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Usnea é um gênero de Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota liquenizados) com espécies de hábito fruticoso. É um grupo altamente diverso e atualmente compreende cerca de 400 espécies distribuídas mundialmente. A excepcional plasticidade morfológica devida às condições ambientais causa dificuldade para a circunscrição das espécies. Nesta tese, a taxonomia do gênero foi investigada no Brasil, com ênfase na Região Sul. Particular atenção foi dada as espécies férteis (17 spp.), pendentes (23 spp.) e as do complexo Usnea cornuta (9 spp.). Um total de 70 espécies de Usnea foram identificadas para o Brasil. Descrições (ou notas taxonômicas) e chaves de identificação são fornecidas para 48 espécies. Quatorze espécies são propostas como novas para a ciência; cinco espécies são novos registros para o Brasil e quatro para a Região Sul do país. Cinco espécies são ressuscitadas, uma vez que não foram mais mencionadas após a decada de 1970: U. cladocarpa Fée, U. concinna Stirt., U. meridionalis Zahlbr., U. lunaria Motyka and U. venusta Motyka. Adicionalmente aos estudos taxonômicos, a delimitação de espécies do complexo cosmopolita Usnea cornuta foi investigada através de um marcador nuclear ribossomal (ITS rDNA) e dois codificadores de proteínas (Mcm7 e RPB1). O numero de espécies neste grupo foi estimado através do modelo de coalescência (STACEY), o qual utiliza o método Bayesiano. Os resultados indicam a presença de pelo menos nove linhagens fortemente suportadas no agregado U. cornuta. Cada uma destas linhagens, baseadas em dados moleculares e morfológicos, são caracterizadas por componentes secundários específicos (químicos). Este estudo mostra que as espécies de Usnea devem ser caracterizadas por um número menor de quimiotipos. Concluímos que a combinação de caracteres morfológicos, anatômicos, químicos e moleculares são fundamentais para a delimitação das espécies. Mais estudos usando a teoria de coalescência serão necessários para delimitar as espécies neotropicais de Usnea. Finalmente, o uso do reagente anisaldeído sulfúrico é recomendado como um solvente spray alternativo, a ser rotineiramente usado nas cromatografias em camada delgada (CCD). Sendo importante para detectar a presença de terpenos, esteróides e açúcar na medula de espécies de Usnea, uma vez que estas distintas classes de substâncias medulares foram frequentemente encontradas nas espécies estudadas. O valor taxonômico destes componentes permanece não compreendido completamente. The lichen genus Usnea comprises fruticose members of the family Parmeliaceae (lichenized Ascomycota). It is highly diverse and currently includes approximately 400 species worldwide. The exceptional morphological plasticity of the species towards environmental parameters causes difficulties in the circumscription of species. In this thesis, the taxonomy of the genus Usnea was investigated in Brazil, focusing on Southern Region. Particular emphasis was given to the exclusively sexually reproducing species (17 spp.), the pendulous species (23 spp.) and the Usnea cornuta aggregate (9 spp.). We identified a total of 70 species of Usnea in Brazil. Descriptions (or taxonomical notes) and identification keys were provided for 48 species. Fourteen species were described as new for science; five species were newly reported for Brazil and four for the Southern region of the country. Five species not anymore mentioned since the seventies were resurrected: U. cladocarpa Fée, U. concinna Stirt., U. meridionalis Zahlbr., U. lunaria Motyka and U. venusta Motyka. In addition to the taxonomic studies, the species delimitation of the widely distributed Usnea cornuta aggregate was investigated using the nuclear ribosomal genes ITS rDNA, as well as two protein-coding genes Mcm7 and RPB1. We estimated the species tree under the multispecies coalescent model in a Bayesian framework using the STACEY method. Our results indicate the presence of at least nine strongly supported lineages in the U. cornuta aggr. An integrative approach with an a posteriori searching for subtle morphological characters based on a larger sampling allowed to characterize phenotypically some of these putative species and consequently six new species were described in the U. cornuta aggregate. Each one of these lineages, based on molecular and morphological data, are characterized by a specific chemistry. This study shows that Usnea species might have a much smaller number of chemotypes than usually recognized. We conclude that the combinations of morphological, anatomical, chemical and molecular characters are fundamental for the delimitation of species. More studies using the multispecies coalescence theory will be needed to better understand species delimitation in the Neotropical species. Finally, we propose to routinely use anisaldehyde sulfuric acid as an alternative spray reagent in thin layer chromatography (TLC) studies to detect the presence of terpenes/steroids/sugars in the medulla of the Usnea species, since these distinctive classes of medullary substances were found to be quite frequent in the species studied. The taxonomical significance of these compounds remains, however, not fully understood.

