, Catherine, Schivinski, Bruno, Schmitt, Marcel C., Schnitker, Sarah A., Schnuerch, Martin, Schreiner, Marcel R., Schuttengruber, Victoria, Sebben, Simone, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., Seryczynska, Berenika, Shjoedt, Uffe, Simsek, Muge, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Smith, Eliot R., Sowden, Walter J., Spath, Marion, Sporlein, Christoph, Stedden, William, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., Stuber, Simon, Sulik, Justin, Suwartono, Christiany, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Tappin, Ben M., Tay, Louis, Thibault, Robert T., Thompson, Burt, Thurn, Christian M., Torralba, Josefa, Tuthill, Shelby D., Ullein, Ann-Marie, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Cappellen, Patty, van den Akker, Olmo R., Van der Cruyssen, Ine, Van der Noll, Jolanda, van Dongen, Noah N. N., Van Lissa, Caspar J., van Mulukom, Valerie, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Verschuere, Bruno, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vilanova, Felipe, Vishkin, Allon, Vogel, Vera, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., Watanabe, Shoko, White, Cindel J. M., Wiebels, Kristina, Wiechert, Sera, Willett, Zachary Z., Witkowiak, Maciej, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., Wiwad, Dylan, Wuyts, Robin, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Yang, Xin, Yeo, Darren J., Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zarzeczna, Natalia, Zhao, Yitong, Zijlmans, Josjan, van Elk, Michiel, Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan, Hoogeveen, Suzanne, Sarafoglou, Alexandra, Aczel, Balazs, Aditya, Yonathan, Alayan, Alexandra J., Allen, Peter J., Altay, Sacha, Alzahawi, Shilaan, Amir, Yulmaida, Anthony, Francis-Vincent, Appiah, Obed Kwame, Atkinson, Quentin D., Baimel, Adam, Balkaya-Ince, Merve, Balsamo, Michela, Banker, Sachin, Bartos, Frantisek, Becerra, Mario, Beffara, Bertrand, Beitner, Julia, Bendixen, Theiss, Berkessel, Jana B., Berniunas, Renatas, Billet, Matthew, Billingsley, Joseph, Bortolini, Tiago, Breitsohl, Heiko, Bret, Amelie, Brown, Faith L., Brown, Jennifer, Brumbaugh, Claudia C., Buczny, Jacek, Bulbulia, Joseph, Caballero, Saul, Carlucci, Leonardo, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Cattaneo, Marco E. G., Charles, Sarah J., Claessens, Scott, Panagopoulos, Maxinne C., Costa, Angelo Brandelli, Crone, Damien L., Czoschke, Stefan, Czymara, Christian, D'Urso, E. Damiano, Dahlstrom, Orjan, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Danielsson, Henrik, De Ron, Jill, de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Dean, Kristy K., Dik, Bryan J., Disabato, David J., Doherty, Jaclyn K., Draws, Tim, Drouhot, Lucas, Dujmovic, Marin, Dunham, Yarrow, Ebert, Tobias, Edelsbrunner, Peter A., Eerland, Anita, Elbaek, Christian T., Farahmand, Shole, Farahmand, Hooman, Farias, Miguel, Feliccia, Abrey A., Fischer, Kyle, Fischer, Ronald, Fisher-Thompson, Donna, Francis, Zoe, Frick, Susanne, Frisch, Lisa K., Geraldes, Diogo, Gerdin, Emily, Geven, Linda, Ghasemi, Omid, Gielens, Erwin, Gligoric, Vukasin, Hagel, Kristin, Hajdu, Nandor, Hamilton, Hannah R., Hamzah, Imaduddin, Hanel, Paul