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Myelin is an insulating, multi-lamellar membrane structure wrapped around selected nerve axons. In-creasing the speed of nerve impulses, it is crucial for the proper functioning of the vertebrate nervous system. Human neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, are linked to damage to the myelin sheath through demyelination. Myelin exhibits a well defined subset of myelin-specific pro-teins, whose influence on membrane dynamics, i.e., myelin flexibility and stability, has not yet been explored in detail. In a first paper [W. Knoll, J. Peters, P. Kursula, Y. Gerelli, J. Ollivier, B. Demé, M. Telling, E. Kemner, and F. Natali, Soft Matter 10, 519 (2014)] we were able to spotlight, through neutron scattering experiments, the role of peripheral nervous system myelin proteins on membrane stability at room temperature. In particular, the myelin basic protein and peripheral myelin protein 2 were found to synergistically influence the membrane structure while keeping almost unchanged the membrane mobility. Further insight is provided by this work, in which we particularly address the investigation of the membrane flexibility in the low temperature regime. We evidence a different behavior suggesting that the proton dynamics is reduced by the addition of the myelin basic protein accompanied by negligible membrane structural changes. Moreover, we address the importance of correct sample preparation and characterization for the success of the experiment and for the relia-bility of the obtained results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poly- N -isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) microgels are versatile colloidal-scale polymer networks that exhibit unique responsiveness to external stimuli, such as temperature. While the synthesis of PNIPAM microgels is well-documented, there is limited exploration of how their structural properties can be modified by subtle changes in the polymerization process. In this work, we carefully investigate how varying the time of addition of a common initiator, such as potassium persulfate, during the polymerization process allows a precise control over microgel architecture. Our findings, based on a combination of numerical simulations, scattering, and rheology experiments, reveal that delayed initiator addition results in a more heterogeneous network, characterized by a less extended corona. In contrast, more homogeneous microgels are obtained by adding the initiator all at the start of the synthesis. In this way, the internal mass distribution of the particles can be tuned, highlighting the importance of synthesis timing for optimizing microgel conformation and functionality in tailored applications.

This study investigates the interaction of KEIF, the intrinsically disordered N-terminal region of the magnesium transporter MgtA, with lipid bilayers mimicking cell membranes. Combining experimental techniques such as neutron reflectometry (NR), quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD), and oriented circular dichroism (OCD), with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we characterized KEIF's adsorption behavior., Hypothesis: KEIF undergoes conformational changes upon interacting with lipid bilayers, potentially influencing MgtA's function within the plasma membrane., Experiments: The study assessed KEIF's structural transitions and position within lipid bilayers under various conditions, including zwitterionic versus anionic bilayers and different salt concentrations. The techniques analyzed adsorption-induced structural shifts and peptide localization within the bilayer., Findings: KEIF transitions from a disordered to a more structured state, notably increasing α-helical content upon adsorption to lipid bilayers. The peptide resides primarily in the hydrophobic tail region of the bilayer, where it may displace lipids. Electrostatic interactions, modulated by bilayer charge and ionic strength, play a critical role. These results suggest that KEIF's conformational changes and bilayer interactions can be integral to its potential modulatory role in MgtA function within the plasma membrane. This research highlights the importance of surface-induced structural transitions in intrinsically disordered proteins and their implications for membrane protein modulation., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Marie Skepö reports financial support was provided by Lund University. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Cushioned lipid bilayers are structures consisting of a lipid bilayer supported on a solid substrate with an intervening layer of soft material. They offer possibilities for studying the behavior and interactions of biological membranes more accurately under physiological conditions. In this work, we continue our studies of cushion formation induced by histatin 5 ( 24 Hst5), focusing on the effect of the length of the peptide chain. 24 Hst5 is a short, positively charged, intrinsically disordered saliva peptide, and here, both a shorter ( 14 Hst5) and a longer ( 48 Hst5) peptide variant were evaluated. Experimental surface active techniques were combined with coarse-grained Monte Carlo simulations to obtain information about these peptides. Results show that at 10 mM NaCl, both the shorter and the longer peptide variants behave like 24 Hst5 and a cushion below the bilayer is formed. At 150 mM NaCl, however, no interaction is observed for 24 Hst5. On the contrary, a cushion is formed both in the case of 14 Hst5 and 48 Hst5, and in the latter, an additional thick, diffuse, and highly hydrated layer of peptide and lipid molecules is formed, on top of the bilayer. Similar trends were observed from the simulations, which allowed us to hypothesize that positively charged patches of the amino acids lysine and arginine in all three peptides are essential for them to interact with and translocate over the bilayer. We therefore hypothesize that electrostatic interactions are important for the interaction between the solid-supported lipid bilayers and the peptide depending on the linear charge density through the primary sequence and the positively charged patches in the sequence. The understanding of how, why, and when the cushion is formed opens up the possibility for this system to be used in the research and development of new drugs and pharmaceuticals.