This article reports for the first time to the State of Paraná, the occurrence of 41 species of lichenized fungi, distributed in 22 genera and 15 families for the first time to Paraná State. Among these, the following species, Cladonia consimilis, C. megaphylla, C. pumila, C. testaceopallens, Lobaria carassensis, Parmotrema neosubcrinitum, Physcia atrostriata, Pseudoparmelia arida, P. brakoana, Pyxine obscurascens and Sticta variabilis are new records for south Brazil., São registradas pela primeira vez para o estado do Paraná 41 espécies de fungos liquenizados, distribuídos em 22 gêneros e 15 famílias. Cladonia consimilis, C. megaphylla, C. pumila, C. testaceopallens, Lobaria carassensis, Parmotrema neosubcrinitum, Physcia atrostriata, Pseudoparmelia arida, P. brakoana, Pyxine obscurascens e Sticta variabilis são novas ocorrências para o sul do Brasil.

Resumo: O clado parmelioide, suportado por vários estudos filogenéticos, é o maior em Parmeliaceae, com cerca de 75% das espécies descritas nesta família e caracterizase por possuir talos principalmente foliosos, com rizinas na superfície inferior, apotécios laminais, ascos do tipo Lecanora e ascósporos simples e hialinos. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal realizar um levantamento dos fungos liquenizados parmelioides em costões rochosos presentes nos Estados do Paraná e de Santa Catarina. Bem como caracterizar morfológica, química e ecologicamente as espécies encontradas e proporcionar meios para a identificação das mesmas através de chaves, descrições e ilustrações. Os exemplares identificados foram incorporados ao herbário UPCB. As ilustrações foram feitas através de fotografias em campo e scanner em laboratório. Em laboratório foram realizadas observações morfológicas e anatômicas sob microscópio esteroscópico e fotônico. Para a análise de metabólitos secundários foram utilizados testes de coloração de talo, observação do talo sob lâmpada UV e cromatografia em camada delgada seguindo as técnicas químicas padrões em liquenologia. Foram encontradas 31 espécies distribuídas em nove gêneros: Bulbothrix (1), Canoparmelia (1), Hypotrachyna (2), Parmelinopsis (1), Parmotrema (19), Pseudoparmelia (1), Punctelia (1), Relicina (1) e Xanthoparmelia (4). Dentre as espécies encontradas, cinco são novas para a ciência: Parmotrema adlerae, P. marcellii, Parmotrema sp. 1, Parmotrema sp. 2 e Punctelia sp. Parmotrema laciniellum é citada pela primeira vez fora da localidade tipo (Argentina). Foram encontradas quatro novas ocorrências tanto para o Paraná quanto para Santa Catarina: Parmotrema anchietanum, P. hypermaculatum, P. mordenii e Xanthoparmelia subramigera. Duas novas citações apenas para o Paraná: Pseudoparmelia cubensis e Xanthoparmelia catarinae; e oito para Santa Catarina: Bulbothrix subdissecta, Hypotrachyna osseoalba, Parmotrema dactylosum, P. endosulphureum, P. flavescens, Parmotrema aff. margaritatum, P. ruptum e Relicina abstrusa. Vinte e cinco espécies de fungos liquenizados parmelioides são mencionadas pela primeira vez para costões rochosos brasileiros.

