Search

El futbol es uno de los deportes más populares a nivel mundial con un incremento reciente en el número de participantes mujeres, lo que exige un mayor rendimiento físico para esta población acorde al nivel competitivo, no obstante, los datos disponibles relacionados al rendimiento físico de futbolistas mexicanas son limitados, por lo que el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar los cambios temporales en el rendimiento físico durante una temporada competitiva en futbolistas universitarias. En el estudio participaron 19 jugadoras universitarias de futbol divididas en tres posiciones de juego (defensas, mediocampistas y delanteras). Todas completaron tres evaluaciones (T1, T2 y T3) que incluyeron: rendimiento de la resistencia aeróbica intermitente (30-15 intermittent fitness test [IFT]), altura de salto (salto contramovimiento [CMJ]), velocidad lineal (sprint de 20 y 40 m), agilidad (prueba T modificada) y fuerza máxima (1RM-SQ). En cuanto a los resultados, encontramos cambios de forma general a lo largo de la temporada donde destaca el sprint de 20-m en T2 (ES = 0.60; 90%CI: 0.22;0.97) y en 1RM-SQ en T2 (ES = 0.57; 90%CI: 0.16;0.98) y T3 (ES = 1.04; 90%CI: 0.63;1.44). Por posición los principales cambios fueron en VO2max30-15IFT en mediocampistas (ES = -0.86; 90%CI: -1.49;-0.23) en T2, así como en 1RM-SQ en todas las posiciones en T2 y T3 con cambios de moderado a grandes. La monitorización de las capacidades físicas a través de la temporada es muy importante para la elaboración de programas de entrenamiento individualizados para cada posición de juego. Palabras clave: Soccer, Femenil, 1RM, Sprint, Agilidad Abstract. Soccer is the most popular sport worldwide, with a recent increase in the number of women participating, demanding greater physical performance for this population according to the competition level. Nevertheless, available data regarding Mexican soccer players' physical performance are limited; therefore, this study aimed to investigate temporary changes in physical performance during a competitive season in university soccer players. Nineteen female players, divided into three player positions (defenders, midfielders, and forwards), participated in the study. All participants completed three evaluations (T1, T2, and T3) that included intermittent aerobic endurance performance (30-15 intermittent fitness test [IFT]), jump height (countermovement jump [CMJ]), linear speed (20-m and 40-m sprints), agility (modified T-test), and maximal strength (1RM-SQ). Regarding results, we found general changes during the season; among these, the 20-m sprint in T2 (ES = 0.60; 90% CI: 0.22; 0.97) and the 1RM-SQ in T2 (ES = 0.57; 90% CI: 0.16; 0.98) and T3 (ES = 1.04; 90%CI: 0.63;1.44) stand out. The main changes were in VO2max30-15IFT in midfielders (ES = -0.86; 90% CI: -1.49; -0.23) in T2 and 1RM-SQ in all positions in T2 and T3, with moderate to large changes. It is important to monitor physical ability during the season to prepare individualized training programs for each player's position. Keywords: Soccer, Female, 1RM, Sprint, Agility.

Normative values of body composition (CC) and autonomic profile of Mexican schoolchildren are presented. The design corresponds to a study with a quantitative, descriptive approach. The CC was determined using the Poortmans and Slaughter equation, the HRV was in records of short duration. Significant differences were found in muscle mass when comparing: 13.13 ± 3.57kg for women vs 15.79 ± 3.50kg for men with a significance of p = .01. The autonomic profile did not show significant differences, the mean of the mean R-R intervals (MRR) was 616.16 ± 81.52 ms in girls and 611 ± 72.27 ms in boys.