H. P., Hawk, Christopher E., Himawan, Karel K., Holding, Benjamin C., Homman, Lina E., Ingendahl, Moritz, Inkila, Hilla, Inman, Mary L., Islam, Chris-Gabriel, Isler, Ozan, Izydorczyk, David, Jaeger, Bastian, Johnson, Kathryn A., Jong, Jonathan, Karl, Johannes A., Kaszubowski, Erikson, Katz, Benjamin A., Keefer, Lucas A., Kelchtermans, Stijn, Kelly, John M., Klein, Richard A., Kleinberg, Bennett, Knowles, Megan L., Kolczynska, Marta, Koller, Dave, Krasko, Julia, Kritzler, Sarah, Krypotos, Angelos-Miltiadis, Kyritsis, Thanos, Landes, Todd L., Laukenmann, Ruben, Forsyth, Guy A. Lavender, Lazar, Aryeh, Lehman, Barbara J., Levy, Neil, Lo, Ronda F., Lodder, Paul, Lorenz, Jennifer, Lowicki, Pawel, Ly, Albert L., Maassen, Esther, Magyar-Russell, Gina M., Maier, Maximilian, Marsh, Dylan R., Martinez, Nuria, Martinie, Marcellin, Martoyo, Ihan, Mason, Susan E., Mauritsen, Anne Lundahl, McAleer, Phil, McCauley, Thomas, McCullough, Michael, McKay, Ryan, McMahon, Camilla M., McNamara, Amelia A., Means, Kira K., Mercier, Brett, Mitkidis, Panagiotis, Monin, Benoit, Moon, Jordan W., Moreau, David, Morgan, Jonathan, Murphy, James, Muscatt, George, Nagel, Christof, Nagy, Tamas, Nalborczyk, Ladislas, Nilsonne, Gustav, Noack, Pamina, Norenzayan, Ara, Nuijten, Michele B., Olsson-Collentine, Anton, Oviedo, Lluis, Pavlov, Yuri G., Pawelski, James O., Pearson, Hannah, Pedder, Hugo, Peetz, Hannah K., Pinus, Michael, Pirutinsky, Steven, Polito, Vince, Porubanova, Michaela, Poulin, Michael J., Prenoveau, Jason M., Prince, Mark A., Protzko, John, Pryor, Campbell, Purzycki, Benjamin G., Qiu, Lin, Putter, Julian Quevedo, Rabelo, Andre, Radell, Milen L., Ramsay, Jonathan E., Reid, Graham, Roberts, Andrew J., Luna, Lindsey M. Root, Ross, Robert M., Roszak, Piotr, Roy, Nirmal, Saarelainen, Suvi-Maria K., Sasaki, Joni Y., Schaumans, Catherine, Schivinski, Bruno, Schmitt, Marcel C., Schnitker, Sarah A., Schnuerch, Martin, Schreiner, Marcel R., Schuttengruber, Victoria, Sebben, Simone, Segerstrom, Suzanne C., Seryczynska, Berenika, Shjoedt, Uffe, Simsek, Muge, Sleegers, Willem W. A., Smith, Eliot R., Sowden, Walter J., Spath, Marion, Sporlein, Christoph, Stedden, William, Stoevenbelt, Andrea H., Stuber, Simon, Sulik, Justin, Suwartono, Christiany, Syropoulos, Stylianos, Szaszi, Barnabas, Szecsi, Peter, Tappin, Ben M., Tay, Louis, Thibault, Robert T., Thompson, Burt, Thurn, Christian M., Torralba, Josefa, Tuthill, Shelby D., Ullein, Ann-Marie, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Cappellen, Patty, van den Akker, Olmo R., Van der Cruyssen, Ine, Van der Noll, Jolanda, van Dongen, Noah N. N., Van Lissa, Caspar J., van Mulukom, Valerie, van Ravenzwaaij, Don, van Zyl, Casper J. J., Vaughn, Leigh Ann, Verschuere, Bruno, Vianello, Michelangelo, Vilanova, Felipe, Vishkin, Allon, Vogel, Vera, Vogelsmeier, Leonie V. D. E., Watanabe, Shoko, White, Cindel J. M., Wiebels, Kristina, Wiechert, Sera, Willett, Zachary Z., Witkowiak, Maciej, Witvliet, Charlotte V. O., Wiwad, Dylan, Wuyts, Robin, Xygalatas, Dimitris, Yang, Xin, Yeo, Darren J., Yilmaz, Onurcan, Zarzeczna, Natalia, Zhao, Yitong, Zijlmans, Josjan, van Elk, Michiel, and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan