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11th International Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN. Publisher’s Note A first version of this text was prepared by the first eight authors and the last one, given here. The other listed co-authors in the article PDF support the content, and their actual contributions varied from only support to additions that substantially improved the content. The full details of all co-authors, with their affiliations, are included in Supplementary Table 1 after p.175 of the article for reasons of clarity and space. Slavomír Adamčík Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Teuvo Ahti Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland M. Catherine Aime Purdue University, 915 W. State St., West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, U.S.A. A. Martyn Ainsworth Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom László Albert Hungarian Mycological Society, 1087 Könyves Kálmán krt. 40, Budapest, Hungary Edgardo Albertó Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Universidad Nacional de San Martin-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina Alberto Altés García Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Dmitry Ageev SIGNATEC Ltd., 630090, Novosibirsk, Akademgorodok (Novosibirsk Scientific Center), Inzhenernaya str., 22, Russia Reinhard Agerer Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Menzinger Str. 67, 80638 München, Germany Begona Aguirre-Hudson Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3AB, United Kingdom Joe Ammirati University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1800, U.S.A. Harry Andersson Eichhahnweg 29a, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany Claudio Angelini Jardín Botánico Nacional Dr. Rafael Ma. Moscoso, Apartado 21-9, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic Vladimír Antonín Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Takayuki Aoki Genetic Resources Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan André Aptroot ABL Herbarium, G.v.d.Veenstraat 107, 3762 XK Soest, The Netherlands Didier Argaud 40 rue du Justemont, 57290 Fameck, France Blanca Imelda Arguello Sosa Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico Arne Aronsen Torødveien 54, 3135 Torød, Norway Ulf Arup Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Bita Asgari Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Boris Assyov Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Gagarin Str., 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria Violeta Atienza Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universitat de València, C/Dr Moliner 50, 46100, Burjasot, Valencia, Spain Ditte Bandini Panoramastr 47, 69257 Wiesenbach, Germany João Luís Baptista-Ferreira Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal Hans-Otto Baral Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Tim Baroni The State University of New York, 340 Bowers Hall, P.O. Box 2000, Cortland, New York 13045, U.S.A. Robert Weingart Barreto Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Henry Beker (1) Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom; (2) Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Ann Bell 45 Gurney Road, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Jean-Michel Bellanger CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Francesco Bellù Naturmusem of Bolzano, CP 104, 39100, Bolzano, Italy Martin Bemmann Kleingemünderstraße 111, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany Mika Bendiksby NTNU, University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway Egil Bendiksen Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Katriina Bendiksen Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Lajos Benedek Szent Istvan University, Hungary Anna Bérešová-Guttová Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Franz Berger University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria Reinhard Berndt Herbaria Z+ZT, ETH Zürich, CHN D37, Universitätstr. 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland Annarosa Bernicchia Via A. Guidotti 39, 40134 Bologna, Italy Alona Yu. Biketova Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary Enrico Bizio Società Veneziana di Micologia, Società Veneziana di Scienze Naturali, Fontego dei Turchi, Santa Croce 1730, 30135 Venice, Italy Curtis Bjork UBC Herbarium, Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, Canada Teun Boekhout (1) Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands; (2) Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands David Boertmann Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark Tanja Böhning AG Geobotanik Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, c/o University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 75, 24098 Kiel, Germany Florent Boittin Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Carlos G. Boluda Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève, 1292 Genève, Switzerland Menno W. Boomsluiter T.v.Lohuizenstraat 34, 8172xl, Vaassen, The Netherlands Jan Borovička Institute of Geology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 269, 165 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic Tor Erik Brandrud Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Uwe Braun Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik, und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle, Germany Irwin Brodo Canadian Museum of Nature, 240 McLeod Street, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Tatiana Bulyonkova A.P. Ershov Institute of Informatics Systems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch, 6 Acad. Lavrentjev pr., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Harold H. Burdsall Jr. Fungal & Decay Diagnostics, LLC, 9350 Union Valley Road, Black Earth, Wisconsin 53515, U.S.A. Bart Buyck Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CP 39, ISYEB, UMR 7205 CNRS MNHN UPMC EPHE, 12 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France Ana Rosa Burgaz Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Vicent Calatayud Fundación CEAM, c/ Charles R. Darwin, 14, Parque Tecnológico, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain Philippe Callac INRA, MycSA, CS 20032, 33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France Emanuele Campo Associazione Micologica Bresadola, Via Alessandro Volta 46, 38123 Trento, Italy Massimo Candusso Via Ottone Primo 90, 17021, Alassio, Savona, Italy Brigitte Capoen Queffioec, rue de Saint Gonval, 22710 Penvenan, France Joaquim Carbó Roser, 60, 17257 Torroella de Montgrí, Girona, Spain Matteo Carbone Via Don Luigi Sturzo 173 16148 Genova, Italy Rafael F. Castañeda-Ruiz Instituto de Investigaciones Fundamentales en Agricultura, Tropical ‘Alejandro de Humboldt’, OSDE, Grupo Agrícola, Calle 1 Esq. 2, Santiago de Las Vegas, C. Habana 17200, Cuba Michael A. 