The severe training load of a competitive mesocycle may not be assimilated correctly by athletes, and can provoke endocrine imbalance, muscle damage and inflammation. Supplementation with antioxidants such as Phlebodium Decumanum (PHL) helps protect against such imbalances. The aim of this study is to analyse the effect of PHL on the fatigue during a precompetitive mesocycle in volleyball players. Twenty-four male volleyball players were divided into two groups (experimental and control). The experimental group was supplemented with three PHL capsules in the morning and three in the afternoon for 20 days. Blood samples were taken before training, at the end of the third week and at the end of the fourth week to evaluate creatine kinase (CK), interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and cortisol. The results show the control group, the third Cortisol were significantly increased (p < .05). In the experimental group, however, a significant increase (p < .05) was only observed in the third IL-10 value. In addition, significant differences (p < .05) were observed between the control and experimental groups in the second CK. Furthermore, there were moderate variations (effect size, ES > 0.5; 90% CI) in CK, IL-6 and TNF-α. In conclusion, PHL supplementation during a precompetitive mesocycle by volleyball players protects against the muscle damage, inflammatory modulation and cortisol response caused by fatigue., Altas carga de entrenamiento de un mesociclo competitivo, pueden no ser asimiladas de forma correcta por atletas, pudiendo ocasionar desequilibrio endocrino, daño muscular e inflamación. La suplementación con antioxidantes como el Phlebodium Decumanum (PHL), puede proteger ante estos desequilibrios. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el efecto del PHL sobre la fatiga de un mesociclo precompetitivo en voleibolistas. Veinticuatro voleibolistas divididos en dos grupos (experimental y control) participaron en este estudio. El grupo experimental se suplementó con tres capsulas de PHL por la mañana y tres por la tarde por 20 días. Se efectuaron tomas de sangre antes del entrenamiento, al finalizar la tercera semana y al finalizar la cuarta semana para evaluar creatin kinasa (CK), interleucina 6 (IL-6), factor de necrosis tumoral-alfa (TNF-α), interleucina 10 (IL-10) y cortisol. Los resultados mostraron un aumento significativo (p < .05) en la tercera toma de Cortisol en el grupo control. El grupo experimental solo se observó un aumento significativo (p < .05) en la tercera toma para IL-10. Además, se observó una diferencia significativa (p < .05) entre los grupos para CK en la segunda toma, así como cambios moderados (ES > 0.5; 90%IC) para CK, IL-6 y TNF-α. En conclusión, la suplementación con PHL durante un mesociclo precompetitivo en jugadores de voleibol mostro efectos protectores beneficiosos sobre el daño muscular, modulación inflamatoria y respuesta del cortisol ocasionado por la fatiga., Programa para el Desarrollo Profesional Docente (PRODEP) México, Mexican Volleyball Federation, Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) [2018/11744]

La pandemia por COVID-19 tuvo gran impacto sobre la salud mental de la población universitaria, por lo que gestionar alternativas para adaptarse resulta fundamental. Objetivo. El propósito del estudio fue analizar el efecto moderador de la actividad física (AF) sobre los niveles de ansiedad generados por las vivencias durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios. Método. Se realizó un estudio transversal, correlacional-explicativo en estudiantes universitarios (n = 922; 36.66% hombres y 63.34% mujeres; 19.97 ±2.92 años). Se aplicó un cuestionario ad hoc para medir el miedo al COVID-19, así como el CUXOS-D para los niveles de ansiedad y el IPAQ-s para evaluar la AF. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, inferenciales y de moderación, además del factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio para el CUXOS-D. Resultados. Se observa la influencia del miedo al COVID-19 sobre los niveles de ansiedad cognitiva, la cual es moderada por los niveles de AF alta (F [3,918] = 21.58; p < .001). Asimismo, se observa que las mujeres perciben mayor ansiedad y realizan menor AF que los hombres. El análisis factorial del CUXOS-D fue satisfactorio. Conclusión. La AF puede tener efectos positivos que moderen el impacto generado por el COVID-19 sobre la ansiedad en la comunidad universitaria. Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic had a great impact on the mental health of the university population, so managing alternatives to adapt is essential. Objective. The purpose of the study was to analyze the moderating effect of physical activity (PA) on the anxiety levels generated by the experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic in university students. Method. A cross-sectional, correlational-explanatory study was carried out in university students (n = 922; 36.66% men and 63.34% women; 19.97 ± 2.92 years). An ad hoc questionnaire was applied to measure fear to COVID-19, as well as the CUXOS-D for anxiety levels and the IPAQ-s to assess PA. Descriptive, inferential and moderation analyzes were performed, in addition to the exploratory and confirmatory factorial for the CUXOS-D. Results. The influence of fear to COVID-19 on cognitive anxiety levels is observed, which is moderated by high PA levels (F [3,918] = 21.58; p