Deformable colloids and macromolecules adsorb at interfaces as they decrease the interfacial energy between the two media. The deformability, or softness, of these particles plays a pivotal role in the properties of the interface. In this study, we employ a comprehensive in situ approach, combining neutron reflectometry with molecular dynamics simulations, to thoroughly examine the profound influence of softness on the structure of microgel Langmuir monolayers under compression. Lateral compression of both hard and soft microgel particle monolayers induces substantial structural alterations, leading to an amplified protrusion of the microgels into the aqueous phase. However, a critical distinction emerges: hard microgels are pushed away from the interface, in stark contrast to the soft ones, which remain firmly anchored to it. Concurrently, on the air-exposed side of the monolayer, lateral compression induces a flattening of the surface of the hard monolayer. This phenomenon is not observed for the soft particles as the monolayer is already extremely flat even in the absence of compression. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the key role of softness on both the equilibrium phase behavior of the monolayer and its effect when soft colloids are used as stabilizers of responsive interfaces and emulsions.

There is a close relationship between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and lipoproteins, in particular high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The severity of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is inversely correlated with HDL plasma levels. It is known that the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein binds the HDL particle, probably depleting it of lipids and altering HDL function. Based on neutron reflectometry (NR) and the ability of HDL to efflux cholesterol from macrophages, we confirm these observations and further identify the preference of the S protein for specific lipids and the consequent effects on HDL function on lipid exchange ability. Moreover, the effect of the S protein on HDL function differs depending on the individuals lipid serum profile. Contrasting trends were observed for individuals presenting low triglycerides/high cholesterol serum levels (LTHC) compared to high triglycerides/high cholesterol (HTHC) or low triglycerides/low cholesterol serum levels (LTLC). Collectively, these results suggest that the S protein interacts with the HDL particle and, depending on the lipid profile of the infected individual, it impairs its function during COVID-19 infection, causing an imbalance in lipid metabolism., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The study of the interaction between lipid membranes and amyloidogenic peptides is a turning point for understanding the processes involving the cytotoxicity of peptides involved in neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we perform an experimental study of model membrane-lysozyme interaction to understand how the formation of amyloid fibrils can be affected by the presence of polar and zwitterionic phospholipid molecules (1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine [POPC] and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol [POPG]). The study was conducted above and below the critical micellar concentration (CMC) using dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Our results show that the presence of phospholipids appears to be a factor favoring the formation of amyloid aggregates. Spectrophotometric and DLS data revealed that the quantity of β -structure increases in the presence of POPG and POPC at different concentrations. The presence of POPG and POPC increases the speed of the nucleation process, without altering the overall structures of the fibrillar final products., (© 2023 the author(s), published by De Gruyter.)

