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Abstract Feed cost represents a major economic determinant within cattle production, amounting to an estimated 75% of the total variable costs. Consequently, comprehensive approaches such as optimizing feed utilization through alternative feed sources, alongside the selection of feed-efficient animals, are of great significance. Here, we investigate the effect of two diets, traditional corn-grain fed and alternative by-product based, on 14 phenotypes related to feed, methane emission and production efficiency and on multi-tissue transcriptomics data from liver, muscle, and rumen wall, derived from 52 Nellore bulls, 26 on each diet. To this end, diets were contrasted at the level of phenotype, gene expression, and gene-phenotype network connectivity. As regards the phenotypic level, at a P value

Abstract Intramuscular fat (IMF) and backfat thickness (BFT) are critical economic traits impacting meat quality. However, the genetic variants controlling these traits need to be better understood. To advance knowledge in this area, we integrated RNA-seq and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in genomic and transcriptomic data to generate a linkage disequilibrium filtered panel of 553,581 variants. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis revealed 36,916 cis-eQTLs and 14,408 trans-eQTLs. Association analysis resulted in three eQTLs associated with BFT and 24 with IMF. Functional enrichment analysis of genes regulated by these 27 eQTLs revealed noteworthy pathways that can play a fundamental role in lipid metabolism and fat deposition, such as immune response, cytoskeleton remodeling, iron transport, and phospholipid metabolism. We next used ATAC-Seq assay to identify and overlap eQTL and open chromatin regions. Six eQTLs were in regulatory regions, four in predicted insulators and possible CCCTC-binding factor DNA binding sites, one in an active enhancer region, and the last in a low signal region. Our results provided novel insights into the transcriptional regulation of IMF and BFT, unraveling putative regulatory variants.

Thermotolerance has become an essential factor in the prevention of the adverse effects of heat stress, but it varies among animals. Identifying genes related to heat adaptability traits is important for improving thermotolerance and for selecting more productive animals in hot environments. The primary objective of this research was to find candidate genes in the liver that play a crucial role in the heat stress response of Santa Ines sheep, which exhibit varying levels of heat tolerance. To achieve this goal, 80 sheep were selected based on their thermotolerance and placed in a climate chamber for 10 days, during which the average temperature was maintained at 36 °C from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and 28 °C from 4 p.m. to 10 a.m. A subset of 14 extreme animals, with seven thermotolerant and seven non-thermotolerant animals based on heat loss (rectal temperature), were selected for liver sampling. RNA sequencing and differential gene expression analysis were performed. Thermotolerant sheep showed higher expression of genes GPx3, RGS6, GPAT3, VLDLR, LOC101108817, and EVC. These genes were mainly related to the Hedgehog signaling pathway, glutathione metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and thyroid hormone synthesis. These enhanced pathways in thermotolerant animals could potentially mitigate the negative effects of heat stress, conferring greater heat resistance.

Abstract The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) to identify potential differences in the ruminal and fecal metabolite profiles of Nelore bulls under different nutritional interventions; and (2) to identify metabolites associated with cattle sustainability related-traits. We used different nutritional interventions in the feedlot: conventional (Conv; n = 26), and by-product (ByPr, n = 26). Thirty-eight ruminal fluid and 27 fecal metabolites were significantly different (P

BackgroundRuminants harbor a complex microbial community within their gastrointestinal tract, which plays major roles in their health and physiology. Brazil is one of the largest producers of beef in the world and more than 90% of the beef cattle herds are composed of pure and crossbred Nelore (Bos indicus). Despite its importance to the Brazilian economy and human feeding, few studies have characterized the Nelore microbiome. Therefore, using shotgun metagenomics, we investigated the impact of diet on the composition and functionality of the Nelore microbiome, and explored the associations between specific microbial taxa and their functionality with feed efficiency and methane emission.ResultsThe ruminal microbiome exhibited significantly higher microbial diversity, distinctive taxonomic profile and variations in microbial functionality compared to the fecal microbiome, highlighting the distinct contributions of the microbiomes of these environments. Animals subjected to different dietary treatments exhibited significant differences in their microbiomes’ archaeal diversity and in the abundance of 89 genera, as well as in the functions associated with the metabolism of components of each diet. Moreover, depending on the diet, feed-efficient animals and low methane emitters displayed higher microbial diversity in their fecal microbiome. Multiple genera were associated with an increase or decrease of the phenotypes. Upon analyzing the functions attributed to these taxa, we observed significant differences on the ruminal taxa associated with feed efficient and inefficient cattle. The ruminal taxa that characterized feed efficient cattle stood out for having significantly more functions related to carbohydrate metabolism, such as monosaccharides, di−/oligosaccharides and amino acids. The taxa associated with methane emission had functions associated with methanogenesis and the production of substrates that may influence methane production, such as hydrogen and formate.ConclusionOur findings highlight the significant role of diet in shaping Nelore microbiomes and how its composition and functionality may affect production traits such as feed efficiency and methane emission. These insights provide valuable support for the implementation of novel feeding and biotechnological strategies.

Abstract Background The high similarity in anatomical and neurophysiological processes between pigs and humans make pigs an excellent model for metabolic diseases and neurological disorders. Lipids are essential for brain structure and function, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have anti-inflammatory and positive effects against cognitive dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Nutrigenomics studies involving pigs and fatty acids (FA) may help us in better understanding important biological processes. In this study, the main goal was to evaluate the effect of different levels of dietary soybean oil on the lipid profile and transcriptome in pigs’ brain tissue. Results Thirty-six male Large White pigs were used in a 98-day study using two experimental diets corn-soybean meal diet containing 1.5% soybean oil (SOY1.5) and corn-soybean meal diet containing 3.0% soybean oil (SOY3.0). No differences were found for the brain total lipid content and FA profile between the different levels of soybean oil. For differential expression analysis, using the DESeq2 statistical package, a total of 34 differentially expressed genes (DEG, FDR-corrected p-value

Epigenetic repression has been linked to the regulation of different cell states. In this study, we focus on the influence of this repression, mainly by H3K27me3, over gene expression in muscle cells, which may affect mineral content, a phenotype that is relevant to muscle function and beef quality. Based on the inverse relationship between H3K27me3 and gene expression (i.e., epigenetic repression) and on contrasting sample groups, we computationally predicted regulatory genes that affect muscle mineral content. To this end, we applied the TRIAGE predictive method followed by a rank product analysis. This methodology can predict regulatory genes that might be affected by repressive epigenetic regulation related to mineral concentration. Annotation of orthologous genes, between human and bovine, enabled our investigation of gene expression in the Longissimus thoracis muscle of Bos indicus cattle. The animals under study had a contrasting mineral content in their muscle cells. We identified candidate regulatory genes influenced by repressive epigenetic mechanisms, linking histone modification to mineral content in beef samples. The discovered candidate genes take part in multiple biological pathways, i.e., impulse transmission, cell signalling, immunological, and developmental pathways. Some of these genes were previously associated with mineral content or regulatory mechanisms. Our findings indicate that epigenetic repression can partially explain the gene expression profiles observed in muscle samples with contrasting mineral content through the candidate regulators here identified.

Pigs (Sus scrofa) are an animal model for metabolic diseases in humans. Pork is an important source of fatty acids (FAs) in the human diet, as it is one of the most consumed meats worldwide. The effects of dietary inclusion of oils such as canola, fish, and soybean oils on pig gene expression are mostly unknown. Our objective was to evaluate FA composition, identify changes in gene expression in the liver of male pigs fed diets enriched with different FA profiles, and identify impacted metabolic pathways and gene networks to enlighten the biological mechanisms’ variation. Large White male pigs were randomly allocated to one of three diets with 18 pigs in each; all diets comprised a base of corn and soybean meal to which either 3% of soybean oil (SOY), 3% canola oil (CO), or 3% fish oil (FO) was added for a 98-day trial during the growing and finishing phases. RNA sequencing was performed on the liver samples of each animal by Illumina technology for differential gene expression analyses, using the R package DESeq2. The diets modified the FA profile, mainly in relation to polyunsaturated and saturated FAs. Comparing SOY vs. FO, 143 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified as being associated with metabolism, metabolic and neurodegenerative disease pathways, inflammatory processes, and immune response networks. Comparing CO vs. SOY, 148 DEGs were identified, with pathways related to FA oxidation, regulation of lipid metabolism, and metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Our results help explain the behavior of genes with differential expression in metabolic pathways resulting from feeding different types of oils in pig diets.

Data integration using hierarchical analysis based on the central dogma or common pathway enrichment analysis may not reveal non-obvious relationships among omic data. Here, we applied factor analysis (FA) and Bayesian network (BN) modeling to integrate different omic data and complex traits by latent variables (production, carcass, and meat quality traits). A total of 14 latent variables were identified: five for phenotype, three for miRNA, four for protein, and two for mRNA data. Pearson correlation coefficients showed negative correlations between latent variables miRNA 1 (mirna1) and miRNA 2 (mirna2) (−0.47), ribeye area (REA) and protein 4 (prot4) (−0.33), REA and protein 2 (prot2) (−0.3), carcass and prot4 (−0.31), carcass and prot2 (−0.28), and backfat thickness (BFT) and miRNA 3 (mirna3) (−0.25). Positive correlations were observed among the four protein factors (0.45–0.83): between meat quality and fat content (0.71), fat content and carcass (0.74), fat content and REA (0.76), and REA and carcass (0.99). BN presented arcs from the carcass, meat quality, prot2, and prot4 latent variables to REA; from meat quality, REA, mirna2, and gene expression mRNA1 to fat content; from protein 1 (prot1) and mirna2 to protein 5 (prot5); and from prot5 and carcass to prot2. The relations of protein latent variables suggest new hypotheses about the impact of these proteins on REA. The network also showed relationships among miRNAs and nebulin proteins. REA seems to be the central node in the network, influencing carcass, prot2, prot4, mRNA1, and meat quality, suggesting that REA is a good indicator of meat quality. The connection among miRNA latent variables, BFT, and fat content relates to the influence of miRNAs on lipid metabolism. The relationship between mirna1 and prot5 composed of isoforms of nebulin needs further investigation. The FA identified latent variables, decreasing the dimensionality and complexity of the data. The BN was capable of generating interrelationships among latent variables from different types of data, allowing the integration of omics and complex traits and identifying conditional independencies. Our framework based on FA and BN is capable of generating new hypotheses for molecular research, by integrating different types of data and exploring non-obvious relationships.