Las estrategias que aminoren el dolor, la inflamación y el daño muscular provocados por la actividad física de alta intensidad en atletas son de interés en la recuperación deportiva, por lo que el objetivo del estudio fue conocer el efecto del masaje ZNAR y la inmersión en agua fría a 10° sobre el proceso inflamatorio a través de la interleucina 6 (IL-6), interleucina 10 (IL-10), el factor de necrosis tumoral Alpha (TNF-α), el daño muscular mediante la Creatin Kinasa (CK) y la percepción al dolor muscular a través de la escala visual análoga de dolor (EVA) en jugadores de voleibol. Participaron 19 atletas divididos en un grupo control y un grupo experimental, sometidos a dos protocolos de recuperación (masaje ZNAR e inmersión en agua fría) posterior a un test de inducción a la fatiga. Se cuantifico la IL-6, IL-10, TNF, CK y EVA. Los resultados mostraron cambios significativos (p < .05) en las tomas de recuperación en el comportamiento del proceso inflamatorio, la CK y la percepción al dolor muscular con ambos métodos de recuperación. Conclusión, el Masaje ZNAR favorece a la recuperación de la IL-6 y la IL-10 además de la disminución de la CK y la percepción al dolor muscular. Abstract: The strategies that reduce pain, inflammation and muscle damage caused by high intensity activity in athletes are of interest in sports recovery, the objective of the study was to know the effect of ZNAR massage and cold water immersion at 10 ° on the inflammatory process through interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor Alpha (TNF-α), muscle damage through Creatine Kinase (CK) and the perception of muscle pain through the visual analoge scale (VAS) in volleyball players. 19 athletes were divided into a control group and an experimental group, submitted to two recovery protocols (ZNAR massage and cold water immersion) after a fatigue induction test. IL-6, IL-10, TNF, CK and EVA were quantified. The results showed significant changes (p < .05) in the recovery shots in the behavior of the inflammatory process, the CK and the perception of muscle pain with both recovery methods. Conclusion, the ZNAR Massage favors the recovery of IL-6 and IL-10 in addition to the decrease in CK and the perception of muscle pain

Purpose: To assess heart rate (HR) variability responses to various markers of training load, quantify associations between HR variability and fitness, and compare responses and associations between 1-minute ultrashort and 5-minute criterion measures among a girls’ field hockey team. Methods: A total of 11 players (16.8 [1.1] y) recorded the logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) daily throughout a 4-week training camp. The weekly mean (LnRMSSDM) and coefficient of variation (LnRMSSDCV) were analyzed. The internal training load (ITL) and external training load (ETL) were acquired with session HR and accelerometry, respectively. Speed, agility, repeated sprint ability, and intermittent fitness were assessed precamp and postcamp. Results: Similar increases in the ultrashort and criterion LnRMSSDM were observed in week 3 versus week 1 (P CV showed small ES reductions in week 2 (ES = −0.40 to −0.50), moderate reductions in week 3 (ES = −0.61 to −0.72), and small reductions in week 4 (ES = −0.42 to −0.51) versus week 1 (P > .05). Strong agreement was observed between the ultrashort and criterion values (intraclass correlation coefficient = .979). The ITL:ETL ratio peaked in week 1 (P CV, and inversely similar to LnRMSSDM. Changes in the ultrashort and criterion LnRMSSDCV from week 1 to 4 were associated with ITL (P CV in week 4 were associated (P < .05) with postcamp fitness. Conclusions: The ultrashort HR variability parameters paralleled the criterion responses, and the associations with ITL and fitness were similar in magnitude.

The purpose of this study was to examine the dynamics of heart rate variability at different times of recovery in high performance athletes after a high intensity workout. Involved 18 college athletes with aerobic and anaerobic training. The recovery was analyzed through heart rate variability with variable time domain for 15 minutes in supine position using the Polar Team2, records were before training (rest), immediately after the training (final), an hour later, two hours later and 24 hours after the training. Within results we show significant differences in the group of anaerobic in MRR (p