Abstract

The relation between religiosity and well-being is one of the most researched topics in the psychology of religion, yet the directionality and robustness of the effect remains debated. Here, we adopted a many-analysts approach to assess the robustness of this relation based on a new cross-cultural dataset (N = 10, 535 participants from 24 countries). We recruited 120 analysis teams to investigate (1) whether religious people self-report higher well-being, and (2) whether the relation between religiosity and self-reported well-being depends on perceived cultural norms of religion (i.e., whether it is considered normal and desirable to be religious in a given country). In a two-stage procedure, the teams first created an analysis plan and then executed their planned analysis on the data. For the first research question, all but 3 teams reported positive effect sizes with credible/confidence intervals excluding zero (median reported beta = 0.120). For the second research question, this was the case for 65% of the teams (median reported beta = 0.039). While most teams applied (multilevel) linear regression models, there was considerable variability in the choice of items used to construct the independent variables, the dependent variable, and the included covariates.

Published
2022

17. The Effect of Chosen or Given Luck on Honesty

Author

Geraldes, Diogo, Heinicke, Franziska, and Kim, Duk Gyoo

Subjects
honesty, D82, lying, C91, agency, ddc:330, D03, laboratory experiment, luck
Abstract

Does being lucky (or unlucky) affect honest decision-making? We examine (1) whether luck-based income strengthens or erodes the moral value of honesty; (2) whether the perceived level of agency over an uncertain event affects the relationship between luck and honesty; and (3) whether accumulated luck affects honesty. To this end, we conducted a lab experiment where participants self-report a dice roll outcome, which is associated with effort-based income, after having received luck-based income. We manipulated the participants' perceptions regarding their influence on luck-based income. In the exogenous luck treatment, computerized coin tosses determines the luck-based income, whereas in the endogenous luck treatment, the participants choose the coin's winning side before the computerized coin toss. Our results are as follows: (1) lying behaviour increases when contemporaneous luck-based income is high, (2) lying is not affected by the perceived level of agency, and (3) lying is not affected by the previous outcomes of the luck-based income. Our observations challenge the relative importance of context that may render moral justification. Therefore, our findings indicate that differences in dishonest behavior may be largely due to individual-specific heterogeneity.

Published
2022

23. Essays on competitive attitude: sex, stereotypes, and group membership

Author

Da Cunha Batista Geraldes, Diogo, Da Cunha Batista Geraldes, Diogo, Da Cunha Batista Geraldes, Diogo, and Da Cunha Batista Geraldes, Diogo

Abstract

This dissertation pursues two fundamental objectives. Firstly, through the combination of economic experiments, economic theory, and psychology theory, it investigates motivations underlying behaviour in economically relevant competitive settings. Secondly, it uses the behavioural insights from the research to draw policy implications for the labour market. The main practical implications of this research are: i. To encourage women entering a male-dominated labour market, information in job advertisements that highlight women’s underrepresentation should be replaced by references to recent female applicants and/or existing female workers; ii. The appropriate intervention to prevent the adverse effect of stereotype threat in performance is to avoid any information referring to the stereotype; iii. To deter reckless decisions in competitive labour markets (e.g., hedge funds), we should index the bonus of workers to the performance of their peers.

Published
2018

24. Gender Differences in Performance under Competition: Is There a Stereotype Threat Shadow?

Author

Geraldes, Diogo, Riedl, Arno, Strobel, Martin, RS: GSBE Theme Human Decisions and Policy Design, and Microeconomics & Public Economics

Subjects
gender gaps, J16, competitiveness, c91 - Design of Experiments: Laboratory, Individual, experiment, stereotype threat, j16 - "Economics of Gender, Non-labor Discrimination", C91, ddc:330, D01, d01 - Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
Abstract

The gender gap in income and leadership positions in many domains of our society is an undisputed pervasive phenomenon. One explanation for the disadvantaged position of women put forward in the economic and psychology literature is the weaker response of women to competitive incentives. Despite the large amount of literature trying to explain this fact, the precise mechanisms behind the gender difference in competitive responsiveness are still not fully uncovered. In this paper, we use laboratory experiments to study the potential role of stereotype threat on the response of men and women to competitive incentives in mixed-gender competition. We use a real effort math task to induce an implicit stereotype threat against women in one treatment. In additional treatments we, respectively, reinforce this stereotype threat and induce a stereotype threat against men. In contrast to much of the literature we do not observe that women are less competitive than men, neither when there is an implicit nor when there is an explicit stereotype threat against women. We attribute this to two factors which differentiates our experiment from previous ones. We control, first, for inter-individual performance differences using a within-subject design, and, second, for risk differences between non-competitive and competitive environments by making the former risky. We do find an adverse stereotype threat effect on the performance of men when there is an explicit stereotype threat against them. In that case any positive performance effect of competition is nullified by the stereotype threat. Overall, our results indicate that a stereotype threat has negative competitive performance effects only if there is information contradicting an existing stereotype. This suggests that the appropriate intervention to prevent the adverse effect of stereotype threat in performance is to avoid any information referring to the stereotype.