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Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Bárbara De Madrignac Bonzi Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina Thomas Edison E. dela Cruz University of Santo Tomas, Espana 1008 Manila, Philippines Lynn Delgat Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Vincent Demoulin Institut de Botanique, B.22, Université de Liège, 4000 Liège I, Belgium Dennis E. Desjardin HD Thiers Herbarium (SFSU), San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Ave, San Francisco, California 94132, U.S.A. Paul Diederich Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg Bálint Dima (1) Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (2) Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, P.O. 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Botanik, Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany Damien Ertz Botanic Garden Meise, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium Fernando Esteve-Raventós Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Javier Angel Etayo Salazar Navarro Villoslada 16, 3º dcha., 31003 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain Vera Evenson Sam Mitchel Herbarium of Fungi, Denver Botanic Gardens, 1007 York Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, U.S.A. Guillaume Eyssartier Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, Jardin des plantes, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France Edit Farkas Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, 2163 Vácrátót, Hungary Alain Favre Fédération Mycologique et Botanique Dauphiné Savoie, Le Prieuré, 144 Place de l’Eglise, 74320 Sevrier, France Anna G. 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García Otálora Herbaria Z+ZT, ETH Zürich, CHN D37, Universitätstr. 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland Dania García Sánchez Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C/ Sant Llorenç 21, 43201 Reus, Tarragona, Spain Alain Gardiennet 14 rue Roulette, 21260 Véronnes, France Sigisfredo Garnica Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja Campus, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile Isaac Garrido Benavent Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Genevieve Gates Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, Private Bag 54, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia Alice da Cruz Lima Gerlach Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques de la ville de Genève, Genève, Switzerland Masoomeh Ghobad-Nejhad Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 15815-3538, Tehran 15819, Iran Tatiana B. Gibertoni Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Centro de Biociências, Avenida da Engenharia, S/N, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil Tine Grebenc Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 100 Ljubljana, Slovenia Irmgard Greilhuber University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria Bella Grishkan Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Aba Khoushi Ave. 199, Mt. Carmel, Haifa 3498838, Israel Johannes Z. Groenewald Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Martin Grube Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria Gérald Gruhn Office National des Forêts, 2 Avenue de Saint-Mandé, 75570 Paris Cedex 12, France Cécile Gueidan CSIRO — Australian National Herbarium, Clunies Ross Street, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Gro Gulden Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Luis FP Gusmão Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Av. 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Jacob Heilmann-Clausen Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Stip Helleman Sweelinck 78, 5831KT Boxmeer, The Netherlands Alain Henriot Mycological Society of France, 20 rue Rottembourg, 12th arrondissement, Paris, France Margarita Hernandez-Restrepo Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Raphaël Herve 24 rue des Fougères, 86550 Mignaloux-Beauvoir, France Caroline Hobart 84 Stafford Road, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S2 2SF, United Kingdom Mascha Hoffmeister Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Braunschweig, Germany Klaus Høiland University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Jan Holec National Museum, Herbarium PRM, Cirkusová 1740, 193 00 Praha 9, Czech Republic Håkon Holien Faculty of Bioscience and Aquaculture, NORD University, P.O. Box 2501, 7729 Steinkjer, Norway Karen Hughes University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Vit Hubka Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Seppo Huhtinen Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Boris Ivančević Natural History Museum, Njegoševa 51, P.O. Box 401, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia Marian Jagers Reelaan 13, 7522 LR Enschede, The Netherlands Walter Jaklitsch Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Vienna, Austria AnnaElise Jansen Stationsstraat 10, 6701 AM Wageningen, the Netherlands Ruvishika S. Jayawardena Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Thomas