El objetivo de este estudio de caso fue verificar la utilidad de la pendiente de la raíz cuadrada de la media de las diferencias de la suma de los cuadrados entre intervalos RR adyacentes (RMSSD-Slope) como indicador individual de carga interna de entrenamiento en dos jugadores de Bádminton élite (un hombre y una mujer) durante 10 y 13 sesiones de entrenamiento respectivamente. Se realizaron registros de variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca durante cinco minutos antes y después de las sesiones de entrenamiento para calcular la RMSSD-Slope como indicador de carga interna, además de la escala de Borg. Se calculó el índice de estrés (SS) como indicador de actividad simpática, la RMSSD de actividad parasimpática y la relación entre ambos sistemas (Ratio S/PS). Los coeficientes de variación observados en los registros en reposo indican una alta variabilidad de las mediciones de cada día, lo que podría indicar las diferentes respuestas a las cargas de trabajo realizadas. No se encontró una relación lineal entre la RMSSD-Slope, RMSSD5, SS o variables de entrenamiento (volumen, intensidad y carga total de entrenamiento), sin embargo, se observó una correlación inversa entre la escala de Borg y la RMSSD-Slope. En conclusión, los resultados fundamentan el uso de la RMSSD-Slope y el SS como indicadores de la carga interna de entrenamiento que reflejan la respuesta individual de los atletas al estímulo. La utilización de la RMSSD-Slope podría ser un método práctico, no invasivo y de manejo sencillo que puede ser utilizado por los preparadores físicos y entrenadores. Abstract: The objective of this case study was to verify the utility of the slope of the mean of the differences in the sum of squares between adjacent RR intervals (RMSSD-Slope) as an individual indicator of internal training load in two elite badminton players (a man and a woman) during 10 and 13 training sessions respectively. Heart rate variability records were made for five minutes before and after training sessions to calculate RMSSD-Slope as internal load indicator, as well as the Borg scale. The Stress Score (SS) was calculated as an indicator of sympathetic activity, RMSSD of parasympathetic activity and the relationship between the two systems (Ratio S/PS). The coefficients of variation observed in the resting records indicate a high day-to-day measurement variability, which could indicate different responses to the workloads performed. Linear relationship was not found between the RMSSD-Slope and RMSSD5, SS or training variables (volume, intensity and total training load). Nevertheless, inverse correlation was observed between Borg scale and RMSSD-Slope. In conclusion, the case study results support the use of the RMSSD-Slope and the SS as indicators of the internal training load reflecting athletes’ individual response to the stimulus. The use of the RMSSD-Slope could be a practical, non-invasive and easy-to-use method that can be used by physical trainers and trainers.

El estado de hidratación tiene un papel importante en la potencia anaeróbica y en variables de sangre y orina. Dicho estado puede verse afectado por la práctica de algún deporte, condiciones climáticas extenuantes o por una ingesta inadecuada de líquidos, lo que conlleva a un estado de hipohidratación. Sin embargo, ha sido poco estudiado el nivel de hidratación durante un entrenamiento en los deportistas de combate, por lo que, el objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el estado de hidratación y potencia en miembros inferiores previo y posterior a un entrenamiento de la preselección de Muaythai del estado de Nuevo León. Participaron 9 peleadores masculinos (19.11±4.05 años, 169.00 ± 5.16 cm y 68.70 ± 15.33 kg), evaluando la gravedad específica de la orina (usg), color, peso, altura y potencia en salto con contramovimiento (cmj) y 15’’ continuos de saltos cmj. Presentando diferencias significativas en peso (0.76 ± 0.02 kg), usg (0.002 ± 0.002 sg), color (1.04 ± 0.2) y en potencia en los 15’’ de saltos continuos de cmj (42.71 ± 30.20 W). En conclusión, los peleadores se presentan hipohidratados previo al entrenamiento y al término del mismo se agrava dicha situación, así como se presenta una disminución del rendimiento.

The aim of this study was to propose a modified training impulse method (TRIMP) to quantify internal training load (ITL) in intermittent team sports and examine its relationship with external training load (ETL) during a preparatory period. Over 12 weeks, 11 male youth field hockey players (14.41 ± 0.51 years) were evaluated in regard to their ETL using triaxial accelerometers (Actigraph) and data was later contrasted with ITL, which was measured using heart rate (HR) monitors (Polar Team2) by four different TRIMP methods: Banister´s (bTRIMP), Edwards´s (eTRIMP), individualized (iTRIMP) and modified (mTRIMP). A correlation was found between HR (beat/min) and ETL (r = 0.699, R2 = 0.489, p < 0.01) and among TRIMP methods (r = 0.808-0.984, p < 0.01), however, the consistency between methods did not agree (p < 0.01). The ETL correlated in all TRIMP methods: bTRIMP (r = 0.509, R2 = 0.259, p < 0.01), eTRIMP (r = 0.336, R2 = 0.113, p < 0.01), iTRIMP (r = 0.224, R2 = 0.050, p < 0.01) and mTRIMP (r = 0.516, R2 = 0.267, p < 0.01). The proposed mTRIMP can be a valid option for ITL quantification; furthermore, indexes combining ITL and ETL should be used for a complete training assessment.

