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Water shortage and a rising water demand are prevalent issues on the political agenda worldwide. Available water resources must not only be provided to ensure a domestic and drinking water supply for a steadily increasing population but also for the growing industrial and agricultural sectors. This work outlines how the use of the innovative vacuum multi‐effect membrane distillation contributes to improve the water management efficiency in the following key industry sectors: desalination, drinking water and beverage industry, pharmaceutical, agro and chemical as well as oil and gas industry.

This paper first gives an overview of state-of-the-art simulation of semiconductor laser devices. The relevant physical models for multi dimensional, electro thermal, and optical simulation as well as an advanced active region model are reviewed. The second part of this work deals with the management of laser simulation projects and the extraction of the relevant data from simulation results. A new tool called PCM Explorer is presented that is suitable for the integration of numerical models in the design and manufacturing process of semiconductor lasers. Both the device performance as well as the process yield can be predicted with the combination of a comprehensive device simulator, some measurement data for calibration purposes, and the statistical process evaluation tool.

The importance of photolithography simulation in the field of OPC needs not to be proved anymore. The simulation software SOLID-CT, commercialized by SIGMA-C permits the influence study of photolithography conditions on few microns pieces of OPC masks. To optimize capabilities of SOLID-CT, we have created an interface with a TCAD simulation environment from Synopsys Inc. The main function of the TCAD software is the prediction of transistors electrical characteristics. The aim of developing such an interface between the two simulation software is to create a powerful and user-friendly simulation platform. The SYNOPSIS tools run with a graphical interface called GENESISe from which different modules can be used. These modules permit for instance to plot the simulated transistors, extract electrical device characteristics, and to visualize 3D topographies. With this interface, SOLID-CT is integrated as a new module usable under GENESISe. One of the advantages of such interface is the opportunity to obtain electrical characteristics and photolithography process simulations in a single user environment. Another one is the possibility to import under SOLID-CT very accurate models of the wafer stack drawn under SYNOPSIS TCAD. Moreover as GENESISe allows drawing simulation trees in really user-friendly way parameters optimization is improved. This paper presents this new interface, which was installed thanks to ISE support between version 6.5 of SOLID-CT and 9.5 of GENESISe. It gives the main advantages of the interface, deals with things which can still be improved and shows some applications which can be done with it.

Bei der Planung und Realisierung eines komplexen Materialflusssystems wie dem neuen Versandzentrum in Leipzig ist es unabdingbar, die Entscheidungstrager mittels Simulation zu unterstutzen. Hierfur muss eine hinreichend genaue Abbildung des Systems gewahrleistet sein. Beim Materialfluss erfordert dies einerseits fundierte Kenntnisse alternativer Techniken und Steuerungslogiken. Die Abbildung des Gesamtsystems muss andererseits die Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Subsystemen in bezug auf den Material- und den Informationsfluss berucksichtigen. Das Projekt zeigt, dass praktisch relevante Entscheidungshilfen aus Simulationen nur dann ableitbar sind, wenn die Simulationen der Subsysteme gut koordiniert werden und auf eine konsistente Datenbasis zugreifen.

Im Anschlus an Untersuchungen uber „Organometallcarbonyle” konnten auser dem vor kurzem beschriebenen Methylpentacarbonylrhenium weitere Organorheniumpentacarbonyle Re(CO)5R isoliert werden (R COCH3, COC6H5, C6H5, CH2C6H5). Die kristallinen, gelben bis farblosen Substanzen sind im Vakuum sublimierbar, luftbestandig, hydrophob und in den ublichen organischen Mitteln loslich. Insgesamt zeigen die Organometallcarbonyle von Mangan und Rhenium untereinander grose Ahnlichkeit, besonders hinsichtlich ihrer Stabilitat. — Die IR-Spektren der Verbindungen werden diskutiert.

In den letzten zehn Jahren wurden in unserem Arbeitskreis unter anderem anionische Kohlenoxyd-Komplexe, Carbonylmetallate homogenen und heterogenen Typs, eingehend untersucht. Homogene Carbonylmetallate mit negativer Oxydationszahl des Metall-Atoms entstehen bei der Reaktion von Metallcarbonylen mit Alkalilaugen, mit N- und O-Basen oder durch unmittelbare Reduktion von Carbonylen. Ubergangsmetalle gerader Ordnungszahl (Cr, Fe, Ni) bilden ein- oder mehrkernige, negativ zweiwertige Kohlenoxyd-Komplexe, wahrend von Elementen ungerader Ordnungszahl (V, Mn, Co) bisher nur edelgas-konfigurierte, einkernige und einfach geladene Anionen bekannt sind. Als heterogene Kohlenoxyd-Komplexe treten Hydroxo-, Halogeno- oder Cyano-, sowie Nitrosyl- und phosphinsubstituierte Carbonylmetallate auf. Die ionogene Struktur der Carbonylmetallate wird durch ihr chemisches Verhalten, durch Leitfahigkeitsmessungen sowie durch magnetochemische und IR-Untersuchungen ermittelt.

Ein wichtiger Indikator fur die Beurteilung des Geschaftsverlaufes im Versandhandel ist die Anzahl der eingehenden Kundenbestellungen. Daraus resultiert die Aufgabe, zuveriassige Prognosen fur einen Zeitraum von bis zu einem Jahr zu erstellen, die auf dem geplanten Werbemittelversand (Katalogen) basieren. Eine systema tische Analyse von Vergangenheitsdaten wird aber dadurch erschwert, das der erfaste postalische Bestelleingang haufig keiner der gerade aktuellen Werbelisten eindeutig zuzuordnen ist. Ein spezieller regressionsanalytischer Ansatz fuhrt zu brauchbaren Lasungen.

International audience; In the last two decades, several interesting innovations have appeared in the field of urban research. New paradigms such as the dynamics of open systems, self-organization, synergetics, chaos, evolution, were recognized as conveying fruitful analogies for urban theory. New types of modeling were investigated, as sets of non-linear differential equations for spatial systems, cellular automata, multi-agents models, fractal growth, neural networks, evolutionary models… However, most of the new ideas have added very little to the pre-existing urban theory, and most of the models which have been built never have been applied neither compared to other models.Large urban models of the sixties failed mainly because of a lack of technical means for managing the huge amounts of spatially-disaggregated data that were required. Now that those problems may be solved thanks to the development of Geographical Information Systems, there is still a risk for urban modeling of an inability to meet the social demande because of an increasing trend of disconnecting ‘pure’ ‘theory’ and mathematical ‘modeling’ from empirical research. It is suggested that the innovative power of the moment rests in the conjunction of new tools together with old ideas, large amounts of facts and relevant questions.

Proceeding of the IGU-Commission on Urban Development and Urban Life, Berlin, August 15th to 20th, 1994; International audience