Stjernegaard Jeppesen Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København Ø, Denmark Mikael Jeppson Lilla Håjumsgatan 4, 46135 Trollhättan, Sweden Peter Johnston Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand Per Magnus Jørgensen University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway Ingvar Kärnefelt Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Liudmila B. Kalinina Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Gintaras Kantvilas Tasmanian Herbarium (HO), Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, P.O. Box 5058, UTAS LP.O., Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005, Australia Mitko Karadelev Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Taiga Kasuya Faculty of Risk and Crisis Management, Chiba Institute of Science, 3 Shiomi-cho, Choshi, Chiba 288-0025, Japan Ivona Kautmanová Natural History Museum, Slovak National Museum, Bratislava, Slovakia Richard W. Kerrigan RWK Research, Kittanning, Pennsylvania 16201, U.S.A. Martin Kirchmair Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Anna Kiyashko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Dániel G. Knapp Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary Henning Knudsen Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Kerry Knudsen Faculty of Environmental Sciences, University of Life Sciences at Prague, Prague, Czech Republic Tommy Knutsson Nedra Västerstad 111, 380 62 Mörbylånga, Sweden Miroslav Kolařík Institute of Microbiology ASCR, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague 4, Czech Republic Urmas Kõljalg Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Alica Košuthová Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Attila Koszka Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kaposvar University, 7400 Kaposvar, Hungary Heikki Kotiranta Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, 00251 Helsinki, Finland Vera Kotkova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Ondřej Koukol Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Jiří Kout University of West Bohemia, Faculty of Education, Klatovska 51, 306 19 Pilsen, Czech Republic Gábor M. Kovács Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary Martin Kříž Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Åsa Kruys Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Viktor Kučera Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia Linas Kudzma 37 Maple Ave. Annandale, New Jersey 08801, U.S.A. Francisco Kuhar Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Martin Kukwa Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland T. K. Arun Kumar The Zamorin’s Guruvayurappan College, Kozhikode, Kerala 673014, India Vladimír Kunca Technical University in Zvolen, Ul. T. G. Masaryka 24, 960 53 Zvolen,Slovakia Ivana Kušan Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Thomas W. Kuyper Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands Carlos Lado Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Thomas Læssøe Natural History Museum of Denmark, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 København, Denmark Patrice Lainé 123 rue Saint Antoine, 75004, Paris, France Ewald Langer University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Strasse 40, 34132 Kassel, Germany Ellen Larsson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden Karl-Henrik Larsson Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Gary Laursen Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7000, U.S.A. Christian Lechat Ascofrance, 64 route de Chizé, 79360 Villiers en Bois, France Serena Lee Herbarium Singapore Botanic Gardens, National Parks Board, Singapore James C. Lendemer (1) Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, New York 10458-5126, U.S.A.; (2) Graduate Center, City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, New York 10016, U.S.A. Laura Levin University of Buenos Aires, Junin 956, 1113, Buenos Aires, Argentina Uwe Lindemann Landesmuseum für Naturkunde, Münster, Germany Håkan Lindström Östansjö 150, 840 64 Kälarne, Sweden Xingzhong Liu Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China Regulo Carlos Llarena Hernandez Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Peñuela, Universidad Veracruzana, Amatlán de los Reyes, Ver., Mexico Esteve Llop Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal, 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Csaba Locsmándi Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary Deborah Jean Lodge USDA Forest Service, NRS, P.O. Box 1377, Luquillo, Puerto Rico 00773-1377, U.S.A. Michael Loizides P.O. Box 58499, 3734 Limassol, Cyprus László Lőkös Hungarian Natural History Museum, 1087 Budapest, Hungary Jennifer Luangsa-ard National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), NSTDA, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phaholyothin Rd., Klong Nueng, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand Matthias Lüderitz AG Geobotanik Schleswig-Holstein & Hamburg, c/o University of Kiel, Olshausenstraße 75, 24098 Kiel, Germany Thorsten Lumbsch Field Museum, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr., Chicago, Illinois 60605, U.S.A. 