Understanding the architecture of gene expression is fundamental to unravel the molecular mechanisms regulating complex traits in bovine, such as intramuscular fat content (IMF) and backfat thickness (BFT). These traits are economically important for the beef industry since they affect carcass and meat quality. Our main goal was to identify gene expression regulatory polymorphisms within genomic regions (QTL) associated with IMF and BFT in Nellore cattle. For that, we used RNA-Seq data from 193 Nellore steers to perform SNP calling analysis. Then, we combined the RNA-Seq SNP and a high-density SNP panel to obtain a new dataset for further genome-wide association analysis (GWAS), totaling 534,928 SNPs. GWAS was performed using the Bayes B model. Twenty-one relevant QTL were associated with our target traits. The expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was performed using Matrix eQTL with the complete SNP dataset and 12,991 genes, revealing a total of 71,033 cis and 36,497 trans-eQTL (FDR < 0.05). Intersecting with QTL for IMF, we found 231 eQTL regulating the expression levels of 117 genes. Within those eQTL, three predicted deleterious SNPs were identified. We also identified 109 eQTL associated with BFT and affecting the expression of 54 genes. This study revealed genomic regions and regulatory SNPs associated with fat deposition in Nellore cattle. We highlight the transcription factors FOXP4, FOXO3, ZSCAN2, and EBF4, involved in lipid metabolism-related pathways. These results helped us to improve our knowledge about the genetic architecture behind important traits in cattle.

Abstract We conducted a study to identify the fecal metabolite profile and its proximity to the ruminal metabolism of Nelore steers based on an untargeted metabolomic approach. Twenty-six Nelore were feedlot with same diet during 105 d. Feces and rumen fluid were collected before and at slaughter, respectively. The metabolomics analysis indicated 49 common polar metabolites in the rumen and feces. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate were the most abundant polar metabolites in both bio-samples. The rumen presented significantly higher concentrations of the polar compounds when compared to feces (P

Chicken is an important source of protein for human nutrition and a model system for growth and developmental biology. Although the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in meat-type chickens has been the subject of ongoing investigation, the identification of mutations associated with carcass traits of economic interest remains challenging. Therefore, our aim was to identify predicted deleterious mutation, which potentially affects protein function, and test if they were associated with carcass traits in chickens. For that, we performed a genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) for breast, thigh and drumstick traits in meat-type chickens and detected 19 unique quantitative trait loci (QTL). We then used: (1) the identified windows; (2) QTL for abdominal fat detected in a previous study with the same population and (3) previously obtained whole genome sequence data, to identify 18 predicted deleterious single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in those QTL for further association with breast, thigh, drumstick and abdominal fat traits. Using the additive model, a predicted deleterious SNP c.482C > T (SIFT score of 0.4) was associated (p-value < 0.05) with abdominal fat weight and percentage. This SNP is in the second exon of the MYBPH gene, and its allele frequency deviates from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that the c.482C > T SNP in the MYBPH gene is a putative causal mutation for fat deposition in meat-type chickens.

Abstract Background Poultry breeding programs have been focused on improvement of growth and carcass traits, however, this has resulted in correlated changes in internal organ weights and increased incidence of metabolic disorders. These disorders can affect feed efficiency or even cause death. We used a high density SNP array (600 K, Affymetrix) to estimate genomic heritability, perform genome-wide association analysis, and identify genomic regions and positional candidate genes (PCGs) associated with internal organ traits in an F2 chicken population. We integrated knowledge of haplotype blocks, selection signature regions and sequencing data to refine the list of PCGs. Results Estimated genomic heritability for internal organ traits in chickens ranged from low (LUNGWT, 0.06) to high (GIZZWT, 0.45). A total of 20 unique 1 Mb windows identified on GGA1, 2, 4, 7, 12, 15, 18, 19, 21, 27 and 28 were significantly associated with intestine length, and weights or percentages of liver, gizzard or lungs. Within these windows, 14 PCGs were identified based on their biological functions: TNFSF11, GTF2F2, SPERT, KCTD4, HTR2A, RB1, PCDH7, LCORL, LDB2, NR4A2, GPD2, PTPN11, ITGB4 and SLC6A4. From those genes, two were located within haplotype blocks and three overlapped with selection signature regions. A total of 13,748 annotated sequence SNPs were in the 14 PCGs, including 156 SNPs in coding regions (124 synonymous, 26 non-synonymous, and 6 splice variants). Seven deleterious SNPs were identified in TNFSF11, NR4A2 or ITGB4 genes. Conclusions The results from this study provide novel insights to understand the genetic architecture of internal organ traits in chickens. The QTL detection performed using a high density SNP array covered the whole genome allowing the discovery of novel QTL associated with organ traits. We identified PCGs within the QTL involved in biological processes that may regulate internal organ growth and development. Potential functional genetic variations were identified generating crucial information that, after validation, might be used in poultry breeding programs to reduce the occurrence of metabolic disorders.

The aim of this study was to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEG) from the skeletal muscle and liver samples of animal models for metabolic diseases in humans. To perform the study, the fatty acid (FA) profile and RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data of 35 samples of liver tissue (SOY1.5, n = 17 and SOY3.0, n = 18) and 36 samples of skeletal muscle (SOY1.5, n = 18 and SOY3.0, n = 18) of Large White pigs were analyzed. The FA profile of the tissues was modified by the diet, mainly those related to monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated (PUFA) FA. The skeletal muscle transcriptome analysis revealed 45 DEG (FDR 10%), and the functional enrichment analysis identified network maps related to inflammation, immune processes, and pathways associated with oxidative stress, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction. For the liver tissue, the transcriptome profile analysis revealed 281 DEG, which participate in network maps related to neurodegenerative diseases. With this nutrigenomics study, we verified that different levels of soybean oil in the pig diet, an animal model for metabolic diseases in humans, affected the transcriptome profile of skeletal muscle and liver tissue. These findings may help to better understand the biological mechanisms that can be modulated by the diet.

ABSTRACT: Results of nutrient requirements as determined in dose-response trials are valid only for fish within the same size range of that of experimental model fish. This study used the factorial approach to estimate digestible energy (DE) and digestible protein (DP) requirements for maintenance and growth of pacu ( Piaractus mesopotamicus ). Juvenile pacu (63.5 ± 1.27 g) were stocked in a recirculation system (26.89 ± 0.36 °C) for 58 days, and fed two daily meals. One diet contained 6.96 % lipids (LF) and another 9.98 % lipids (HF), both diets formulated to contain 32 % crude protein, theoretical dietary energy level for maintenance (52.23 kJ DE kg−0.80 d−1), in a completely randomized, 2 × 5 factorial experimental design. The apparent digestibility coefficients of energy and protein were 84.66 ± 0.27 % and 89.20 ± 0.61 %, respectively, determined in specific assays for the HF diet, while for the LF diet, the values were 84.52 ± 0.37 % and 89.19 ± 0.16 %, respectively. The analysis of growth and carcass composition data revealed that dietary requirements of digestible energy and protein for maintenance were not influenced by dietary lipid levels; however, requirements of growth digestible energy were higher for fish fed the LF diet (1.39) than for fish fed the HF diet (1.29). The requirement of DP for growth, expressed as g of DP per g of deposited protein, were higher for fish fed the LF diet than for fish fed the HF diet (1.70 vs 1.58).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the association of cottonseed processing method with chitosan on carcass traits and meat quality of lambs finished in feedlot. Eighty lambs with an average body weight of 20.6 kg, with 04 months of age, were distributed in a completely randomized design, in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The factors were represented by two cottonseed processing method (whole or ground) and two levels of chitosan (0 and 136 mg/kg BW). The association of cottonseed processing method with chitosan in the lamb diet did not affect (P>0.05) carcasses traits. The pH, color, cooking losses, shear force, and proximate composition of meat were also not affected (P>0.05) by the processing method of cottonseed or its association with chitosan in the lamb diets. There was an increase in palmitoleic (c9-C16:1; P = 0.01) and conjugated linoleic (P = 0.02) fatty acids when ground cottonseed was associated with chitosan. Ground cottonseed associated with chitosan increases the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the meat of feedlot lambs.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to sequence the MyoD1, MyoG, MyF5, MyF6, and MSTN genes and to identify polymorphisms in Santa Inês sheep (Ovis aries). A total of 192 lambs with 240 days of age were evaluated, and these genes were sequenced to be compared with the reference sequence in the Ovis aries genome. Genotype and allele frequencies were estimated, and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested. Fragments containing 2,493 bp (MyoD1), 1,836 bp (MyoG), 2,813 bp (MyF5), 1,126 bp (MyF6), and 2,380 bp (MSTN) were obtained, and, in these sequences, 160 variants were identified. These polymorphisms were distributed as follows: 59 (MyoD1), 24 (MyoG), 63 (MyF5), 4 (MyF6), and 10 (MSTN). One hundred and four were novel polymorphisms, 45 in MyoD1, 2 in MyoG, 56 in MyF5, and 1 in MSTN. Regarding site, 61 were in intron (27 in MyoD1, 16 in MyoG, 5 in MyF5, 3 in MyF6, and 10 in MSTN), 87 in coding region (22 in MyoD1, 8 in MyoG, 56 in MyF5, and 1 in MyF6), and 12 on 3’UTR (10 in MyoD1 and 2 in MyF5). Therefore, the MyoD family and MSTN genes have several polymorphisms in Santa Inês sheep, which can be useful for association studies.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência do método ssGBLUP quanto à seleção e à associação genômica ampla, com atribuição de pesos a marcadores genéticos e uso de informações de genótipos e fenótipos, com ou sem informações de pedigree, com diferentes coeficientes de herdabilidade. A população estudada foi obtida por simulação de dados com 8.150 animais, 5.850 dos quais eram genotipados. Utilizou-se o método ssGBLUP para a análise dos dados, com duas matrizes de relacionamento - com ou sem informações de pedigree -, e pesos para os marcadores genéticos obtidos em cada iteração. O aumento do coeficiente de herdabilidade melhorou os resultados de seleção e associação genômica. O melhor desempenho quanto à habilidade preditiva foi obtido quando não se utilizaram informações de pedigree. O tipo de matriz de relacionamento utilizada não influenciou a identificação de regiões associadas a características de interesse. O método ssGBLUP é eficiente tanto para a seleção quanto para a identificação de regiões associadas às características estudadas.