Some studies show interest in measuring heart rate variability (HRV) during post-exercise recovery. It is known that the parasympathetic system is relevant during this process, where one of the factors of this modulation is the interaction of acetylcholine and cholinesterases (ChE). However, the behavior of ChE and its relationship during recovery is little known, therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the behavior of ChE and its relationship with recovery evaluated in HRV indicators in volleyball players. An exercise protocol with long-term and intermittent high-intensity phases was applied in nine volleyball players. HRV measurements were made, and blood samples were drawn to evaluate the ChE before exercise and after 24 and 48 h post-exercise. The results show a modification of the variables after exercises with respect to the baseline values (ChE: 1818.4 ± 588.75 to 2218.78 ± 1101.58, RMSSD: 42.64 ± 12.86 to 17.72 ± 12.55 (p &lt, 0.05), SS: 8.76 ± 1.93 to 21.93 ± 10.05 (p &lt, 0.01), S/PS Ratio: 0.32 ± 0.14 to 3.26 ± 3.28 (p &lt, 0.01)), as well as recovery after 24 and 48 h with respect to postexercise (ChE: 1608.81 ± 546.88 (p &lt, 0.05) and 1454.54 ± 580.45 (p &lt, RMSSD: 43.83 ± 24.50 and 46.18 ± 33.22 (p &lt, SS, 10.93 ± 5.16 and 11.86 ± 4.32 (p &lt, S/PS Ratio: 0.46 ± 0.32 and 0.50 ± 0.28 (p &lt, 0.01)). ChE correlations (p &lt, 0.001) were found with moderate (SS: r = 0.465) and large (RMSSD: r = −0.654, S/PS Ratio: r = 0.666) HRV indexes. In conclusion, ChE modifications are related to changes in HRV showing a very similar behavior in the case of the study subjects.

BackgroundMonitoring recovery–stress balance in sport is becoming more relevant to prevent training maladaptation and reach the optimal performance for each athlete. The use of questionnaires that identify the athlete’s recovery–stress state have much acceptance in sports due to reliability and useful, furthermore for its low cost. Identifying possible differences between sport modalities and sex is important to determine specific needs and possible intervention ways to keep a recovery–stress balance. The aim was to analyze the differences in the recovery–stress state and mood states by sex and sport type during the competitive phase in young Mexican athletes. As a secondary objective, the psychometric properties of the Mexican version of the Recovery–Stress Questionnaire for Athletes (RESTQ-Sport) were analyzed.MethodsA cross-sectional study was carried on with 461 athletes (61% women and 39% men), 17.95 (±1.2) years old, from six sports disciplines. The RESTQ-Sport and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were applied in a single moment. Differences by sex and sports modality were analyzed. RESTQ-Sport’s confirmatory factor analysis was performed after the stress and recovery theoretical structure of two stress (general and sport) and two recovery (general and sport) dimensions, and last, the concurrent validation with the POMS was carried on.ResultsSignificant differences by sex were found in the General Recovery and Sport Stress dimensions of the RESTQ-Sport as well as Vigor factor of the POMS, being higher for men; furthermore, both the Sport Recovery dimension of RESTQ-Sport and Cholera and the Fatigue and Depression factors from POMS also had differences by sport type, showing a less recovery and high stress for individual sport athletes. Goodness-of-fit indexes of the model for the RESTQ-Sport were acceptable. Pearson’s correlation between questionnaires was moderate (p < 0.05).ConclusionThe recovery–stress state shows differences in the function of sex and sport modality. More special attention is suggested for women and individual sport athletes. The higher punctuation for men compared with women in sport stress dimension did not negatively affect the recovery–stress balance for male athletes. Finally, the Mexican context adaptation of the RESTQ-Sport provides a psychometric instrument suitable to assess the recovery–stress balance in Mexican athletes.

Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) is one of the pedagogical models used for increasing health through physical education (PE), being associated with several psychological benefits. However, only few studies have studied the effect of TGfU on physical fitness. This study aims at assessing the changes in students&rsquo, physical fitness after a six-month TGfU-based program with primary school children. A total of eight schools from the state of Sonora (Mexico) were randomly distributed into experimental (EG) and control group (CG). The final sample consisted of 188 pupils (100 boys, 88 girls, age = 10.22 &plusmn, 0.76 years) from the 5th and 6th grade. Employing a quasi-experimental design, physical fitness was assessed by means of the Eurofit test battery. At post-test, EG obtained significantly higher scores than CG in flexibility, abdominals, speed (p &lt, 0.001), handgrip (p = 0.002), low-limb power (p = 0.032), and cardiorespiratory fitness (p = 0.048). Our findings suggest that TGfU can be a valid alternative to traditional methodologies not only when the aim of a PE unit is to stimulate the cognitive domain, but also for the development of physical fitness attributes that may help pupils develop in a comprehensive manner.

Objetivo: Verificar diferencias individuales y de equipo de carga externa por acelerometría en distintos ejercicios de entrenamiento de baloncesto. Metodología: En el estudio participaron 11 jugadores de baloncesto universitarios (Edad 22 ± 4 años). Durante dos sesiones de entrenamiento con actividades específicas de baloncesto se midió la carga externa por medio de la ecuación de la “Carga del jugador” utilizando como instrumentos acelerómetros triaxiales (ActiGraph GT3X+; ActiGraph LLC, Pensacola, Florida). Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas en valores de “Carga del jugador” entre los ejercicios (X2 = 69.86, p < .01), así como diferencias (p < .01) entre los sujetos de estudio. Conclusiones: Los acelerómetros triaxiales tienen la capacidad de diferenciar la carga externa que se ejecuta en los distintos ejercicios de una sesión de entrenamiento de baloncesto. Los jugadores que participan de manera simultánea en un ejercicio determinado arrojan valores de carga externa diferenciados.

Objective. Identify Oxidative Stress (OS) behavior in athletes with and without the intake of an antioxidant-rich diet during a competitive period. Methods.14 high-performance athletes of handball team were evaluated. Two groups were established: 7 in an experimental group (blackberry intake) and 7 in a control group (with and without the intake of blackberry, respectively). The intake of blackberry beverage or placebo for both groups was a daily dose for 15 days (7 days in the pre-competition stage, 7 days during the competition period and a dose 24h after the end of the competition). OS (i.e. d-ROMs test, Cornelli units, U.Cor.) and the Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) (i.e. PAT test, Carratelli units, U. Carr.) on plasma, were quantified at 4 moments: (1) resting (1 week before the competition, before the beverage intake); (2) pre competition (one week before the competition); (3) at the end of the competition; and (4) 24 hours after the competition. Results. On the experimental group, OS was significantly reduced (p =.018) comparing resting takes with the pre-competition, after 7 days of the antioxidant-rich diet. The control group had a significant rise on TAC presented in precompetition (p =.028) as well as at end of competition (p =.046) compared to the resting take. Conclusion. The OS rises after competition and stimulates the TAC. The intake of an antioxidant-rich diet is helpful on pre competition training since it promotes the regulation of OS, diminishing its levels.

The aim of the study was to analyze plasma cortisol levels and their relation with the perception of recovery-stress balance in handball players during a training and competition period. Fourteen handball players took part in the study during a major competition. Data were collected from six blood samples in order to measure cortisol, and from four applications of the RESTQ-Sport for stress-recovery balance assessment. Compared to pre-competition (243.81 ± 36.46 ng/mL), a significative decrease (p < .01) in cortisol levels was observed in post competition (162.22 ± 69.83 ng/mL). The RESTQ-Sport subscales general stress, emotional stress, fatigue, physical recovery, sleep quality, and disturbed breaks showed significant changes between pre and post-competition. Cortisol levels were found to have positive correlation with success subscale (rho = .53; p < .05), whilst negative with fitness/injury subscale (rho = -.57; p < .05). Our findings support the idea of an anticipatory cortisol response to competition. Moreover, they provide further evidence on the influence of training over recovery-stress perception, emphasizing the importance of the psychophysiological and hormonal monitoring in order to achieve optimal athletic performance.

