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This paper aims to show that the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified existing barriers to healthcare in England for ethnic minority and migrant women. These barriers include those embedded within the institution, stemming from community perceptions and relating to socio-economic factors. Though barriers to accessing healthcare have existed long before the pandemic, more attention must be devoted now because of the inequalities that COVID-19 has laid bare in England for ethnic minority and migrant women. By adopting an intersectional lens, this paper uncovers what has previously been hidden by ‘intersectional invisibility’, now exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Whilst the pandemic has seen an increase in focus on inequalities related to race, gender and immigration status, this paper adds to the literature by specifically considering the intersection of race and gender, and immigration status and gender, in the context of inequalities relating to healthcare. We argue that ethnic minority and migrant women experience inequalities in healthcare related to access uniquely because of their intersectional identities and the context of a public health crisis.

Chemical investigation of the methanol crude extract of dried flower buds ofSyzygium aromaticum(Myrtaceae) resulted in the isolation of seven known compounds; oleanolic acid (1), lignoceric acid (2), β-sitosterol (3), heneicosanoic acid (4), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2-methylchromone (5), 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-dimethylchromone (6) and vanillin (7). Their structures were elucidated using one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and comparison with literature data. The crude extract, and compounds 1-6, revealed significant anticonvulsant activities against seizures induced by picrotoxin, pentylenetetrazole and bicuculline, respectively in mice. Compound3produced 100% protection, compound2,and5;on the other hand,each offered 83.33%, while the lowest protection came from compounds1,4,and6(16.66 – 50 00 %). This is the first report on the anticonvulsant activity of these isolated compounds, and the first report on the isolation of compounds2,4,5,6,and 7 fromSyzygium aromaticum.

This article explores the changing nature of the allocation of healthcare resources during the Covid-19 crisis and how it may have shaped a new role for medical professionals in healthcare law and policymaking. It contrasts the traditional input of medical professionals in systemic healthcare reforms (1946, 1990 and 2012) with their role in the elaboration of ethical emergency guidance published by the British Medical Association and the Royal College of Physicians in March–April 2020, using a discourse analysis methodology and concepts borrowed from political philosophy. Keywords: Covid-19; medical professionals; healthcare law and policy; ethics; justice; emergency guidance.

• We have looked at the impact of the pandemic on access to healthcare services in England, focusing on ethnic minority and migrant women. We have found that existing barriers faced by these women when seeking healthcare have been exacerbated by the pandemic. \ud \ud • The intersection of someone’s gender, race and immigration status raises a number of specific issues when it comes to access to healthcare, which is the focus of this submission. \ud \ud • Under the core themes of the call for evidence, issues include health literacy and cultural barriers (Information and education on women’s health, paragraphs 13-16), racialised medical perceptions and stigma (Women’s voices, paragraphs 8-12; Research, evidence and data, paragraphs 26-28), economic and financial barriers (Women’s health in the workplace, paragraph 22-25), legal barriers relating to immigration status (Women’s health across the life course, paragraphs 17-21) and the COVID-19 public health crisis that has deepened these long existing issues (Impact of COVID-19 on women’s health, paragraphs 29-40).

This report summarises the Work-in-Progress Symposium ‘Beyond the Virus: Multidisciplinary and International Perspectives on Inequalities raised by COVID-19’. The event consisted of four panels over two days. It brought together the contributors for the forthcoming edited collection with Bristol University Press (BUP), due to be published in 2022 under the Bristol Studies in Law and Social Justice series, tentatively entitled “Beyond the Virus: Multidisciplinary and International Perspectives on Inequalities raised by COVID-19” edited by Dr Sabrina Germain and Dr Adrienne Yong at The City Law School. The presentations were based on the chapters to the edited collection by each contributor and were followed by discussions. This collection examines social inequalities brought to stark attention by the COVID-19 pandemic under three thematic strands: power and governance, gender and sexuality, and marginalised communities. This project brings together a range of international scholars from multiple disciplines (law, sociology and politics) to showcase a diversity of perspectives on these themes. The unknowns around this novel virus and the scale of the epidemic make COVID-19 and its inequalities a timely subject. Understanding each of these issues from the perspective of multiple disciplines, with law at its centre, is the first step towards tackling them concretely and achieving social justice. The thematic coherence on social inequalities from international and multidisciplinary lenses is the project’s central feature.

Our commentary aims to show that the COVID-19 pandemic has amplified existing barriers to healthcare in England for ethnic minority and migrant women. We expose how the pandemic has affected the allocation of healthcare resources leading to the prioritisation of COVID-19 patients and suspending the equal access to healthcare services approach. We argue that we must look beyond this disruption in provision by examining existing barriers to access that have been amplified by the pandemic in order to understand the poorer health outcomes for women in ethnic minority and migrant communities. The reflection focuses on racialised medical perceptions, gendered cultural norms including information barriers and stigma, and specific legal barriers.