Beef tenderness, a complex trait affected by many factors, is economically important to beef quality, industry, and consumer’s palatability. In this study, RNA-Seq was used in network analysis to better understand the biological processes that lead to differences in beef tenderness. Skeletal muscle transcriptional profiles from 24 Nellore steers, selected by extreme estimated breeding values (EBVs) for shear force after 14 days of aging, were analyzed and 22 differentially expressed transcripts were identified. Among these were genes encoding ribosomal proteins, glutathione transporter ATP-binding cassette, sub-family C (CFTR/MRP), member 4 (ABCC4), and synaptotagmin IV (SYT4). Complementary co-expression analyses using Partial Correlation with Information Theory (PCIT), Phenotypic Impact Factor (PIF) and the Regulatory Impact Factor (RIF) methods identified candidate regulators and related pathways. The PCIT analysis identified ubiquitin specific peptidase 2 (USP2), growth factor receptor-bound protein 10 (GBR10), anoctamin 1 (ANO1), and transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif containing 4 (TMBIM4) as the most differentially hubbed (DH) transcripts. The transcripts that had a significant correlation with USP2, GBR10, ANO1, and TMBIM4 enriched for proteasome KEGG pathway. RIF analysis identified microRNAs as candidate regulators of variation in tenderness, including bta-mir-133a-2 and bta-mir-22. Both microRNAs have target genes present in the calcium signaling pathway and apoptosis. PIF analysis identified myoglobin (MB), enolase 3 (ENO3), and carbonic anhydrase 3 (CA3) as potentially having fundamental roles in tenderness. Pathways identified in our study impacted in beef tenderness included: calcium signaling, apoptosis, and proteolysis. These findings underscore some of the complex molecular mechanisms that control beef tenderness in Nellore cattle.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi efetuar análises econômicas de fazendas produtoras de bovinos de corte e compará-las com índices zootécnicos nacionais, em situações mercadológicas variadas de taxas de juros e de valor de aquisição da propriedade rural. Os resultados foram comparados com índices técnicos e produtivos da média nacional e com dois cenários melhorados. Avaliaram-se cinco cenários, sendo três em relação à taxa de juros (6%, 8% e 10% ao ano); e dois em relação ao valor do hectare (-30% e +30%). As fazendas de ciclo completo produtoras de animais de elite apresentaram os melhores resultados econômicos e financeiros. Os melhores resultados das fazendas produtoras de animais de corte foram obtidos nas análises financeiras com -30% no valor do hectare. Conclui-se que o valor do hectare tem maior impacto no sucesso financeiro da propriedade rural em comparação às taxas de juros.

The objective of this work was to assess the degree of multicollinearity and to identify the variables involved in linear dependence relations in additive-dominant models. Data of birth weight (n=141,567), yearling weight (n=58,124), and scrotal circumference (n=20,371) of Montana Tropical composite cattle were used. Diagnosis of multicollinearity was based on the variance inflation factor (VIF) and on the evaluation of the condition indexes and eigenvalues from the correlation matrix among explanatory variables. The first model studied (RM) included the fixed effect of dam age class at calving and the covariates associated to the direct and maternal additive and non-additive effects. The second model (R) included all the effects of the RM model except the maternal additive effects. Multicollinearity was detected in both models for all traits considered, with VIF values of 1.03 - 70.20 for RM and 1.03 - 60.70 for R. Collinearity increased with the increase of variables in the model and the decrease in the number of observations, and it was classified as weak, with condition index values between 10.00 and 26.77. In general, the variables associated with additive and non-additive effects were involved in multicollinearity, partially due to the natural connection between these covariables as fractions of the biological types in breed composition.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de multicolinearidade e identificar as variáveis envolvidas na dependência linear em modelos aditivo-dominantes. Foram utilizados dados de peso ao nascimento (n=141.567), peso ao ano (n=58.124) e perímetro escrotal (n=20.371) de bovinos de corte compostos Montana Tropical. O diagnóstico de multicolinearidade foi baseado no fator de inflação de variância (VIF) e no exame dos índices de condição e dos autovalores da matriz de correlações entre as variáveis explanatórias. O primeiro modelo estudado (RM) incluiu o efeito fixo de classe de idade da mãe ao parto e as covariáveis associadas aos efeitos aditivos e não aditivos diretos e maternos. O segundo modelo (R) incluiu todos os efeitos do RM, exceto os efeitos aditivos maternos. Detectou-se multicolinearidade em ambos os modelos para todas as características consideradas, com valores de VIF de 1,03 - 70,20, para RM, e de 1,03 - 60,70, para R. As colinearidades aumentaram com o aumento de variáveis no modelo e com a redução no volume de observações, e foram classificadas como fracas, com valores de índice de condição entre 10,00 e 26,77. Em geral, as variáveis associadas aos efeitos aditivos e não aditivos estiveram envolvidas em multicolinearidade, parcialmente em razão da ligação natural entre essas covariáveis como frações dos tipos biológicos na composição racial.

The objective in this experiment was to determine the effects of feeding diets with canola, sunflower or castor oils on intake, nutrient apparent digestibility and ruminal constituents of crossbred Dorper × Santa Inês sheep. Four rumen-cannulated animals of 90.2±11.4 kg average body weight were assigned to a 4 × 4 latin square. Animals remained individually in cages for the metabolism assay and were fed diets containing roughage at 500 g/kg and concentrate based on ground corn and soybean meal also at 500 g/kg. No oil was added to the control diet, whereas the others had canola, sunflower or castor oils at 30 g/kg (DM basis). There was no difference for the intake of DM and nutrients, except for ether extract, which was greater when animals received oil. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, non-fiber carbohydrates and neutral detergent fiber were not changed; however, the addition of oil increased the ether extract digestibility. The values of total digestible nutrients (TDN, g/kg of DM), digestible energy (DE, Mcal/kg of DM), TDN intake and DE intake also did not change with the addition of lipids. Concerning the ruminal constituents, the addition of vegetable oils reduced the concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids. Adding canola, sunflower or castor oils at 30 g/kg in diets with 500 g roughage/kg and 500 g concentrate/kg does not impair the intake or digestibility of nutrients in sheep, although it reduces the concentration of short-chain fatty acids in the rumen.

Os objetivos neste trabalho foram investigar, em uma população de bovinos de corte mestiços a obtenção dos efeitos genéticos não-aditivos para as características peso aos 205 e 390 dias e perímetro escrotal e avaliar a consideração desses efeitos na predição dos valores genéticos dos reprodutores utilizando diferentes metodologias de estimação. No método 1, os dados foram pré-ajustados para os efeitos não-aditivos obtidos pelo método de mínimos quadrados em modelo que considerou os efeitos fixos genéticos aditivos diretos e maternos e os não-aditivos, das heterozigoses direta e materna total, e epistasia. No método 2, os efeitos não-aditivos foram considerados covariáveis no modelo genético. Valores genéticos para os dados ajustados e não-ajustados foram preditos considerando efeitos aleatórios no modelo os efeitos aditivos direto e materno e, para peso aos 205 dias, também o efeito permanente de ambiente. Os valores genéticos dos reprodutores nas categorias analisadas, para a característica peso aos 205 dias, foram organizados em arquivos com a finalidade de verificar alterações na magnitude das predições e no ordenamento dos animais, quanto aos dois métodos de correção dos dados para os efeitos não-aditivos. Os efeitos não-aditivos não se assemelham em magnitude e sentido nos dois métodos de estimação utilizados nem para as características avaliadas. Correlações de Pearson e Spearman entre os valores genéticos foram maiores que 0,94. A utilização dos métodos de estimação avaliados não implicaria em mudanças na seleção dos animais.The objective of this study was to investigate, in a population of crossbred cattle, the obtainment of the non-additive genetic effects for the characteristics weight at 205 and 390 days and scrotal circumference, and to evaluate the consideration of these effects in the prediction of breeding values of sires using different estimation methodologies. In method 1, the data were pre-adjusted for the non-additive effects obtained by least squares means method in a model that considered the direct additive, maternal and non-additive fixed genetic effects, the direct and total maternal heterozygosities, and epistasis. In method 2, the non-additive effects were considered covariates in genetic model. Genetic values for adjusted and non-adjusted data were predicted considering additive direct and maternal effects, and for weight at 205 days, also the permanent environmental effect, as random effects in the model. The breeding values of the categories of sires considered for the weight characteristic at 205 days were organized in files, in order to verify alterations in the magnitude of the predictions and ranking of animals in the two methods of correction data for the non-additives effects. The non-additive effects were not similar in magnitude and direction in the two estimation methods used, nor for the characteristics evaluated. Pearson and Spearman correlations between breeding values were higher than 0.94, and the use of different methods does not imply changes in the selection of animals.

