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The observed changes in physical properties of sea ice such as decreased thickness and increased melt pond cover severely impact the energy balance of Arctic sea ice. Increased light transmission leads to increased deposition of solar energy and thus plays a crucial role for sea-ice-melt as well as for the amount and timing of under-ice primary production. Recent developments in underwater technology provide new opportunities to undertake challenging research at the largely inaccessible underside of sea ice. We measured spectral under-ice radiance and irradiance onboard the new Nereid Under-Ice (Nereid-UI) under- water robotic vehicle, during a cruise of the R/V Polarstern to 83°N 6°W in the Arctic Ocean in July 2014. Nereid-UI is a next generation hybrid remotely operated vehicle (H-ROV) designed for both remotely-piloted and autonomous surveys underneath fixed and moving sea ice. Here we present results from the first comprehensive scientific dive of Nereid-UI employing its interdisci- plinary sensor suite. We combine under-ice optical measurements with three dimensional under-ice topography (multibeam sonar) and aerial images of the surface conditions. We investigate the influence of spatially varying ice-thickness and surface properties on the spatial variability of light transmittance on floe scale. Our results indicate that surface properties dominate the spatial distribution of the under-ice light field, while sea ice-thickness and snow-depth are most important for mean light levels.

The Arctic Ocean is currently undergoing a dramatic change. Decreasing sea-ice extent, thickness and age are changing important processes in the climate system. An increasing coverage of the sea ice by melt ponds and an increased amount of light transmitted to the upper ocean are also affecting the ice associated ecosystem. To document these changes, we operated different remotely operated vehicles (ROV) underneath the drifting sea ice of the Central Arctic Ocean. The newest underwater technology combined with a highly interdisciplinary sensor suite was successfully used for scientific investigations directly under the sea ice. The unique dataset of novel observations provided insights into the partitioning of solar shortwave radiation in and under sea ice, the deformation and topography of the ice cover, the distribution of sea-ice algae and ice algal aggregates and the ice associated primary production. The large range covered by the ROV surveys enabled us to quantify the spatial variability of physical as well as habitat properties. Despite the harsh climatic conditions and logistical difficulties in the high Arctic, the latest ROV technology proved to be a valuable tool for interdisciplinary sea-ice research.

The leg MSM16-2 started on the 24.09.10 in Troms�� (Norway) and ended on the 08.10.10 also in Troms��. It carried out multidisciplinary research at the long-term deep water observatory H��kon Mosby Mud Volcano (72��N, 14�� 43E) for the EU-Projects ESONET European Seas Observatory Network (Demonstration Mission LOOME Long term observations on mud volcano eruptions), HERMIONE Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Mans Impact on European Seas (Workpackage 5 Chemosynthetic Ecosystems) and the GDRE DIWOOD, a partner of the ESF EUROCORES EuroDeep project CHEMECO Colonization processes in chemosynthetic ecosystems. Specific objectives included the recovery of the LOOME observatory components deployed in 2009, and the completion of geological, physical and biogeochemical measurements for the analysis of ecosystem changes related to mud and gas eruptions. All components were successfully retrieved with the help of the ROV GENESIS and the excellent maneuverability of MARIA S. MERIAN. In addition, the use of the AUV Sentry equipped with a multibeam, subbottom profiler, CTD and photographic unit as well as with a mass spectrometer provided a systematic overview on changes associated with mud volcanism., MARIA S. MERIAN-Berichte