We studied the mechanical leaflet coupling of prototypic mammalian plasma membranes using neutron spin-echo spectroscopy. In particular, we examined a series of asymmetric phospholipid vesicles with phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin enriched in the outer leaflet and inner leaflets composed of phosphatidylethanolamine/phosphatidylserine mixtures. The bending rigidities of most asymmetric membranes were anomalously high, exceeding even those of symmetric membranes formed from their cognate leaflets. Only asymmetric vesicles with outer leaflets enriched in sphingolipid displayed bending rigidities in conformity with these symmetric controls. We performed complementary small-angle neutron and x-ray experiments on the same vesicles to examine possible links to structural coupling mechanisms, which would show up in corresponding changes in membrane thickness. In addition, we estimated differential stress between leaflets originating either from a mismatch of their lateral areas or spontaneous curvatures. However, no correlation with asymmetry-induced membrane stiffening was observed. To reconcile our findings, we speculate that an asymmetric distribution of charged or H-bond forming lipids may induce an intraleaflet coupling, which increases the weight of hard undulatory modes of membrane fluctuations and hence the overall membrane stiffness., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests The authors declare no competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Histatin 5 is a histidine-rich, intrinsically disordered, multifunctional saliva protein known to act as a first line of defense against oral candidiasis caused by Candida albicans . An earlier study showed that, upon interaction with a common model bilayer, a protein cushion spontaneously forms underneath the bilayer. Our hypothesis is that this effect is of electrostatic origin and that the observed behavior is due to proton charge fluctuations of the histidines, promoting attractive electrostatic interactions between the positively charged proteins and the anionic surfaces, with concomitant counterion release. Here we are investigating the role of the histidines in more detail by defining a library of variants of the peptide, where the former have been replaced by the pH-insensitive amino acid glutamine. By using experimental techniques such as circular dichroism, small angle X-ray scattering, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, and neutron reflectometry, it was determined that changing the number of histidines in the peptide sequence did not affect the structure of the peptide dissolved in solution. However, it was shown to affect the penetration depth of the peptide into the bilayer, where all variants except the one with zero histidines were found below the bilayer. A decrease in the number of histidine from the original seven to zero decreases the ability of the peptide to penetrate the bilayer, and the peptide is then also found residing within the bilayer. We hypothesize that this is due to the ability of the histidines to charge titrate, which charges up the peptide, and enables it to penetrate and translocate through the lipid bilayer.

Nanoparticle interactions with cellular membranes are controlled by molecular recognition reactions and regulate a multitude of biological processes, including virus infections, biological nanoparticle-mediated cellular communication, and drug delivery applications. Aided by the design of various supported cell membrane mimics, multiple methods have been employed to investigate these types of interactions, revealing information on nanoparticle coverage, interaction kinetics, as well as binding strength; however, precise quantification of the separation distance across which these delicate interactions occur remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that carefully designed neutron reflectometry (NR) experiments followed by an attentive selection and application of suitable theoretical models offer a means to quantify the distance separating biological nanoparticles from a supported lipid bilayer (SLB) with sub-nanometer precision. The distance between the nanoparticles and SLBs was tuned by exploiting either direct adsorption or specific binding using DNA tethers with different conformations, revealing separation distances of around 1, 3, and 7 nm with nanometric accuracy. We also show that NR provides precise information on nanoparticle coverage, size distribution, material composition, and potential structural changes in the underlying planar SLB induced upon nanoparticle binding. The precision with which these parameters could be quantified should pave an attractive path for investigations of the interactions between nanoparticles and interfaces at length scales and resolutions that were previously inaccessible. This thus makes it possible to, for example, gain an in-depth understanding of the molecular recognition reactions of inorganic and biological nanoparticles with cellular membranes.

We studied the transleaflet coupling of compositionally asymmetric liposomes in the fluid phase. The vesicles were produced by cyclodextrin-mediated lipid exchange and contained dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in the inner leaflet and different mixed-chain phosphatidylcholines (PCs) as well as milk sphingomyelin (MSM) in the outer leaflet. In order to jointly analyze the obtained small-angle neutron and X-ray scattering data, we adapted existing models of trans-bilayer structures to measure the overlap of the hydrocarbon chain termini by exploiting the contrast of the terminal methyl ends in X-ray scattering. In all studied systems, the bilayer-asymmetry has large effects on the lipid packing density. Fully saturated mixed-chain PCs interdigitate into the DPPC-containing leaflet and evoke disorder in one or both leaflets. The long saturated acyl chains of MSM penetrate even deeper into the opposing leaflet, which in turn has an ordering effect on the whole bilayer. These results are qualitatively understood in terms of a balance of entropic repulsion of fluctuating hydrocarbon chain termini and van der Waals forces, which is modulated by the interdigitation depth. Monounsaturated PCs in the outer leaflet also induce disorder in DPPC despite vestigial or even absent interdigitation. Instead, the transleaflet coupling appears to emerge here from a matching of the inner leaflet lipids to the larger lateral lipid area of the outer leaflet lipids., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