Published
2020

25. Big and Small Lies

Author

Geraldes, Diogo, Heinicke, Franziska, and Kim, Duk Gyoo

Subjects
lying, C91, ddc:330, D03, laboratory experiment
Published
2020

34. Orthotropic modelling of the skeletal system

Author

Martins Da Silva Geraldes, Diogo Miguel and Phillips, Andrew

Abstract

The femur‘s shape, geometry and internal structure are the result of bone‘s functional adaptation to resist the mechanical environment arising from different daily activities. Many studies have attempted to explain how this adaptation occurs by embedding bone remodelling algorithms in finite element (FE) models. However, simplifications have been introduced to the representation of bone‘s material symmetry and mechanical environment. Trabecular adaptation to the shear stresses that arise from multiple load cases has also been overlooked. This thesis proposes a novel iterative 3D adaptation algorithm to predict the femur‘s material properties distribution and directionality of its internal structures at a continuum level. Bone was modelled as a strain-driven adaptive continuum with local orthotropic symmetry and optimised Young‘s and shear moduli. The algorithm was applied to the Multiple Load Case 3D Femur Model, a FE model of a whole femur, with muscles and ligaments spanning between the hip and knee joints included explicitly. Several artificial structures were included to allow for more physiological modelling of the femur‘s mechanical behaviour. Multiple load cases representing different instances of daily activities were considered. The model‘s positioning and applied inter-segmental loading were extracted from a validated musculo-skeletal model. The mechanical envelope produced by the FE model was matched up with published studies and the model‘s suitability as a platform for the prediction of bone adaptation was confirmed. The resulting material properties distributions were compared against CT data of a human femur specimen and published studies. Furthermore, the predicted directionality of the femur‘s internal structures was validated by comparison with micro CT data of the proximal and distal regions of the same specimen. It was concluded that the proposed model can reliably produce the observed optimised structures in the femur. It is recommended that multiple activities and different instances of each load case should be considered when attempting to model bone‘s adaptation. The final result of this work is a physiological orthotropic heterogeneous model of the femur. This method has the potential to be an invaluable tool in achieving a more thorough understanding of bone‘s structural material properties, improving the knowledge we have of its mechanical behaviour.

Published
2012
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37. Biotransformação de monoterpenos por raízes transgénicas de Anethum graveolens

Author

Geraldes, Diogo Manuel Amaral, 1987 and Figueiredo, Ana Cristina da Silva, 1959

Subjects
Óleos essenciais, Biologia celular, Plantas medicinais, Raízes transgénicas, Teses de mestrado - 2010, Monoterpenos, Biotecnologia
Abstract

Tese de mestrado. Biologia (Biologia Celular e Biotecnologia). Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2010 Submitted by Lurdes Saramago (lurdes.saramago@fc.ul.pt) on 2011-02-22T18:16:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ulfc090565_tm_D_Geraldes.pdf: 3701574 bytes, checksum: 80271e3eddcee72019fb21028ac5f5b5 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2011-02-22T18:16:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ulfc090565_tm_D_Geraldes.pdf: 3701574 bytes, checksum: 80271e3eddcee72019fb21028ac5f5b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010

Published
2010

40. Parametric analysis of glenoid implant design and fixation type.

Author

Geraldes, Diogo M., Hansen, Ulrich, and Amis, Andrew A.

Subjects
*FRACTURE fixation, *SURGICAL complications, *ORTHOPEDIC implants, *SHOULDER surgery, *ARTHROPLASTY
Abstract

ABSTRACT Common post-operative problems in shoulder arthroplasty such as glenoid loosening and joint instability may be reduced by improvements in glenoid design, shape, material choice, and fixation method. A framework for parametric analysis of different implant fixation configurations was developed in order to efficiently sift through potential glenoid component designs. We investigated the influence of design factors such as fixation type, component thickness, and peg position, number, diameter, and length in a multi-factorial design investigation. The proposed method allowed for simultaneous comparison of the mechanical performance of 344 different parametric variations of 10 different reference geometries with either large central fixation features or small peripheral pegs, undergoing four different worst-case scenario loading conditions, and averaging 64.7 s per model. The impact of design parameters were assessed for different factors responsible for post-operative problems in shoulder arthroplasty, such as bone volume preservation, stresses in the implant, central displacement or fixation stability, and the worst performing geometries all relied on conventional central fixation. Of the remaining geometries, four peripheral fixation configurations produced von Mises stresses comfortably below the material's yield strength. We show that the developed method allows for simple, direct, rapid, and repeatable comparison of different design features, material choices, or fixation methods by analyzing how they influence the bone-implant mechanical environment. The proposed method can provide valuable insight in implant design optimization by screening through multiple potential design modifications at an early design evaluation stage and highlighting the best performing combinations according to the failure mechanism to mitigate. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:775-784, 2017. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2017
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43. Deformation of the lamina cribrosa and optic nerve due to changes in cerebrospinal fluid pressure

Author

Science and Technology Facilities Council, Georgia Research Alliance, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Feola, Andrew J., Coudrillier, Baptiste, Mulvihill, John J.E., Geraldes, Diogo M., Vo, Nghia T., Albon, Julie, Abel, Richard L., Samuels, Brian C., Ross Ethier, C., Science and Technology Facilities Council, Georgia Research Alliance, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Feola, Andrew J., Coudrillier, Baptiste, Mulvihill, John J.E., Geraldes, Diogo M., Vo, Nghia T., Albon, Julie, Abel, Richard L., Samuels, Brian C., and Ross Ethier, C.