The objective of this investigation was to estimate ideal bands of respiratory rate and cloacal temperature for broiler chicken strains during the rearing period and to evaluate the influence of time of exposure on bird physiological variables under different thermal stress conditions. The research was conducted in a climatic chamber during the six weeks of the rearing period, with Avian and Cobb strains exposed to two climatic conditions (comfort and stress), in three distinct times of exposure, in three conditions (before going to the chamber; at the end of exposure time; 30 minutes after the end of exposure), in four treatments: comfort with 60 minutes of exposure; stress with 30 minutes of exposure; stress with 60 minutes of exposure; stress with 90 minutes of exposure. Bands of respiratory rate and cloacal temperature were elaborated for both strains, for each one of the weeks of the rearing period. Strains differed, regardless of treatments and conditions adopted in the research on the third, fifth and sixth weeks of life in relation to the cloacal temperature. The Cobb strain is more tolerant to thermal stress in comparison with the Avian. There was difference for both variables between comfort and stress, but time of exposure to stress did not influence the physiological response of birds, except for cloacal temperature on the second week of life.

Broiler meat quality is one of the primary factors considered by the poultry industry. This study was conducted to estimate heritability and genetic correlation coefficients for meat quality traits in a single male broiler line. The meat ultimate pH (24 h after slaughter) and lightness presented the highest heritability estimates. Given the estimated genetic correlations, the pH measured at 15 min and 24 h after slaughtering, as well as lightness, were characterized by a close and negative genetic relationship with water holding capacity traits. In contrast, meat quality traits exhibited only non-significant genetic correlations with performance and carcass traits. Noticed exceptions were breast weight, which was genetically and favorably associated with the initial pH and thawing-cooking losses, and ultrasound record of pectoral muscle depth, which was genetically and unfavourably associated with the shear force of meat. Meat pH values at 24 h after slaughtering or lightness may be a favorable selection criterion for the poultry industry for improving meat quality, since these traits are associated with the water holding capacity of the meat. Out of the traits studied, lightness is most easily assessed on the industrial slaughtering line. The direct selection for breast weight could improve the initial pH and thawing-cooking losses of meat, even as selection for ultrasound records of Pectoralis major may affect the meat tenderness in this line

The goals of this research were to estimate the phenotypic correlations among various meat quality traits from a male broiler line and to describe the relation among these variables. Phenotypical correlations were determined among quality traits, isolating the effects of slaughter date, the age of the mother and sex. The evaluated traits were pH measurements taken at time 0 and at 6 and 24 hours after slaughtering, color parameters, water loss due to exudation, thawing and cooking of the meat, and shear force. Important associations (P0.05) to the other traits of the meat, whereas the pH at 24 hours after slaughter was able of directly interfering with the attributes of the meat, since this trait was inversely related with lightness and water losses, which indicates an effect of pH fall along 24h after slaughtering on protein denaturation. This study demonstrates that the variables of poultry meat quality are related and that there is a phenotypical association between lightness and cooking losses and the other attributes of the meat. The pH at 24 hours after slaughtering, lightness and cooking losses could be efficient meat quality indicators in this broiler line.O objetivo desta pesquisa foi estimar as correlações fenotípicas entre as características de qualidade de carne de uma linhagem macho de frangos de corte. Para tanto, foram determinadas as correlações fenotípicas entre essas características, isolando-se os efeitos de data de abate, idade da mãe e sexo. As características avaliadas foram: medidas de pH inicial, em 6 e em 24 horas após o abate, parâmetros de cor, perdas por exsudação, descongelamento e cozimento da carne e força de cisalhamento. A maioria das associações obtidas foi de intensidade fraca a moderada, porém significativa, com magnitude variando entre -0,35 e 0,28. O pH inicial da carne não esteve associado de modo importante com as outras características de qualidade de carne (P>0,05), enquanto o pH em 24 horas após o abate interferiu diretamente nos atributos da carne (P

The objective of this work was to evaluate yield traits and development of palisadegrass under the influence of water deficit during the establishment period. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, in a completely random block statistical design in a factorial arrangement and additional treatment (3 × 3 + 1). The treatments referred to the suppression of irrigation at different phases of the establishment (sowing, germination and initial tillerring) until the soil presented water content of 75%, 50%, and 25% of the moisture related to field capacity (qFC), besides control treatment with no water restriction. Evaluations of number of grown tillers per vase, green leaves per tiller and plant height were carried out weekly, for five weeks after the first tillers appeared. Biomass sampling was carried out approximately 30 days after the end of the last applied treatment, when the soil was kept close to 100% of field capacity relative moisture. Tillering and biomass yield of palisadegrass during establishment phase are reduced when water deficit is sufficient to make soil content water reach 25% of relative moisture field capacity, regardless to the season when water shortage takes place.

The animal breeding values forecasting at futures times is a relevant technological innovation in the field of Animal Science, since its enables a previous indication of animals that will be either kept by the producer for breeding purposes or discarded. This study discusses an MCMC Bayesian methodology applied to panel data in a time series context. We consider Bayesian analysis of an autoregressive, AR(p), panel data model of order p, using an exact likelihood function, comparative analysis of prior distributions and predictive distributions of future observations. The methodology was tested by a simulation study using three priors: hierarchical Multivariate Normal-Inverse Gamma (model 1), independent Multivariate Student's t Inverse Gamma (model 2) and Jeffrey's (model 3). Comparisons by Pseudo-Bayes Factor favored model 2. The proposed methodology was applied to longitudinal data relative to Expected Progeny Difference (EPD) of beef cattle sires. The forecast efficiency was around 80%. Regarding the mean width of the EPD interval estimation (95%) in a future time, a great advantage was observed for the proposed Bayesian methodology over usual asymptotic frequentist method.A previsão dos valores genéticos de animais em tempos futuros constitui importante inovação tecnológica para a área de Zootecnia, uma vez que possibilita planejar com antecedência o descarte ou a manutenção de animais no rebanho. No presente estudo considerou-se uma análise Bayesiana de modelos auto-regressivos de ordem p, AR(p), para dados em painel, de forma a utilizar a função de verossimilhança exata, a análise de comparação de distribuições a priori e a obtenção de distribuições preditivas de dados futuros. A metodologia utilizada foi testada mediante um estudo de simulação usando a priori hierárquica Normal multivariada-Gama inversa (modelo 1), a priori independente t-Student Gama inversa (modelo 2) e a priori de Jeffreys (modelo 3). As comparações entre os modelos, realizadas por meio do Pseudo-Fator de Bayes, indicaram uma superioridade do modelo 2 em relação aos demais. Realizou-se uma aplicação em resultados reais referentes as DEP de touros da raça Nelore, sendo que, em média, a eficiência de previsão dos valores de DEP para um ano futuro foi próxima de 80%. Constatou-se considerável vantagem da metodologia proposta em relação a metodologia frequentista usual, uma vez que a implitude dos intervalos de credibilidade de 95% foram muito menores que aquelas apresentadas pelos intervalos de confiança assintóticos.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi selecionar o modelo de curvas de crescimento mais adequado e avaliar a influência de efeitos de ambiente e de grupo genético sobre os parâmetros estimados do modelo. Cinco modelos não lineares, Brody, Gompertz, Logístico, Von Bertalanffy e Richards, foram ajustados a dados de peso-idade coletados de 316 vacas, de quatro grupos genéticos: G (Nelore, ½Canchim + ½Nelore, ½Angus + ½Nelore e ½Simental + ½Nelore), do nascimento até 100 meses de idade; em duas estações do ano: E (primavera e outono). As vacas foram submetidas a dois níveis de concentrado (S) durante quatro meses, pós-desmama. O ajuste dos modelos foi realizado por mínimos quadrados ordinários, usando os pesos ponderado e não ponderado pelo inverso da variância. Os modelos Brody e Von Bertalanffy convergiram para todos os grupos genéticos; porém, o Brody foi o mais adequado. As estimativas do peso assintótico (A) e da taxa de maturação (k) do modelo Brody ponderado pelo inverso da variância foram analisadas por modelo misto, que incluiu efeito médio global e efeitos principais de G, E e S, e suas interações. O parâmetro A foi influenciado pelo efeito de G e E, enquanto k foi influenciado por S, o que indica que melhorias no manejo alimentar resultam em menor variação na forma das curvas de crescimento e em altas taxas de maturação.