The use of glyceryl monooleate (GMO)-based nanoparticles has not yet been explored in overcoming the low bioavailability of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a green tea polyphenol with a known anticancer activity. Since the inclusion of a guest molecule can affect the curvature and the supramolecular structure of fully hydrated GMO-based phase, the phase behavior of bulk and dispersed liquid crystalline systems containing EGCG were explored by Small Angle Neutron Scattering and X-Ray Diffraction experiments. Molecular Dynamic Simulations showed how the interaction of EGCG with polar heads of GMO strongly affects the curvature and packing of GMO phase. The EGCG encapsulation efficiency was determined in the nanodispersions and their size studied by Dynamic Light Scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy. A nanodispersed formulation has been optimized with a cytotoxic effect more than additive of GMO and EGCG., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Caffeine is not only a widely consumed active stimulant, but it is also a model molecule commonly used in pharmaceutical sciences. In this work, by performing quartz-crystal microbalance and neutron reflectometry experiments we investigate the interaction of caffeine molecules with a model lipid membrane. We determined that caffeine molecules are not able to spontaneously partition from an aqueous environment, enriched in caffeine, into a bilayer. Caffeine could be however included in solid-supported lipid bilayers if present with lipids during self-assembly. In this case, thanks to surface-sensitive techniques, we determined that caffeine molecules are preferentially located in the hydrophobic region of the membrane. These results are highly relevant for the development of new drug delivery vectors, as well as for a deeper understanding of the membrane permeation role of purine molecules.

The proton pump transmembrane protein bacteriorhodopsin was successfully incorporated into planar floating lipid bilayers in gel and fluid phases, by applying a detergent-mediated incorporation method. The method was optimized on single supported bilayers by using quartz crystal microbalance, atomic force and fluorescence microscopy techniques. Neutron and X-ray reflectometry were used on both single and floating bilayers with the aim of determining the structure and composition of this membrane-protein system before and after protein reconstitution at sub-nanometer resolution. Lipid bilayer integrity and protein activity were preserved upon the reconstitution process. Reversible structural modifications of the membrane, induced by the bacteriorhodopsin functional activity triggered by visible light, were observed and characterized at the nanoscale., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The maturation of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which is the etiological agent at the origin of the COVID-19 pandemic, requires a main protease M pro to cleave the virus-encoded polyproteins. Despite a wealth of experimental information already available, there is wide disagreement about the M pro monomer-dimer equilibrium dissociation constant. Since the functional unit of M pro is a homodimer, the detailed knowledge of the thermodynamics of this equilibrium is a key piece of information for possible therapeutic intervention, with small molecules interfering with dimerization being potential broad-spectrum antiviral drug leads. In the present study, we exploit Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) to investigate the structural features of SARS-CoV-2 M pro in solution as a function of protein concentration and temperature. A detailed thermodynamic picture of the monomer-dimer equilibrium is derived, together with the temperature-dependent value of the dissociation constant. SAXS is also used to study how the M pro dissociation process is affected by small inhibitors selected by virtual screening. We find that these inhibitors affect dimerization and enzymatic activity to a different extent and sometimes in an opposite way, likely due to the different molecular mechanisms underlying the two processes. The M pro residues that emerge as key to optimize both dissociation and enzymatic activity inhibition are discussed.

Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), an important mediator of lipid transportation in plasma and the nervous system, plays a large role in diseases such as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's. The major allele variants ApoE3 and ApoE4 differ only by one amino acid. However, this difference has major consequences for the physiological behaviour of each variant. In this paper, we follow (i) the initial interaction of lipid-free ApoE variants with model membranes as a function of lipid saturation, (ii) the formation of reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein-like particles (rHDL) and their structural characterisation, and (iii) the rHDL ability to exchange lipids with model membranes made of saturated lipids in the presence and absence of cholesterol [1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) with and without 20 mol% cholesterol]. Our neutron reflection results demonstrate that the protein variants interact differently with the model membranes, adopting different protein conformations. Moreover, the ApoE3 structure at the model membrane is sensitive to the level of lipid unsaturation. Small-angle neutron scattering shows that the ApoE containing lipid particles form elliptical disc-like structures, similar in shape but larger than nascent or discoidal HDL based on Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1). Neutron reflection shows that ApoE-rHDL do not remove cholesterol but rather exchange saturated lipids, as occurs in the brain. In contrast, ApoA1-containing particles remove and exchange lipids to a greater extent as occurs elsewhere in the body., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The reviewer DH declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors VF., (Copyright © 2021 Waldie, Sebastiani, Moulin, Del Giudice, Paracini, Roosen-Runge, Gerelli, Prevost, Voss, Darwish, Yepuri, Pichler, Maric, Forsyth, Haertlein and Cárdenas.)