Abstract

peer-reviewed, PURPOSE. Cerebrospinal fluid pressure (CSFp) changes are involved or implicated in various ocular conditions including glaucoma, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, and visual impairment and intracranial pressure syndrome. However, little is known about the effects of CSFp on lamina cribrosa and retrolaminar neural tissue (RLNT) biomechanics, potentially important in these conditions. Our goal was to use an experimental approach to visualize and quantify the deformation of these tissues as CSFp increased. METHODS. The posterior eye and RLNT of porcine eyes (n ¼ 3) were imaged using synchrotron radiation phase-contrast micro-computed tomography (PC lCT) at an intraocular pressure of 15 mm Hg and CSFps of 4, 10, 20, and 30 mm Hg. Scans of each tissue region were acquired at each CSFp step and analyzed using digital volume correlation to determine 3-dimensional tissue deformations. RESULTS. Elevating CSFp increased the strain in the lamina cribrosa and RLNT of all three specimens, with the largest strains occurring in the RLNT. Relative to the baseline CSFp of 4 mm Hg, at 30 mm Hg, the lamina cribrosa experienced a mean first and third principal strain of 4.4% and 3.5%, respectively. The corresponding values for the RLNT were 9.5% and 9.1%. CONCLUSIONS. CSFp has a significant impact on the strain distributions within the lamina cribrosa and, more prominently, within the RLNT. Elevations in CSFp were positively correlated with increasing deformations in each region and may play a role in ocular pathologies linked to changes in CSFp.

44. Effects of peripapillary scleral stiffening on the deformation of the lamina cribrosa

Author

Science and Technology Facilities Council, Georgia Research Alliance, National Eye Institute, Department of Veterans Affairs, Coudrillier, Baptiste, Campbell, Ian C., Read, Thomas A., Geraldes, Diogo M., Vo, Nghia T., Feola, Andrew J., Mulvihill, John J.E., Albon, Julie, Abel, Richard L., Ethier, Ross C., Science and Technology Facilities Council, Georgia Research Alliance, National Eye Institute, Department of Veterans Affairs, Coudrillier, Baptiste, Campbell, Ian C., Read, Thomas A., Geraldes, Diogo M., Vo, Nghia T., Feola, Andrew J., Mulvihill, John J.E., Albon, Julie, Abel, Richard L., and Ethier, Ross C.

Abstract

peer-reviewed, PURPOSE. Scleral stiffening has been proposed as a treatment for glaucoma to protect the lamina cribrosa (LC) from excessive intraocular pressure–induced deformation. Here we experimentally evaluated the effects of moderate stiffening of the peripapillary sclera on the deformation of the LC. METHODS. An annular sponge, saturated with 1.25% glutaraldehyde, was applied to the external surface of the peripapillary sclera for 5 minutes to stiffen the sclera. Tissue deformation was quantified in two groups of porcine eyes, using digital image correlation (DIC) or computed tomography imaging and digital volume correlation (DVC). In group A (n ¼ 14), eyes were subjected to inflation testing before and after scleral stiffening. Digital image correlation was used to measure scleral deformation and quantify the magnitude of scleral stiffening. In group B (n ¼ 5), the optic nerve head region was imaged using synchrotron radiation phase-contrast microcomputed tomography (PC lCT) at an isotropic spatial resolution of 3.2 lm. Digital volume correlation was used to compute the full-field threedimensional deformation within the LC and evaluate the effects of peripapillary scleral crosslinking on LC biomechanics. RESULTS. On average, scleral treatment with glutaraldehyde caused a 34 6 14% stiffening of the peripapillary sclera measured at 17 mm Hg and a 47 6 12% decrease in the maximum tensile strain in the LC measured at 15 mm Hg. The reduction in LC strains was not due to cross-linking of the LC. CONCLUSIONS. Peripapillary scleral stiffening is effective at reducing the magnitude of biomechanical strains within the LC. Its potential and future utilization in glaucoma axonal neuroprotection requires further investigation.

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