An experiment was performed aiming at evaluating the performance of dairy cows fed sugarcane silages treated with additives compared to cows fed fresh forage. Twenty-four Holstein cows were grouped in blocks of three cows, according to parity order and milk production level, in multiple 3 x 3 Latin Square design to evaluate three types of ration (63% roughage and 37% concentrate in dry matter - DM): ration with silage treated with urea (5.0 g/kg of fresh forage - FF) + sodium benzoate (0.5 g/kg FF); ration with silage inoculated with Lactobacillus buchneri (5 x 10(4) cfu/g FF); ration with fresh sugarcane. Each evaluation period consisted of two weeks for adaptation and one week for data collection. Cows fed rations with silages treated with urea + benzoate and L. buchneri showed lower DM intake (18.5 vs 21.4 kg/day) and lower milk production (17.4 vs 18.6 kg/day) in comparison to those fed fresh forage ration. Fat content was higher in the milk of cows fed silage inoculated with L. buchneri compared to cows in the fresh forage group resulting in similar 3.5% fat corrected milk (FCM) among cows in both groups. Cows fed ration with silage treated with urea + benzoate presented intermediate fat content in milk but inferior FCM production compared to animals fed fresh sugarcane. Feed efficiency (kg FCM/kg DMI) was higher for cows fed ration produced with the inoculated silage (0.95), intermediate for cows that received silage treated with the combination of chemical additives (0.91) and lower for cows fed the ration with fresh sugarcane (0.83).Um experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com silagens de cana-de-açúcar tratadas com aditivos em comparação ao de vacas alimentadas com a forragem fresca. Vinte e quatro vacas holandesas foram agrupadas em blocos de três vacas, de acordo com a ordem do parto e com o nível de produção de leite, em um delineamento quadrado latino múltiplo 3 x 3, para avaliação de três tipos de ração (63% volumoso e 37% concentrado na matéria seca - MS): ração com silagem tratada com ureia (5,0 g/kg de matéria verde - MV) + benzoato de sódio (0,5 g/kg MV); ração com silagem inoculada com Lactobacillus buchneri (5 x 10(4) ufc/g MV); ração com cana-de-açúcar fresca. Cada período de avaliação foi composto de duas semanas de adaptação e uma semana de coleta de dados. As vacas alimentadas com as rações com silagens tratadas com ureia + benzoato e com L. buchneri tiveram menor consumo de matéria seca (18,5 vs 21,4 kg/dia) e menor produção de leite (17,4 vs 18,6 kg/dia) em comparação àquelas alimentadas com a ração com forragem fresca. O teor de gordura no leite das vacas que receberam silagem inoculada com L. buchneri foi mais alto que no daquelas alimentadas com forragem fresca, o que resultou em valor de produção de leite corrigida para 3,5% de gordura (LCG) similar entre os grupos. As vacas que receberam ração com silagem tratada com ureia + benzoato apresentaram nível intermediário de gordura no leite, mas produção inferior de leite corrigida em comparação às alimentadas com cana fresca. A eficiência alimentar (kg LCG/kg MS consumida) foi mais alta nas vacas alimentadas com a ração produzida com silagem inoculada (0,95), intermediária para as vacas que receberam silagem tratada com a combinação de aditivos químicos (0,91) e mais baixa para as vacas alimentadas com a cana-de-açúcar fresca (0,83).

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de características físicas (densidade, solubilidade, tamanho médio de partículas e capacidade de retenção de água) sobre a fração efetivamente degradada in situ da matéria seca dos farelos de soja, canola, amendoim e algodão. Avaliou-se também a taxa de passagem de sólidos utilizando-se quatro ovinos castrados da raça Santa Inês canulados no rúmen. Amostras de 100 g de cada farelo proteico marcado com dicromato de sódio foram introduzidas no rúmen, e mantidas durante seis tempos de incubação (0, 3, 6, 12, 24 e 48 horas.) Os tempos de colheita de fezes foram de 0, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 e 96 horas. Os parâmetros de solubilidade e capacidade de retenção de água modificaram a fração efetivamente degradada. A menor densidade e a maior proporção de parede celular do farelo de canola proporcionaram menor taxa de passagem dessa fonte proteica. Somente a capacidade de retenção de água influenciou a taxa de passagem de sólidos dos ingredientes avaliados. A solubilidade, a capacidade de retenção de água, o tamanho médio de partículas e a densidade devem ser utilizados na avaliação de alimentos para estudos de degradação e cinética ruminal. A introdução de novas características físicas na biblioteca de ingredientes de sistemas de avaliação de alimentos pode auxiliar na interpretação e na predição de parâmetros metabólicos.It was aimed to evaluate in this work the effects of physical characteristics (density, solubility, average particle size and water holding capacity) on in situ effective degraded fraction of the dry matter of soybean meal, canola meal, peanut meal, and cottonseed meal. It was also evaluated the passage rate of solids using four Santa Ines castrated wethers cannulated in the rumen. Samples with 100 g of each protein meal marked with sodium dichromate were put in the rumen and kept in there during six times of incubation (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). Fecal collection times were 0, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Parameters of solubility and water holding capacity changed the effectively degraded fraction. The lowest density and the highest proportion of the cellular wall of canola meal provided the lowest passage rate of this protein source. Only water holding capacity influenced solid passage rate of the evaluated ingredients. The solubility, water holding capacity, average particle size and density should be used in the diet feed evaluation for degradation and ruminal metabolism studies. Introduction of new physical characteristics in the ingredient library of food evaluation system may help to interpret and to predict metabolic parameters.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação alimentar com gordura protegida ruminal sobre as estruturas ovarianas e sobre a concentração sérica de progesterona, em novilhas Nelore mantidas em pasto. Quarenta novilhas foram divididas em dois grupos: um suplementado com gordura protegida Megalac-E (G); e outro sem suplementação de gordura (C). O grupos foram avaliados em delineamento "crossover". Utilizaram-se dietas isoenergéticas e isoproteicas. Após 15 dias de suplementação, os animais foram submetidos a um protocolo hormonal, para avaliação da influência da suplementação com gordura no metabolismo da progesterona. Para isto, em um dia aleatório do ciclo (D0), inseriu-se um implante intravaginal de liberação de progesterona (CIDR), e aplicou-se prostaglandina F2α (PGF2α, i.m.). No D7, o implante foi retirado, e outra aplicaηão de PGF2α foi realizada. No D18, foi feita uma nova aplicaηão de PGF2α e, então, foram observados diariamente os exames ultrassonográficos ovarianos e a ocorrência de estro. Para o ensaio com progesterona, colheu-se sangue 4 dias após a inserção do implante e, novamente, 7 e 14 dias após a ovulação. A concentração de progesterona sérica no D4 foi maior no grupo G. Não houve diferença nas concentrações séricas de progesterona 7 e 14 dias após a ovulação, nem no diâmetro do folículo ovulatório, nem no volume luteal. A suplementação com Megalac-E altera o metabolismo de progesterona, mas não altera a função ovariana em novilhas zebuínas em pasto.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of rumen-protected fat supplementation on ovarian structures and on serum progesterone concentration in Nelore heifers kept in pasture. Forty heifers were divided into two groups: one supplemented with rumen-protected fat Megalac-E (F); and another without fat supplement (C). The groups were evaluated in a crossover design. The diets were isocaloric and isoproteic. After 15 days of supplementation, the animals were submitted to a hormonal protocol to evaluate the influence of fat supplementation on progesterone metabolism. For this, on a random day of the cycle (D0), the heifers received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing device (CIDR) and an injection of prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α, im). On D7, CIDR was removed and another injection of PGF2α was performed. On D18, a new treatment with PGF2α was done and, then, daily observations of estrus and ovarian ultrasound exams were carried out. For progesterone assay, blood samples were collected 4 days after CIDR insertion, and 7 and 14 days following ovulation. Serum progesterone concentration on D4 was higher for Group F. There was no difference between groups for serum progesterone concentration at 7 or 14 days following ovulation, neither in the ovulatory follicle, nor in the corpus luteum volume. Supplementation with Megalac-E alters progesterone metabolism, but does not affect ovarian function in zebu heifers kept in pasture.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos da adição de bicarbonato de sódio ou de fontes de calcário com diferentes granulometrias na ração, associadas ou não a monensina sódica, sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de cordeiros confinados recebendo dietas contendo alta proporção de concentrado. Quarenta e dois cordeiros Santa Inês com peso inicial de 21 ± 3 kg e 88 ± 5 dias de idade foram distribuídos em blocos completos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2 × 3, com seis tratamentos e sete repetições. Os animais foram alimentados com rações contendo 90% de concentrado, 10% de feno de "coastcross", uma fonte de calcário (calcário calcítico ou calcário calcítico tipo filler) ou bicarbonato de sódio (NaHCO3), com ou sem adição de monensina sódica (30 mg/kg da MS). Não foi observada influência dos agentes tamponantes no consumo de matéria seca e no ganho de peso médio diário. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar dos animais alimentados com as rações contendo monensina sódica (3,32 kg MS/kg de ganho) foi melhor que naqueles que consumiram as rações sem esse aditivo (3,58 kg MS/kg de ganho). Não houve efeito dos agentes tamponantes nos parâmetros de carcaça avaliados, observando-se valores médios de 50,4%; 2,4%; 13,9 cm² e 1,9 mm para o rendimento de carcaça quente, a perda por resfriamento, a área de olho-de-lombo e a espessura de gordura, respectivamente. A adição de monensina melhora a conversão alimentar e pode aumentar a rentabilidade do sistema de produção de cordeiros confinados.The objective of this study was to assess the effects of adding sodium bicarbonate or limestone sources with different particle sizes to the diet, and their interaction with sodium monensin, on the performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot lambs fed fed high grain diets. Forty two Santa Ines lambs were used with 21 ± 3 kg initial average body weight and 88 ± 5 days old in feedlot, placed a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with six treatments and seven replications. Animals were fed diet containing 90% concentrate, 10% "coastcross" hay, with one source of limestone (limestone or "filler" limestone) or sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), with or without monensin (30 mg/kg DM). No influence was observed of the buffering agents on dry matter intake or average daily gain. However, the feed conversion of the animals fed diet containing sodium monensin (3.34 kg DM/kg gain) was better than those fed diets containing monensin (3.32 kg DM/kg gain) compared to diets without monensin (3.58 kg DM/kg gain). There was no effect of the buffering agents on the carcass characteristics assessed: the mean values were 50.4%, 2.42%, 13.9 cm² and 1.9 mm hot carcass weight, chilling losses, longissimus muscle area and fat thickness, respectively. Adding monensin to the diet improves feed conversion and may make the feedlot lambs system more profitable.