Hypotheses: Bile salts (BS) are biosurfactants released into the small intestine, which play key and contrasting roles in lipid digestion: they adsorb at interfaces and promote the adsorption of digestive enzymes onto fat droplets, while they also remove lipolysis products from that interface, solubilising them into mixed micelles. Small architectural variations on their chemical structure, specifically their bile acid moiety, are hypothesised to underlie these conflicting functionalities, which should be reflected in different aggregation and solubilisation behaviour., Experiments: The micellisation of two BS, sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), which differ by one hydroxyl group on the bile acid moiety, was assessed by pyrene fluorescence spectroscopy, and the morphology of aggregates formed in the absence and presence of fatty acids (FA) and monoacylglycerols (MAG) - typical lipolysis products - was resolved by small-angle X-ray/neutron scattering (SAXS, SANS) and molecular dynamics simulations. The solubilisation by BS of triacylglycerol-incorporating liposomes - mimicking ingested lipids - was studied by neutron reflectometry and SANS., Findings: Our results demonstrate that BS micelles exhibit an ellipsoidal shape. NaTDC displays a lower critical micellar concentration and forms larger and more spherical aggregates than NaTC. Similar observations were made for BS micelles mixed with FA and MAG. Structural studies with liposomes show that the addition of BS induces their solubilisation into mixed micelles, with NaTDC displaying a higher solubilising capacity., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declared that there is no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This review focuses on time-resolved neutron scattering, particularly time-resolved small angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS), as a powerful in situ noninvasive technique to investigate intra- and intermembrane transport and distribution of lipids and sterols in lipid membranes. In contrast to using molecular analogues with potentially large chemical tags that can significantly alter transport properties, small angle neutron scattering relies on the relative amounts of the two most abundant isotope forms of hydrogen: protium and deuterium to detect complex membrane architectures and transport processes unambiguously. This review discusses advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that sustain lipid asymmetry in membranes-a key feature of the plasma membrane of cells-as well as the transport of lipids between membranes, which is an essential metabolic process., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

We measured the passive lipid flip-flop of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) in solid supported lipid bilayers across their main gel to fluid (Lβ → Lα) phase transition. By performing time and temperature resolved neutron reflectometry experiments, we demonstrated that asymmetric systems prepared in the gel phase are stable for at least 24 hours. Lipid flip-flop was found to be intrinsically linked to the amount of lipid molecules in the fluid phase. Moreover, the  increase of this amount during the broad phase transition was found to be the main key factor for the timing of the flip-flop process. By measuring different temperature scan rate, we could demonstrate that, in the case of supported bilayers and for the temperature investigated, the lipid flip flop is characterised by an activation energy of 50 kJ mol-1 and a timescale on the order of few hours. Our results demonstrate the origin on the discrepancies between passive flip-flop in bulk systems and at interfaces.

In this article, it is shown that by exposing commonly used lipids for biomembrane mimicking studies, to a solution containing the histidine-rich intrinsically disordered protein histatin 5, a protein cushion spontaneously forms underneath the bilayer. The underlying mechanism is attributed to have an electrostatic origin, and it is hypothesized that the observed behavior is due to proton charge fluctuations promoting attractive electrostatic interactions between the positively charged proteins and the anionic surfaces, with concomitant counterion release. Hence, we anticipate that this novel "green" approach of forming cushioned bilayers can be an important tool to mimic the cell membrane without the disturbance of the solid substrate, thereby achieving a further understanding of protein-cell interactions.

Methylcellulose (MC) has a demonstrated capacity to reduce fat absorption, hypothetically through bile salt (BS) activity inhibition. We investigated MC cholesterol-lowering mechanism, and compared the influence of two BS, sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), which differ slightly by their architecture and exhibit contrasting functions during lipolysis. BS/MC bulk interactions were investigated by rheology, and BS behaviour at the MC/water interface studied with surface pressure and ellipsometry measurements. In vitro lipolysis studies were performed to evaluate the effect of BS on MC-stabilised emulsion droplets microstructure, with confocal microscopy, and free fatty acids release, with the pH-stat method. Our results demonstrate that BS structure dictates their interactions with MC, which, in turn, impact lipolysis. Compared to NaTC, NaTDC alters MC viscoelasticity more significantly, which may correlate with its weaker ability to promote lipolysis, and desorbs from the interface at lower concentrations, which may explain its higher propensity to destabilise emulsions., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We investigate the interaction between highly charged lipid bilayers in the presence of monovalent counterions. Neutron and X-ray reflectivity experiments show that the water layer between like-charged bilayers is thinner than for zwitterionic lipids, demonstrating the existence of counterintuitive electrostatic attractive interaction between them. Such attraction can be explained by taking into account the correlations between counterions within the Strong Coupling limit, which falls beyond the classical Poisson-Boltzmann theory of electrostatics. Our results show the limit of the Strong Coupling continuous theory in a highly confined geometry and are in agreement with a decrease in the water dielectric constant due to a surface charge-induced orientation of water molecules.