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Box 85167, 3508 AD, Utrecht, The Netherlands Guilhermina Marques Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Tras-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Laboratory of Mycology and Soil Microbiology, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal Rubén Martínez-Gil Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Guy Marson Musée national d’histoire naturelle, 25 rue Münster, 2160 Luxembourg, Luxembourg Gerardo Mata Instituto de Ecología, A.C., Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91070, Veracruz, Mexico P. Brandon Matheny University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Geir Harald Mathiassen Tromsø University Museum, University of Tromsø — The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway Neven Matočec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Helmut Mayrhofer Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Holteiasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria Mehdi Mehrabi Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Tehran, Iran Ireneia Melo Botanical Garden, National Museum of Natural History and Science, University of Lisbon, Portugal Armin Mešić Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Andrew S. Methven Savannah State University, Savannah, Georgia 31404, U.S.A Otto Miettinen Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Ana M. Millanes Romero Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain Andrew N. Miller Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 1816 South Oak Street, Champaign, Illinois 61820-6970, U.S.A. James K. Mitchell Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. Roland Moberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Pierre-Arthur Moreau Université Lille, Fac. Pharma. Lille, EA4483 IMPECS, 59000 Lille, France Gabriel Moreno Facultad de Biología, Ciencias Ambientales y Química, Universidad de Alcalá, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain Olga Morozova Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Asunción Morte Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain Lucia Muggia University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Guillermo Muñoz González Avda Valvanera N.32, 5D, 26500 Calahorra, La Rioja, Spain Leena Myllys Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland István Nagy Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117 Budapest, Hungary László G. Nagy Institute of Biochemistry, BRC-HAS, 6726 Szeged, Temesvari krt. 62, 6726 Szeged, Hungary Maria Alice Neves Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina CEP 88040-900, Brazil Tuomo Niemelä Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Pier Luigi Nimis University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy Nicolas Niveiro Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina Machiel E. 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La Llosa, 219, 39509 Villanueva de la Peña, Mazcuerras, Cantabria, Spain Ursula Peintner Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria Shaun Pennycook Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Private Bag 92170, Auckland 1072, New Zealand Olinto Liparini Pereira Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil Pablo Pérez Daniëls University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain Miquel À. Pérez-De-Gregorio Capella C/ Pau Casals, 6, 1º, 1ª, 17001, Girona, Spain Carlos Manuel Pérez del Amo C/ Luis de Ulloa, 1, 7º I, 26004 Logroño, Navarra, Spain Sergio Pérez Gorjón Universidad de Salamanca, Avda. Licenciado Mendez Nieto s/n, 37007 Salamanca, Spain Sergio Pérez-Ortega Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Israel Pérez-Vargas Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, c/ Astrofísico Sánchez s/n 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain Brian A. Perry California State University East Bay, Hayward, California 94542, U.S.A. Jens H. Petersen Nøruplundvej 2, 8400 Ebeltoft, Denmark Ronald H. Petersen University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, U.S.A. Donald H. Pfister Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge MA 02138, U.S.A. Chayanard Phukhamsakda Mae Fah Luang University, Chang Wat Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand Marcin Piątek W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Krakow, Poland Meike Piepenbring Faculty of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany Raquel Pino-Bodas Real Jardín Botánico-CSIC, Plaza de Murillo 2, 28014, Madrid, Spain Juan Pablo Pinzón Esquivel Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil Km. 15.5, Apdo. Postal: 4-116 Itzimná,C.P: 97100, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico Paul Pirot Rue des Peupliers 10, 6840 Neufchâteau, Belgium Eugene S. Popov Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Orlando Popoff Instituto de Botánica del Nordeste, Universidad Nacional de Nordeste-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Sargento Cabral 2131, CC 209, Corrientes Capital, Argentina María Prieto Álvaro Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain Christian Printzen Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Botanik und Molekulare Evolutionsforschung, Herbarium Senckenbergianum (FR), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany Nadezhda Psurtseva Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Witoon Purahong Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH — UFZ, Theodor-Lieser-Straße 4, 06120 Halle, Germany Luis Quijada Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, U.S.A. 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Rebriev Southern Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 41 Chehova str., Rostov-on-Don, 344006, Russia Juan de Dios Reyes García Paseo Virgen de Linarejos 6 2 D, Linares, Jaen, Spain Miguel Ángel Ribes Ripoll Avda. Pablo Neruda 120 F, 2°D, 28018 Madrid, Spain Franck Richard CEFE UMR5175, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Université Paul-Valéry Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cédex 5, France Mike J. Richardson Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Víctor J. Rico Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain Gerardo Lucio Robledo Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina Flavia Rodrigues Barbosa Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. 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Sergi Santamaria Facultat de Biociències, Edifici C, Despatx C1/331, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Barcelona, Spain Josiane Santana Monteiro Botany Coordination, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, 66077-830, Belém, Pará, Brazil Hans Josef Schroers Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Barbara Schulz Institute of Microbiology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Germany Geert Schmidt-Stohn Burgstr. 