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a cinética de sêmen bovino criopreservado não sexado, sexado X e sexado Y antes e depois da seleção espermática por gradiente de Percoll. Amostras criopreservadas de sêmen não sexado (grupo NS) e sexado X (grupo SX) e Y (grupo SY) por citometria de fluxo, de quatro touros, foram avaliadas quanto à motilidade e à cinética espermática com o "computer-assisted semen analysis" (CASA) e o restante da amostra de cada grupo foi submetido à seleção espermática em gradiente de Percoll (45:60%). Após a seleção, foram realizadas as mesmas avaliações que antes da passagem pelo Percoll. A motilidade do grupo NS foi superior à dos grupos SX e SY e não foi observada diferença entre os grupos SX e SY nos parâmetros de cinética espermática obtidos pelo CASA, antes ou após a passagem pelo Percoll. Foi observado aumento na motilidade para todos os grupos como efeito da seleção pelo Percoll. O processo de sexagem por citometria de fluxo afeta a cinética espermática, e a passagem pelo Percoll aumenta a motilidade do sêmen sexado e não sexado sem alterar a cinética do sêmen não sexado.The objective of this study was to compare the kinetics of bovine cryopreserved nonsexed, sexed for X and sexed for Y sperm cells before and after selection using Percoll gradient. Cryopreserved nonsexed (NS group) semen samples and sexed for X (SX group) and for Y (SY group) by flow cytometry, from four different sires, were analyzed for motility by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA), and the remainder of the sperm samples for each group was submitted to Percoll (45:60%) gradient selection. After Percoll selection, the same sperm analyses done before the passing through Percoll gradient were performed. Sperm motility was higher in the NS group than in the SX and SY groups, and no differences were observed between these last two groups for any of the sperm parameters evaluated by CASA, either before or after Percoll selection. Percoll increased motility for all groups. Changes in other characteristics evaluated by CASA were observed only in the NS group. Sex-sorting procedure by flow cytometry affected sperm kinetics, and Percoll gradient selection increases motility in sexed and nonsexed sperm without affecting the kinetics of nonsexed sperm.

Covariance functions and random regression models have been considered as an alternative for data adjustment, in sequence, stemming from the same animal along time and which presents a structured pattern of covariance. Aiming to evaluate the performance of random regression models based on the Legendre, modified Jacobi and trigonometric functions, data concerning the weights of Nellore breed animals were used from birth to the 800th day of life, in models that assumed direct additive and animal permanent environmental effects coefficients. The Schwarz Bayesian information criterion (BIC) led to the selection of the models Legendre of order six (ML6), Jacobi of order five (MJ5) and trigonometric of order six (MT6), the ML6 model presenting the lowest BIC. At the extremity of the interval, the MJ5 model presented lower variance of component estimates than those obtained through the ML6 model, however the estimates were in accordance to the medium part of the interval; while the estimates from the MT6 model were oscillating and different from those obtained through the other models. At the extremity of the interval, the heritability coefficient estimates (2) obtained through the MJ5 model were lower than those obtained through the ML6 model, however, in the medium part of the interval, they were in accordance, remaining between 0.2 and 0.3. The values obtained through the MT6 model were different from those obtained through the other models, remaining between 0.35 and 0.40 on the first 285th days and then dropping to 0.01 on the 800th days of life. The means of the estimated growth curves started to distance from the data mean tendency from the 470th days on, and in this interval, the MT6 model was the most suitable.O uso de funções de covariância e regressão aleatória tem sido considerado como uma alternativa para o ajuste de dados longitudinais com estrutura de covariância padrão, pois são mensurados no mesmo animal ao longo do tempo. Com objetivo de avaliar o desempenho dos modelos de regressão aleatória nas bases de funções de Legendre, de Jacobi modificada e as trigonométricas, os dados referentes aos pesos de animais da raça Nelore do nascimento aos 800 dias foram analisados com modelos que assumiram coeficientes de efeito aditivo direto e de ambiente permanente de animal. O critério de informação Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC) conduziu a seleção dos modelos Legendre de ordem seis (ML6), Jacobi de ordem cinco (MJ5) e trigonométrica de ordem seis (MT6), dos quais, ML6 foi o modelo com o menor BIC. O modelo MJ5 apresentou estimativas de componentes de variância abaixo das estimativas obtidas pelo modelo ML6 nos extremos do intervalo e estimativas muito próximas no seu interior. Já as estimativas do modelo MT6 foram oscilantes e distintas das estimativas obtidas pelos demais modelos. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade (²) estimados pelo modelo MJ5 ficaram abaixo das estimativas do modelo ML6 nos extremos do intervalo e no seu interior foram concordantes, entre 0,2 e 0,3. As estimativas obtidas pelo modelo MT6 se diferenciaram dos demais modelos, variando entre 0,35 e 0,40 aos 285 dias e diminuindo para 0,01 aos 800 dias de idade. As médias das curvas de crescimento estimadas se afastaram da tendência média dos dados a partir da idade 470 dias, e nesse intervalo a curva que mais se aproximou foi obtida pelo modelo MT6.

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o efeito dos métodos de colheita sobre as perdas e os danos de colheita da cana-de-açúcar. As avaliações foram realizadas na variedade de cana IAC86-2480, de terceiro corte, no mês de novembro de 2006. Os métodos de colheita avaliados foram corte manual basal, corte mecanizado por meio de colhedora de forragem e corte mecanizado seguido de rebaixamento manual basal. O material colhido foi pesado e separado nas frações colmo, cana-ponta e palha. Para avaliação dos danos na touceira, foi realizada contagem do número de toletes danificados e arrancados e do número de plantas inteiras deixadas nas linhas centrais de cada parcela. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com três parcelas e seis repetições. A produtividade e a massa de forragem disponível foram, em média, de 80,7 e 90,3 t/ha, respectivamente. As perdas totais foram maiores no método de colheita mecanizada com rebaixamento manual, cujo valor foi de 18,5% da matéria verde colhida. Quando essas perdas foram comparadas com base na matéria seca (MS), não houve diferença entre os métodos de colheita. As perdas quantitativas e relativas das frações palha e cana-ponta foram semelhantes entre os métodos de colheita, enquanto a da fração colmo diferiu entre os métodos de colheita, gerando perdas em produtividade de matéria verde de 1,5% para a colheita manual, 7,6% para a colheita mecanizada e de 12,7% para a colheita mecanizada com rebaixamento manual. O número de toletes danificados e arrancados foi maior para o corte mecanizado com rebaixamento manual. O número de plantas inteiras deixadas a campo foi maior para o corte mecanizado. Como as perdas totais geradas pelo corte mecanizado com rebaixamento manual são superiores apenas em oito unidades percentuais às perdas pelo método manual e o desempenho da colheita mecanizada pode ser considerado satisfatório.The effects of harvesting methods were evaluated on losses and damage in sugarcane after harvesting. The IAC86-2480 cultivar was evaluated, in its third cut, in November, 2006. Three herbage harvesting methods were evaluated: manual cutting, mechanical cutting using a harvester and mechanical followed by manual cutting. After harvesting, the material was weighed and separated into fractions of stalks, green leaves and straw. The damage under sugarcane ratoons was evaluated by counting of the number of damaged stalks, uprooted stalks and whole plants left on the central lines of the plot. Treatments were assigned to experimental units (136.5 m²) according to a complete randomized block design, with six replications. The harvested yield and total biomass available were 80.7 t/ha and 90.3 t, respectively (average data). The total losses were higher for the mechanical followed by manual cutting as herbage harvesting method, representing 18.5% of the total harvested biomass. However, when compared on a DM basis, there were no differences among herbage harvesting methods. The quantitative and relative losses of green leaves and straw were similar among herbage harvesting methods. There was difference among herbage harvesting methods for stalk fraction, showing relative loss values of 1.5% for manual cutting, 7.6% for mechanical cutting, and 12.7% for mechanical followed by manual cutting, in relation to the harvested yield. The number of damaged and uprooted stalks was higher for mechanical followed by manual cutting as herbage harvesting method. The mechanical method significantly increased the number of plants left in the field. Due to the lower losses generated by the mechanical cutting using a harvester followed by manual cutting (up to 8% on DM basis) than the manual method, the performance of the mechanical harvesting method (with or without manual cutting after arvesting) is considered satisfactory.