Hypotheses: Understanding the mechanisms underlying lipolysis is crucial to address the ongoing obesity crisis and associated cardiometabolic disorders. Bile salts (BS), biosurfactants present in the small intestine, play key roles in lipid digestion and absorption. It is hypothesised that their contrasting functionalities - adsorption at oil/water interfaces and shuttling of lipolysis products away from these interfaces - are linked to their structural diversity. We investigate the interfacial films formed by two BS, sodium taurocholate (NaTC) and sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), differing by the presence or absence of a hydroxyl group on their steroid skeleton., Experiments: Their adsorption behaviour at the air/water interface and interaction with a phospholipid monolayer - used to mimic a fat droplet interface - were assessed by surface pressure measurements and ellipsometry, while interfacial morphologies were characterised in the lateral and perpendicular directions by Brewster angle microscopy, X-ray and neutron reflectometry, and molecular dynamics simulations., Findings: Our results provide a comprehensive molecular-level understanding of the mechanisms governing BS interfacial behaviour. NaTC shows a higher affinity for the air/water and lipid/water interfaces, and may therefore favour enzyme adsorption, whereas NaTDC exhibits a higher propensity for desorption from these interfaces, and may thus more effectively displace hydrolysis products from the interface, through dynamic exchange., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The naturally occurring peptide indolicidin from bovine neutrophils exhibits strong biological activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. This is believed to arise from selective interactions with the negatively charged cytoplasmic lipid membrane found in bacteria. We have investigated the peptide interaction with supported lipid model membranes using a combination of complementary surface sensitive techniques: neutron reflectometry (NR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). The data are compared with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) results obtained with lipid vesicle/peptide solutions. The peptide membrane interaction is shown to be significantly concentration dependent. At low concentrations, the peptide inserts at the outer leaflet in the interface between the headgroup and tail core. Insertion of the peptide results in a slight decrease in the lipid packing order of the bilayer, although not sufficient to cause membrane thinning. By increasing the indolicidin concentration well above the physiologically relevant conditions, a deeper penetration of the peptide into the bilayer and subsequent lipid removal take place, resulting in a slight membrane thinning. The results suggest that indolicidin induces lipid removal and that mixed indolicidin-lipid patches form on top of the supported lipid bilayers. Based on the work presented using model membranes, indolicidin seems to act through the interfacial activity model rather than through the formation of stable pores., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Time- and temperature-resolved neutron reflectometry allowed us to perform the real-time characterization of the structural changes taking place across phase transitions in solid supported-lipid bilayers (SLBs). We identified the presence of an isothermal phase transition, characterized by a symmetrical rearrangement of lipid molecules in both bilayer leaflets, followed by the main thermotropic phase transition, and characterized by an independent melting of the two leaflets. We demonstrated that the presence of a substrate increases the enthalpy of melting by the same amount for both SLB leaflets with respect to the values reported for freestanding bilayers. These results are highly relevant for the further understanding of cooperative structural dynamics in SLBs and for the investigation of thermally activated processes such as the transmembrane lipid translocation (flip flop).