El objetivo del estudio fue realizar observar y determinar los cambios en la variabilidad de la frecuencia cardiaca (VFC) de un equipo de voleibol masculino durante su participación en la liga profesional nacional de México. Se registró a 12 atletas (Edad 22.60 ± 3.4) por cuatro meses durante el fin de semana (sábado y domingo). En cada jornada se realizaron tres mediciones, la primera por la mañana en reposo (REST); la segunda por la tarde al finalizar los partidos del primer día (R2) y la tercera al finalizar los partido del segundo día (R4). Los datos se analizaron con el test ANOVA y el test de Bonferroni. Se encontró diferencia entre REST con respecto a la R2 y con la R4 en SDNN (98.66±62.50 ms vs. 50.35±26.33, p

The purpose of this study was to analyze cellular immune components and their association with heart rate variability in triathlon athletes. Twelve athletes were included (age 36.41 ± 5.57 years, body mass 81.84 ± 10.97 kg) and blood samples were taken one week before, immediately, at 2 and 48 hours, and one week after competition. Total lymphocytes and their subpopulations, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes were analyzed. At the same time, heart rate variability was recorded for 30 minutes using Polar Team2®. A significant difference between lymphocyte subpopulations and heart rate variability was found in the different study periods. A positive correlation was found between total lymphocytes and rMSSD (r = .736, p

Mantener un balance adecuado entre las demandas físicas y psicosociales de estrés a las que un atleta es sometido, con la capacidad y los recursos de recuperación con que éste cuenta es un objetivo primordial en la planificación del entrenamiento deportivo; por lo que dar seguimiento al balance de estrés-recuperación resulta fundamental para alcanzar los objetivos de rendimiento deportivo establecidos por los deportistas y entrenadores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el comportamiento psicológico del balance de estrés-recuperación en voleibolistas universitarios durante el periodo de preparación física para la Universiada Nacional de México 2015. Fueron evaluados 12 voleibolistas (edad 20.75 ±1.94; años de experiencia 9.5 ±3.76) con experiencia nacional e internacional. Se utilizó la versión española del RESTQ-Sport en tres diferentes momentos. Se obtuvieron las medias y se realizó un análisis de comparación de medias a través de la prueba no paramétrica de Friedman y pruebas post-hoc de rangos con signo de Wilcoxon de las dimensiones y escalas del RESTQ-Sport. Los resultados reflejan diferencias significativas (p < .05) en la escala de “estrés general” entre la toma dos y la inicial. Los niveles de la dimensión de estrés general del RESTQ-Sport presentan un incremento en la toma dos con respecto a la inicial y asimismo una disminución en los niveles de recuperación en el deporte entre esas mismas tomas. De acuerdo con los resultados es importante monitorizar el balance estrés-recuperación en este grupo de jugadores de voleibol para prevenir un balance negativo y detectar posibles síntomas de sobreentrenamiento.Abstract. Maintaining an appropriate balance between athletes’ physical and psychosocial demands of stress by using their ability and recovery resources is a major objective in sports training planning; therefore, monitoring recovery-stress balance is essential in order to achieve performance objectives established by athletes and coaches. The aim of the present study was to analyze recovery-stress balance psychological response in university volleyball players during their physical preparation period for the 2015 Mexican National University Olympics. 12 volleyball players (age = 20.75 ±1.94; years of experience = 9.5 ±3.76) with national and international experience were evaluated. The Spanish version of RESTQ-Sport was applied in three different moments. Mean scores and comparisons analyses of RESTQ-Sport dimensions and scales were calculated using nonparametric Friedman and post-hoc Wilcoxon tests. Results showed significant differences in “general stress” scale between second and initial test (p < .05). Outcomes for “Levels of general stress” dimension indicated an increase in the second test compared to the initial test. Furthermore, a decrease of sport recovery levels from initial to second test was evidenced. Based on our results, we suggest that monitoring recovery-stress balance in this group of volleyball players is key to prevent a negative balance and to identify early symptoms of overtraining syndrome.