The use of ensiled sugarcane has been increased lately in Brazil due to the benefits that this technique represents. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on the nutritive value of sugarcane silages. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates per treatment. The following additives were applied onto the fresh forage before ensiling: L. buchneri, lime or limestone, 1.0 and 1.5% (wet basis) each, and gypsum 1.0% (wet basis), all of them diluted into 40 L of water per ton of fresh weight of forage. The analyzed variables were: ash, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and organic and dry matter digestibility. The addition of lime or limestone before ensiling produced silages with higher nutritive value compared to all other treatments, due to the increase of the ash content and dry matter and organic digestibility, and also by reducing the fiber content. The crude protein content range was similar to the values observed in the fresh forage. The treatments containing L. buchneri or gypsum were ineffective in improving the nutritive value of sugarcane silages and became similar to the control silages. Treatment containing lime or limestone improved the nutritive value of the sugarcane silage.A utilização da cana-de-açúcar na forma de silagem constitui-se em um tema que vem se destacando nos últimos anos, e que desperta o interesse de produtores e pesquisadores em função dos benefícios que essa técnica representa. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de aditivos químicos no valor nutritivo da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi desenvolvido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições por tratamento. Os seguintes aditivos foram utilizados para a confecção das silagens: L. buchneri, cal virgem ou calcário em doses de 1,0 e 1,5% da MV e gesso agrícola a 1,0% da MV, diluídos em 40 litros de água por tonelada de forragem. As variáveis analisadas foram: matéria mineral, proteína bruta, digestibilidade da matéria seca e orgânica, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Para as variáveis de valor nutritivo, as silagens tratadas com cal virgem ou calcário apresentaram, no momento da abertura, maior teor de cinzas, menor concentração de componentes fibrosos e maiores coeficientes digestibilidade da matéria seca e orgânica. O teor de proteína bruta encontrado para esses tratamentos está dentro da amplitude preconizada para a forragem fresca. A ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar com L. buchneri ou gesso apresentaram desempenho semelhante ao tratamento controle para as variáveis acima mencionadas. O tratamento com cal virgem ou calcário melhorou o valor nutritivo da silagem de cana-de-açúcar.

Objetivou-se avaliar o teor de matéria seca (MS) e a participação percentual das frações da planta em híbridos de milho colhidos em diversos estádios de maturação. Utilizou-se um delineamento em blocos casualizados, com esquema fatorial 8 × 6 × 2, composto de oito épocas de corte, seis híbridos de milho e duas safras (2001/2002 e 2002/2003). Os híbridos CO 32, AG 5011, P 3041, DKB 333B, AG 1051 e Z 8550 foram colhidos ao atingirem 50% de florescimento masculino, 15 dias após esta data e, posteriormente, a cada semana, totalizando-se oito cortes. As plantas atingiram o teor de MS para ensilagem (32 a 35% MS) 92 a 112 dias após a semeadura (DAS). O avanço da maturação aumentou os teores de MS das frações colmo (de 16,9 para 28%), folha (de 23,2 para 48,8%), sabugo (de 10,0 para 55,5%) e grãos (de 50,4 para 70,9%). Além disso, promoveu aumento das proporções de MS acumulada nos sabugos (de 1,6 para 9,2%) e grãos (de 0 para 43,4%) e redução na proporção de colmo (de 63,4 para 29,5%) e folhas (de 27,5 para 10,8%). A comparação dos híbridos de milho colhidos em estádios fisiológicos diferentes considerando apenas a participação das frações na planta deve ser feita com muito critério, uma vez que a época de corte pode alterar significativamente a composição morfológica da planta.The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the dry matter (DM) content and the percent participation of fractions that compose the plant in corn cultivars harvested at different maturity stages. A randomized block design with an 8 × 6 × 2 factorial scheme composed of eight harvesting times, six corn cultivars and two harvest years (2001/2002 and 2002/2003) was used. Cultivars CO 32, AG 5011, P 3041, DKB 333B, AG 1051 and Z 8550 were harvested when they reached 50% male flowering; 15 days after this date and later, each week, totalizing eight harvesting times. The plants reached the recommended DM content for silage production (32 to 35% DM) between 92 and 112 days after sowing (DAS) at the evaluated years. The maturity advancement resulted in increases in DM content in stem (from 16.9 to 28%), DM content in leaves (from 23.2 to 48.8%), DM content in cob (from 10 to 55.5%), and DM content in grains (from 50.4 to 70.9%). Furthermore, it resulted in increases in cob (from 1.6 to 9.2%) and grain proportion (from 0 to 43.4%), and decrease in stem (from 63.4 to 29.5%) and leaves proportion (from 27.5 to 10.8%). The corn cultivars showed distinct growing pattern for the evaluated variables. Therefore, plants harvested at different physiologic states can only be compared with fractions participation with considerable discernment, once the harvesting time can modify significantly the plant morphological composition.

Avaliaram-se o teor de matéria seca (MS) da planta e do colmo e a produtividade de MS da planta, do colmo e dos grãos de híbridos de milho colhidos em diversos estádios de maturação. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 8 × 6 × 2, composto de oito épocas de corte, seis híbridos de milho e duas safras de avaliação (2001/2002 e 2002/2003). Os híbridos CO 32, AG 5011, P 3041, DKB 333B, AG 1051 e Z 8550 foram colhidos ao atingirem 50% de florescimento masculino (emissão do pendão), 15 dias após esta data e, posteriormente, a cada semana, totalizando oito cortes. O híbrido CO 32 apresentou os maiores teores de MS da planta e do colmo e a menor produtividade de colmo, enquanto, no híbrido P 3041, foram obtidos os menores teores de MS da planta e do colmo. O avanço da maturação aumentou o teor de MS da planta (de 14,5 para 46%) e do colmo (de 16,9 para 28%) e aumentou a produtividade de MS da planta (de 9,6 para 20,9 t MS/ha) e dos grãos (de 0 para 9,3 t MS/ha). Na safra 2001/2002, a produtividade de colmo reduziu inicialmente e depois aumentou, enquanto, na safra 2002/2003, aumentou até o 6º corte e reduziu posteriormente. O teor de MS da planta teve baixa correlação com a produtividade de MS da planta (r² = 0,27), do colmo (r² = 0,13) e de grãos (r² = 0,40). A produtividade de MS da planta apresentou correlação positiva alta com a produtividade de colmo (r² = 0,83) e de grãos (r² = 0,72). A avaliação individual do momento ideal de corte da planta para confecção de uma boa silagem é fundamental, uma vez que a janela de corte para ensilagem pode ser reduzida de acordo com as características específicas de cada material.This experiment evaluated the plant and stem dry matter (DM) content, plant, stem and grain DM productivity of corn cultivars harvested in different maturity stages. A randomized block design, with a 8 × 6 × 2 factorial scheme, composed of eight harvesting times, six corn cultivars and two evaluation harvests (2001/2002 and 2002/2003) was used. Cultivars CO 32, AG 5011, P 3041, DKB 333B, AG 1051 and Z 8550 were harvested when reaching 50% of male flowering, 15 days after this date and later, every week, totalizing eight harvesting times. Cultivar CO 32 showed the highest plant and stem DM content, and the lowest stem DM production, while cultivar P 3041 achieved the lowest plant and stem DM content. The maturity advance resulted in increased plant DM content, (from 14.5 to 46%), stem DM content (from 16.9 to 28%), plant DM production (from 9.6 to 20.9 t DM/ha) and grain production (from 0 to 9.3 t DM/ha). In the 2001/2002 harvest, the production was initially reduced and then increased, while in the 2002/2003 harvest, the production increased up to the 6th harvest and then reduced again. The plant DM content showed low correlations with plant DM production (r² = 0.27), stem DM production (r² = 0.13) and grain production (r² = 0.40). The plant DM production showed high positive correlation with stem production (r² = 0.83) and grain production (r² = 0.72). The individual evaluation of the ideal plant harvesting time for a good silage production is fundamental, once the harvesting window for ensilage can be reduced in function of specific characteristics of each material.