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is of great scientific interest because it mediates the action of antimicrobial agents. The membrane surface is composed of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) molecules with negatively charged oligosaccharide headgroups. To a certain fraction, LPSs additionally display linear polysaccharides termed O-side chains (OSCs). Structural studies on bacterial outer surfaces models, based on LPS monolayers at air-water interfaces, have so far dealt only with rough mutant LPSs lacking these OSCs. Here, we characterize monolayers of wild-type LPS from Escherichia coli O55:B5 featuring strain-specific OSCs in the presence of defined concentrations of monovalent and divalent ions. Pressure-area isotherms yield insight into in-plane molecular interactions and monolayer elastic moduli. Structural investigations by x-ray and neutron reflectometry reveal the saccharide conformation and allow quantifying the area per molecule and the fraction of LPS molecules carrying OSCs. The OSC conformation is satisfactorily described by the self-consistent field theory for end-grafted polymer brushes. The monolayers exhibit a significant structural response to divalent cations, which goes beyond generic electrostatic screening., (Copyright © 2019 Biophysical Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Specular neutron reflectometry is a powerful technique to resolve interfacial compositions and structures in soft matter. Surprisingly however, even after several decades, a universal modeling approach for the treatment of data of surfactant and phospholipid monolayers at the air/water interface has not yet been established. To address this shortcoming, first a systematic evaluation of the suitability of different models is presented. The result is a comprehensive validation of an optimum model, which is evidently much needed in the field, and which we recommend as a starting point for future data treatment. While its limitations are openly discussed, consequences of failing to take into account various key aspects are critically examined and the systematic errors quantified. On the basis of this physical framework, we go on to show for the first time that neutron reflectometry can be used to quantify directly in situ at the air/water interface the extent of acyl chain compaction of phospholipid monolayers with respect to their phase. The achieved precision of this novel quantification is ∼10%. These advances together enhance significantly the potential for exploitation in future studies data from a broad range of systems including those involving synthetic polymers, proteins, DNA, nanoparticles and drugs., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Over the last two decades, supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) have been extensively used as model systems to study cell membrane structure and function. While SLBs have been traditionally produced from simple lipid mixtures, there has been a recent surge in compositional complexity to better mimic cellular membranes and thereby bridge the gap between classic biophysical approaches and cell experiments. To this end, native cellular membrane derived SLBs (nSLBs) have emerged as a new category of SLBs. As a new type of biomimetic material, an analytical workflow must be designed to characterize its molecular composition and structure. Herein, we demonstrate how a combination of fluorescence microscopy, neutron reflectometry, and secondary ion mass spectrometry offers new insights on structure, composition, and quality of nSLB systems formed using so-called hybrid vesicles, which are a mixture of native membrane material and synthetic lipids. With this approach, we demonstrate that the nSLB formed a continuous structure with complete mixing of the synthetic and native membrane components and a molecular stoichiometry that essentially mirrors that of the hybrid vesicles. Furthermore, structural investigation of the nSLB revealed that PEGylated lipids do not significantly thicken the hydration layer between the bilayer and substrate when on silicon substrates; however, nSLBs do have more topology than their simpler, purely synthetic counterparts. Beyond new insights regarding the structure and composition of nSLB systems, this work also serves to guide future researchers in producing and characterizing nSLBs from their cellular membrane of choice.

Interactions between soft interfaces govern the behavior of emulsions and foams and crucially influence the functions of biological entities like membranes. To understand the character of these interactions, detailed insight into the interfaces' structural response in terms of molecular arrangements and conformations is often essential. This requires the realization of controlled interaction conditions and surface-sensitive techniques capable of resolving the structure of buried interfaces. Here, we present a new approach to determine the distance-dependent structure of interacting soft interfaces by neutron reflectometry. A solid/water interface and a water/oil interface are functionalized independently and initially macroscopically separated. They are then brought into contact and structurally characterized under interacting conditions. The nanometric distance between the two interfaces can be varied via the exertion of osmotic pressures. Our first experiments on lipid-anchored polymer brushes interacting across water with solid-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes and with bare silicon surfaces reveal qualitatively different interaction scenarios depending on the chemical composition of the two involved interfaces.

We set up a facile approach for fabrication of supports with tailored nanoporosity for immobilization of enzymes. To this aim block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has been used to prepare nanostructured thin films with well-defined architecture containing pores of tailorable size delimited by walls with tailorable degree of hydrophilicity. In particular, we employed a mixture of polystyrene-block-poly(l-lactide) (PS-PLLA) and polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-PEO) diblock copolymers to generate thin films with a lamellar morphology consisting of PS lamellar domains alternating with mixed PEO/PLLA blocks lamellar domains. Selective basic hydrolysis of the PLLA blocks generates thin films, patterned with nanometric channels containing hydrophilic PEO chains pending from PS walls. The shape and size of the channels and the degree of hydrophilicity of the pores depend on the relative length of the blocks, the molecular mass of the BCPs, and the composition of the mixture. The strength of our approach is demonstrated in the case of physical adsorption of the hemoprotein peroxidase from horseradish (HRP) using 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) with H 2 O 2 as substrate. The large surface area, the tailored pore sizes, and the functionalization with hydrophilic PEO blocks make the designed nanostructured materials suitable supports for the nanoconfinement of HRP biomolecules endowed with high catalytic performance, no mass-transfer limitations, and long-term stability.