25, 29553 Bienenbüttel, Germany Trond Schumacher University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1066, Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway Beatrice Senn-Irlet RU Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Zürcherstr. 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland Hana Ševčíková Moravian Museum, Zeny trh 6, 659 37 Brno, Czech Republic Oleg Shchepin Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Takashi Shirouzu Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan Anton Shiryaev Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620144 Ekaterinburg, 8 March str., 202/3, Russia Klaus Siepe Geeste 133, 46342 Velen, Germany Esteban B. 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Box 7, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland Ave Suija Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, 40 Lai Street, Tartu 51005, Estonia Stellan Sunhede Hökaskog Sandbacken 1, 533 92 Lundsbrunn, Sweden Sten Svantesson University of Gothenburg, Box 461, 40530 Göteborg, Sweden Sigvard Svensson Biological Museum, Lund University, Box 117, 221 00 Lund, Sweden Tatyana Yu. Svetasheva (1) Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia; (2) Department of Technologies of Living Systems, Tula State Lev Tolstoy Pedagogical University, Lenin ave. 125, Tula, 300026, Russia Krzysztof Świerkosz Museum of Natural History, Wrocław University, ul. H. 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Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden Holger Thüs State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany Leif Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Sanja Tibell Evolutionary Biology Centre, Norbyvägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Einar Timdal Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1172 Blindern, 0318 Oslo, Norway Zdenko Tkalčec Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Tor Tønsberg University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, P.O. Box 7800, 5020 Bergen, Norway Gérard Trichies 5, impasse des Écoles S7700 Neufchef, France Dagmar Triebel Botanische Staatssammlung München, Menzinger Straße 67, 80638 München, Germany Andrei Tsurykau (1) F. Skorina Gomel State University, Sovetskaja Str. 104, 246019 Gomel, Belarus; (2) Institute of Natural Sciences, Samara National Research University, Moskovskoye shosse 34, 443086 Samara, Russia Rodham E. Tulloss Herbarium Amanitarum Rooseveltensis, P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, New Jersey 08555-0057, U.S.A. Veera Tuovinen University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada Miguel Ulloa Sosa Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tercer Circuito/Sin Número, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, C. P. 04510, Mexico Carlos Urcelay Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Casilla de Correo 495, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina François Valade 11 rue haras, le boqueteau, 91240 Saint-Michel-sur-Orge, France Ricardo Valenzuela Garza Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Miguel Hidalgo, Santo Tomás, 11340 Ciudad de México, Mexico Pieter van den Boom Arafura 16, 5691 JA Son, The Netherlands Nicolas Van Vooren Ascomycete.org, 36 rue de la Garde, 69005 Lyon, France Aida M. Vasco-Palacios Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad de Antioquia, AA1226, Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Medellín, Colombia Jukka Vauras Herbarium TUR, Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland Juan Manuel Velasco Santos 3 C/Pontevedra, 18, 1º C, 37003 Salamanca, Spain Else Vellinga 861 Keeler Avenue, Berkeley, California 94708, U.S.A. Annemieke Verbeken Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Gent, Belgium Per Vetlesen Norges Sopp- og Nyttevekstforbund, Schweigaards gate 34F, 0191 Oslo, Norway Alfredo Vizzini University of Torino, Viale P.A. Mattioli 25, 10125, Torino, Italy Hermann Voglmayr University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, 1030 Vienna, Austria Sergey Volobuev Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia Wolfgang von Brackel Kirchenweg 2, 91341 Röttenbach, Germany Elena Voronina Lomonosov Moscow State University, Biology Faculty, Moscow, Russia Grit Walther Arvid-Harnack-Str. 4, 07743 Jena, Germany Roy Watling Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, 20A Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, EH3 5LR, United Kingdom Evi Weber Blaihofstr. 42, 72074 Tübingen, Germany Mats Wedin Swedish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 50007, 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden Øyvind Weholt Nord University, Nesna, 8700 Nesna, Norway Martin Westberg Museum of Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 16, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden Eugene Yurchenko Polessky State University, Dnyaprouskai flatylii str. 23, 225710, Pinsk, Belarus Petr Zehnálek Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic Huang Zhang Kunming University of Science & Technology, Kunming, China Mikhail P. Zhurbenko Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Prof. Popov Street, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia The following institutions are also supporting the present text (institutional support means that committees from the mentioned) Asociación Micológica Carlos Spegazzini (Argentina) Austrian Mycological Society (Austria) Croatian Mycological Society (Croatia) Committee of the Czech Scientific Society for Mycology (Czech Republic) The Netherlands Mycological Society (The Netherlands) Sociedad Española de Liquenología (Portugal/Spain) Iberian Mycological Society (which is under constitution, Portugal/Spain) Federación de Asociaciones Micológicas Andaluzas (FAMA) (Spain) Asociación Botánica y Micológica de Jaén (Spain) Asociación Micológica Hispalense Muscaria (Spain) Societat Micològica Valenciana (Spain)