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affects ~1% of the population and exhibits a high SNP-heritability, yet previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided limited information on the genetic etiology and underlying biological mechanisms of the disorder. We conducted a GWAS meta-analysis combining 53,660 OCD cases and 2,044,417 controls from 28 European-ancestry cohorts revealing 30 independent genome-wide significant SNPs and a SNP-based heritability of 6.7%. Separate GWAS for clinical, biobank, comorbid, and self-report sub-groups found no evidence of sample ascertainment impacting our results. Functional and positional QTL gene-based approaches identified 249 significant candidate risk genes for OCD, of which 25 were identified as putatively causal, highlighting WDR6 , DALRD3 , CTNND1 and genes in the MHC region. Tissue and single-cell enrichment analyses highlighted hippocampal and cortical excitatory neurons, along with D1- and D2-type dopamine receptor-containing medium spiny neurons, as playing a role in OCD risk. OCD displayed significant genetic correlations with 65 out of 112 examined phenotypes. Notably, it showed positive genetic correlations with all included psychiatric phenotypes, in particular anxiety, depression, anorexia nervosa, and Tourette syndrome, and negative correlations with a subset of the included autoimmune disorders, educational attainment, and body mass index.. This study marks a significant step toward unraveling its genetic landscape and advances understanding of OCD genetics, providing a foundation for future interventions to address this debilitating disorder., Competing Interests: Chris German is employed by and hold stock or stock options in 23andMe, Inc. Erika L. Nurmi is on the Scientific Advisory Board for Myriad Genetics and Medical Advisory Board for Tourette Association of America and received Clinical trial funding from Emalex and Octapharma Pharmaceuticals. Jeremy Veenstra-VanderWeele has served on advisory boards or consulted with Roche, Novartis, and SynapDx; received research funding from Roche, Novartis, SynapDx, Seaside Therapeutics, Forest, Janssen, Acadia, Yamo, and MapLight; received stipends for editorial work from Wiley and Springer. Jens R. Wendland is a current employee and shareholder of Takeda Pharmaceuticals and a past employee and shareholder of F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Pfizer and Nestle Health Science. Cynthia M. Bulik reports: Pearson (author, royalty recipient).Peter Falkai reports no conflict of interest regarding this study and reports to have received financial support and Advisory Board: Richter, Recordati, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Otsuka, Janssen and Lundbeck. Hans J. Grabe has received travel grants and speakers honoraria from Fresenius Medical Care, Neuraxpharm, Servier and Janssen Cilag as well as research funding from Fresenius Medical Care. Ian B. Hickie is the Co-Director, Health and Policy at the Brain and Mind Centre (BMC) University of Sydney, Australia. The BMC operates an early-intervention youth services at Camperdown under contract to headspace. Professor Hickie has previously led community-based and pharmaceutical industry-supported (Wyeth, Eli Lily, Servier, Pfizer, AstraZeneca, Janssen Cilag) projects focused on the identification and better management of anxiety and depression. He is the Chief Scientific Advisor to, and a 3.2% equity shareholder in, InnoWell Pty Ltd which aims to transform mental health services through the use of innovative technologies. Benjamin M. Neale is a member of the scientific advisory board at Deep Genomics and Neumora. Christopher Pittenger consults and/or receives research support from Biohaven Pharmaceuticals, Freedom Biosciences, Ceruvia Lifesciences, Transcend Therapeutics, UCB BioPharma, and F-Prime Capital Partners. He owns equity in Alco Therapeutics. These relationships are not related to the current work. Dan J. Stein has received consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Sanofi, Servier, Takeda and Vistagen. Eric A. Storch reports receiving research funding to his institution from the Ream Foundation, International OCD Foundation, and NIH. He was formerly a consultant for Brainsway and Biohaven Pharmaceuticals in the past 12 months. He owns stock less than $5000 in NView/Proem for distribution related to the YBOCS scales. He receives book royalties from Elsevier, Wiley, Oxford, American Psychological Association, Guildford, Springer, Routledge, and Jessica Kingsley. Ole A. Andreasson reports to be a consultant to Cortechs.ai, Precision Health AS, speakers honorarium from Otsuka, Lundbeck, Sunovion, Janssen. Anders D. Børglum has received speaker fee from Lundbeck. David Mataix-Cols receives royalties for contributing articles to UpToDate, Wolters Kluwer Health, and personal fees for editorial work from Elsevier, all unrelated to the current work. Murray B. Stein has in the past 3 years received consulting income from Acadia Pharmaceuticals, BigHealth, Biogen, Bionomics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Clexio, Eisai, EmpowerPharm, Engrail Therapeutics, Janssen, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, NeuroTrauma Sciences, Otsuka, PureTech Health, Sage Therapeutics, Sumitomo Pharma, and Roche/Genentech. Dr. Stein has stock options in Oxeia Biopharmaceuticals and EpiVario. He has been paid for his editorial work on Depression and Anxiety (Editor-in-Chief), Biological Psychiatry (Deputy Editor), and UpToDate (Co-Editor-in-Chief for Psychiatry). Joel Gelernter is paid for editorial work by the journal Complex Psychiatry. Pino Alonso has received funding from Biohaven, Boston Scientific, Medtronic. All other authors report no conflicts of interest.