The exceptional circumstances brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic have affected the traditional organisation of healthcare resources allocation in the United Kingdom. Since its inception the NHS has aimed to regulate risks of ill health in the population by providing an equal and universal provision of health care services to residents based on their health status rather than their ability to pay. This paper argues that the current government’s emergency healthcare policy in response to this pandemic has however favoured a utilitarian approach to healthcare rationing and potentially initiated the end of an egalitarian NHS.\ud \ud The paper first unpacks why the allocation of healthcare resources is fundamentally a question of justice in Britain and explains why healthcare law and policy require a philosophical approach in times of crisis. Secondly, the paper provides a critical analysis of the current situation for the allocation of healthcare resources and the provision of services to patients directly or indirectly affected by the virus. It concludes that values of equality in access to care at the heart of the NHS are in jeopardy and are being replaced by a utilitarian approach based on a priority ranking of patients in this time of crisis.

The exceptional circumstances brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic have affected the traditional organisation of healthcare resources allocation in the UK. Since its inception, the National Health Service (NHS) has aimed to regulate risks of ill health in the population by providing an equal and universal provision of healthcare services to residents based on their health status rather than their ability to pay. The rapid spread of this new virus has, however, triggered a shift in paradigm from an egalitarian allocation of healthcare resources to a utilitarian approach, which has led to discussions about society’s greatest taboos: death and dying and the economic value of individuals’ health.

The 55 JFSP plots were established to capture forest types, fire histories, and severity levels beyond those found within the YFPD. The plots were square 50 m × 50 m plots established in Pinus ponderosa, Pinus jeffreyi, and Abies concolor – Pinus lambertiana forest types between 1,431 m and 2,250 m elevation. Plots were installed post-fire based on a randomly chosen locations stratified by burn severity levels as calculated from the differenced Normalized Burn Ratio (dNBR). For details on site selection see Furniss et al. (in review). In the field, plots were located using a handheld GPS and then a more precise position was collected using a survey-grade GNSS receiver. Within each plot, all trees ≥10 cm DBH were identified, measured, and mapped. Tree measurements included DBH (1.37 m), species, vigor, and lean (distance and direction). Trees were mapped according to the methods in Lutz et al. (2012).

Lysyl oxidases (LOXs) play a central role in extracellular matrix remodeling during development and tumor growth and fibrosis through cross-linking of collagens and elastin. We have limited knowledge of the structure and substrate specificity of these secreted enzymes. LOXs share a conserved C-terminal catalytic domain but differ in their N-terminal region, which is composed of 4 repeats of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) domains in LOX-like (LOXL) 2. We investigated by X-ray scattering and electron microscopy the low-resolution structure of the full-length enzyme and the structure of a shorter form lacking the catalytic domain. Our data demonstrate that LOXL2 has a rod-like structure with a stalk composed of the SRCR domains and the catalytic domain at its tip. We detected direct interaction between LOXL2 and tropoelastin (TE) and also LOXL2-mediated deamination of TE. Using proteomics, we identified several allysines together with cross-linked TE peptides. The elastin-like material generated was resistant to trypsin proteolysis and displayed mechanical properties similar to mature elastin. Finally, we detected the codistribution of LOXL2 and elastin in the vascular wall. Altogether, these data suggest that LOXL2 could participate in elastogenesis in vivo and could be used as a means of cross-linking TE in vitro for biomimetic and cell-compatible tissue engineering purposes.

The number of British patients travelling beyond the frontiers of their health care jurisdiction to receive medical treatment has recently increased because of scarcer resources and unreasonable waiting times in NHS health care facilities. As the United Kingdom prepares for its departure from the European Union, the fl ows of medi- cal tourists seeking health care in EU member states may become the object of important negotiations. The unbounded phenomenon of medical tourism in the atypical political and economic context of Brexit represents a unique opportunity to conceptualize solutions beyond the traditional frontiers of health care law. \ud \ud Thus, this paper proposes to take an unprecedented approach using a sociological framework based on Niklas Luhmann’s work on autopoietic systems to examine the current European legal frame- work on cross-border health care services and to formulate a concrete policy proposal to achieve greater social justice in health care using marketplace and trade dynamics. A bilateral treaty on cross-border health care services taking the form of a public procurement could uphold universality of care and equality in treatment in the United Kingdom and participating European member states. Established contracts would offer a sustainable solution to issues of continuity of care, medical malpractice and may lead to signifi cant cost reduction in health care.

This data set includes measurements of 40 stems of Chrysolepis sempervirens (Kellogg) Hjelmq. (bush chinquapin), 41 stems of Cornus sericea L. (redosier dogwood), 50 stems of Corylus cornuta Marsh. ssp. californica (A. DC.) E. Murray, and 40 stems of Leucothoe davisiae Torrey (Sierra laurel), as reported in Lutz et al. (2014, 2017). Nomenclature follows Flora of North America (1993+).