Cuantificar los componentes de volumen e intensidad de la carga de entrenamiento es importante para garantizar la mejora del rendimiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue el comparar los efectos del volumen y la intensidad de la carga de entrenamiento sobre la Frecuencia Cardiaca de Recuperación (FCR). Dos mujeres y cuatro hombres, (edad M: 21 ± 1.41, H: 25.75 ± 4.57 años) entrenados en deportes de resistencia llevaron a cabo dos tratamientos con la misma carga interna (TRIMP = 52 unidades arbitrarias) pero con variación en volumen e intensidad (T1 = intensidad alta y volumen bajo [86-91% FCres, 14.5 min, T2 = intensidad baja y volumen alto [72-78% FCres, 30.5 min]). Posterior al ejercicio se monitoreó la FCR en cinco momentos: al finalizar el esfuerzo (R1), 10 (R2), 20 (R3), 30 (R4) y 40 (R5) minutos después del esfuerzo. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p ≤ .05) entre los valores de FCR en los cinco momentos. Los resultados sugieren que tratamientos de la misma carga interna existen diferencias entre la carga interna de los tratamientos, observando que la intensidad afecta de mayor manera a la FCR que el volumen. Abstract. Quantifing the effects of volume and intensity components of training load (TL) is essential in order to guarantee performance enhancement. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of training load volume and intensity on Heart Rate Recovery (HRR). Two women (age = 21 ± 1.41) and four men (age = 25.75 ± 4.57 years) trained in endurance sports performed two different treatments with equal TL (TRIMP = 52 arbitrary units) but different volume and intensity (Training 1 = high intensity, low volume [86-91% HRres, 14.5 min], Training 2 = low intensity, high volume [72-78% HRres, 30.5 min]). HRR was monitored after exercise in five moments: at the end of training (R1), and 10 (R2), 20 (R3), 30 (R4), and 40 (R5) minutes after effort. Significant differences were found in HRR values at each of the five intervals (p ≤ .05). Results suggest the existence of significant differences in TL between the two treatments. Outcomes also evidenced that intensity has a greater effect than volume on HRR.

Decisional balance is a process that allows people to compare perceived benefits and costs of a certain behavior such as exercising. The aims of the present study were: to translate a Decisional Balance Scale for physical exercise (EBD-E); to adapt it to the Mexican context; to examine its factorial structure; and to assess its internal consistency and nomological validity. The sample was composed by 530 individuals from the urban area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico (48.2% males and 51.8% females; average age = 33.22 ± 15.27; age range = 11-76). Results from both exploratory and confirmatory factorial analyses confirmed the structural validity of the Mexican version of EBD-E, as satisfactory values were obtained for the coefficients of internal consistency. The variance of benefits, costs, and decisional balance through the stages of change was in line with the transtheoretical model, thus supporting the nomological validity of the Mexican version of EBD-E.Resumen. El balance decisional es el proceso mediante el cual las personas comparan los beneficios frente a los costos percibidos de realizar un comportamiento, por ejemplo, realizar ejercicio. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron traducir y adaptar al español hablado en México la escala de balance decisional para el ejercicio físico (EBD-E), examinar su estructura factorial y analizar su consistencia interna y validez nomológica. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 530 personas (48.2% varones y 51.8% mujeres; Medad= 33.22 años; DT=15.27; Rango= 11-76), que viven en el área metropolitana de la ciudad de Monterrey, Nuevo León (México). Los resultados del análisis factorial exploratorio como los del confirmatorio brindan apoyo a la validez factorial de la versión mexicana de la EBD-E. Los resultados mostraron coeficientes de consistencia interna satisfactorios. La variación de los pros, contras y el balance decisional a través de las etapas de cambio se presentó conforme a los postulados establecidos en el modelo transteórico brindando apoyo a la validez nomológica de la versión mexicana de la escala de balance decisional para el ejercicio (EBD-E).

The aim of the study was to stablish relationships between post-exercise heart rate variability (HRV) values and internal training load (TL) components measured by three Training Impulse (TRIMP) methods in youth triathletes. TRIMP methods were related with each other (r = 0,970 to 0,983, R2 = 0,940 to 0,967) but showed significant differences in mean values (p 90% HRres, and TRIMP values (r = -0,302 to -0,495, p < 0,01) and a positive relationship with volume at