Objetivou-se avaliar o valor nutritivo, o perfil fermentativo e as perdas de silagens de capim-marandu submetidas aos efeitos de absorventes de umidade e aditivos. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3 × 5, com três teores de matéria seca (obtidos com adição de polpa cítrica (PCP) ou casca de soja (CSP), ambas peletizadas, em comparação à ausência de aditivos) e cinco aditivos (ausência ou presença de inoculante bacteriano, benzoato de sódio ou ácido fórmico 62% ou 44%). O arranjo resultou em 15 silagens, com 4 repetições, portanto 60 silos experimentais. Avaliaram-se o valor nutritivo, as perdas por gases e efluente e a recuperação de matéria seca (MS). A adição de polpa cítrica ou casca de soja peletizada elevou os teores de MS (29,4 e 28,9%), o que reduziu a produção de efluente (4,1 e 3,8 kg/t MV) e disponibilizou substratos fermentescíveis aos microrganismos, fato confirmado pela maior capacidade fermentativa e pela digestibilidade das silagens. Os aditivos à base de ácido fórmico foram mais efetivos em preservar carboidratos solúveis e proteína, o que culminou em maior digestibilidade. Esses aditivos também reduziram as perdas por gases e elevaram a recuperação de MS. O inoculante contendo bactérias homoláticas não diferiu desses aditivos quanto à digestibilidade das silagens e ainda reduziu as perdas por gases. Entre os aditivos, o benzoato foi o menos efetivo em alterar o padrão fermentativo das silagens de capim-marandu. O valor nutritivo e as perdas da silagem com teor de umidade original, não aditivada, podem ser considerados satisfatórios, contudo, a polpa cítrica e principalmente a casca de soja peletizadas se mostraram opção interessante e devem ser mais estudadas. O uso de aditivos contendo ácido fórmico também deve ser mais explorado com gramíneas tropicais, pois promove benefícios ao longo de todo processo fermentativo.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the nutritional value, fermentation profile and dry matter losses of Palisadegrass silages ensiled with either dried citrus pulp, soybean hulls, chemical or microbial additives. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design and in a factorial arrangement (3 × 5), with three dry matter levels (wet forage or forage ensiled with pelleted citrus pulp or pelleted soybean hulls) and five additives (without or with the presence of bacterial inoculants or the addition of: sodium benzoate, formic acid in the concentration of 62% or 44%), totalizing 15 treatments and 60 experimental silos. The variables analyzed were: nutritional value, losses due to gases and effluents, and dry matter recovery. The use of dried citrus pulp or soybean hulls at the ensiling time increased the dry matter content (29.4 and 28,9%) and decreased the effluent production (4.1 and 3.8 kg/t of fresh matter), also providing fermentable substrate to microorganisms, resulting in increased fermentation coefficient and digestibility of silages. The use of formic acid resulted in silages with higher digestibility and increased water-soluble carbohydrates and crude protein content. This additive was also effective in reducing the losses due to gases and, as a result, increased the total dry matter recovery. The treatment containing homolactic bacteria showed similar trend of increasing the digestibility and reducing the losses due to gases. The use of sodium benzoate was less effective in altering the fermentation pattern of tropical silages. The nutritional value and total dry matter losses of silages ensiled without additives can be considered satisfactory. However, wet forage ensiled with dried citrus pulp and, mainly, with soybeans hulls showed the best results. Treatments containing formic acid had a beneficial effect on the fermentation profile of tropical grass silages.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de fontes protéicas sobre desempenho, características da carcaça e da carne de cordeiros confinados, e estimar a digestibilidade do amido de rações com alta proporção de grãos. Foram distribuídos 28 cordeiros Santa Inês, em blocos completos ao acaso, de acordo com o peso vivo e a idade, no início do experimento. As fontes protéicas foram os farelos de: soja, amendoim, canola e algodão, em dietas isonitrogenadas com 90% de concentrado e 10% de volumoso (feno de coast-cross). Na determinação da digestibilidade, foram utilizados quatro borregos em delineamento experimental em quadrado latino 4x4, e a digestibilidade do amido foi estimada a partir do teor de amido fecal. Não houve diferenças (p>0,05) quanto ao consumo de matéria seca, ganho de peso vivo médio, conversão alimentar, características da carcaça e da carne, entre as fontes protéicas avaliadas. A digestibilidade do amido apresentou coeficiente de determinação de 93%. Independentemente da fonte protéica utilizada, o teor de amido nas fezes é um indicador eficiente na estimativa da digestibilidade do amido de dietas com alta proporção de concentrado para cordeiros.The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of protein sources on feedlot lambs performance, carcass and meat characteristics, and to estimate starch digestibility of high grain diets. Twenty eight Santa Inês ram lambs were selected in a complete randomized block design, according to body weight and age in the beginning of the experiment. Protein sources were the following meals: soybean, peanut, canola, and cottonseed in isonitrogenous diets with 90% concentrate and 10% roughage (coast-cross hay). Four ram lambs (48 kg) were used to determine starch digestibility in a 4x4 latin square design, and starch digestibility was estimated by fecal concentration of starch. There were no differences (p>0.05) for dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed conversion, carcass characteristics and meat quality, among the protein sources evaluated. Determination coefficient for starch digestibility was 93%. Fecal starch content is an accurate indicator of the starch digestibility estimation in lambs feeding high grain diets, independently of the protein source used.

Avaliou-se o efeito do uso de aditivos químicos nas perdas de matéria seca, no perfil fermentativo e no valor nutritivo de silagens de cana-de-açúcar. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições por tratamento (sete tratamentos). Os seguintes aditivos foram utilizados na confecção das silagens: controle (sem aditivo), L. buchneri, óxido e carbonato de cálcio em doses de 1,0 e 1,5% da massa verde e sulfato de cálcio a 1,0% da massa verde, diluídos em 40 litros de água por tonelada de forragem. As variáveis analisadas foram: perdas totais e gasosas, produção de efluente, recuperação de matéria seca, composição química e valor nutritivo. As menores perdas fermentativas e gasosas foram observadas nas silagens com óxido ou carbonato de cálcio, que resultaram em maior taxa de recuperação de matéria seca. Da mesma forma, as silagens tratadas com estes aditivos apresentaram maior teor de carboidratos solúveis residuais e de ácido lático e reduzida fermentação alcoólica. As silagens tratadas com óxido e carbonato apresentaram, no momento da abertura, maior teor de cinzas, menor concentração de componentes fibrosos e maiores coeficientes digestibilidade da matéria seca e da matéria orgânica. O teor de proteína encontrado nessas silagens foi semelhante ao observado na forragem fresca. A ensilagem de cana-de-açúcar com L. buchneri e sulfato de cálcio possibilitou a obtenção de desempenho similar ao determinado com a silagem sem aditivos. Silagens tratadas com carbonato e óxido de cálcio apresentam maior desempenho durante o processo fermentativo.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effects of chemical additives in the dry matter losses, fermentation profile, and nutritive value of sugar cane silages. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized experimental design with four replicates per treatment. The following additives were applied to the fresh forage during the ensiling: control (without additive), L. buchneri, calcium oxide and calcium carbonate,1.0 and 1.5% (wet basis) each, and calcium sulfate 1.0% (wet basis), all of them diluted in to 40 L of water per ton of fresh forage. The variables analyzed were: total and gaseous dry matter losses, dry matter recovery, fermentation end products, and nutritive value. The use of calcium oxide or calcium carbonate were effective in reducing dry matter losses and gaseous production and had the highest dry matter recovery rate. Both silages had also low ethanol content and, as a result, had greater concentrations of residual water soluble carbohydrates and lactic acid. The addition of calcium oxide and calcium carbonate at the time of ensiling produced silages with higher nutritive value compared with all other treatments, due to the increase of ash content and dry matter and organic digestibility and also, by reducing the fiber content. The crude protein content range was similar to the values observed in the fresh forage. The treatments with L. buchneri and calcium sulfate were ineffective in altering the fermentation process of sugar cane silages and became similar to the control silages. In summary, the overall analysis pointed out that the treatment containing calcium oxide and calcium carbonate improved the fermentation and storage process.

O estudo foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da estação do ano, do teor de matéria seca (MS) e da inoculação bacteriana sobre o valor nutritivo de silagens de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, disposto em arranjo fatorial (2 × 3 × 3), com duas estações do ano (verão e inverno), três teores de MS (com ou sem emurchecimento ou adição de polpa cítrica peletizada, PCP) e ausência ou presença de inoculante (Lactobacillus plantarum ou Lactobacillus buchneri), perfazendo 18 tratamentos, cada um com quatro repetições. As silagens foram confeccionadas em baldes de plástico de 20 L. Após 90 dias do fechamento, os silos foram abertos para as avaliações. O emurchecimento elevou os teores de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e lignina (LIG) em ambas as estações, porém não alterou o coeficiente de digestibilidade verdadeira in vitro da MS (DVIVMS) das silagens. A adição de PCP aumentou os teores de proteína bruta (PB) e carboidratos solúveis (CHO) e reduziu os teores de FDN, o que resultou em silagens com maior DVIVMS em ambas as estações. A inoculação não alterou a fração fibrosa e não aumentou a DVIVMS das silagens. As silagens de verão apresentaram maiores teores de PB e menores constituintes da parede celular, com exceção da hemicelulose (HEMI), o que resultou no maior coeficiente médio de DVIVMS dessas silagens. O baixo valor nutritivo das silagens de inverno contraria os resultados descritos na literatura, principalmente em virtude da maior idade de rebrotação do capim-marandu nesta estação. Desta forma, silagens de verão podem ser recomendadas como volumoso suplementar, principalmente quando acrescidas de PCP.The objectives of this work were to evaluate the effect of year season, dry matter concentration (DM), and bacterial inoculation on the nutritive value of palisadegrass silages. The trial was carried out in a complete randomized experimental design with four replications, in a factorial arrangement (2 × 3 × 3): two year seasons (summer and winter), three dry matter levels (with or without wilting or added with dried citrus pulp), and without microbial additive or with Lactobacillus plantarum or Lactobacillus buchneri, totalizing 18 treatments. Silages were stored in 20 L plastic buckets. After 90-d of fermentation, the silos were opened and the silages were evaluated. Wilting increased DM, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and lignin (LIG), in both year seasons, and did not change in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD). Addition of citrus pulp increased crude protein (CP) concentration and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and decreased the NDF concentration. As a result, this additive increased the IVTDMD in both year seasons. The use of microbial inoculants did not change fiber fractions and did not increase the IVTDMD in the silages. Summer-silages had higher CP level and lower cell wall concentrations, except for HEM, resulting in higher IVTDMD. The low nutritive value obtained for the winter silages was not in agreement with the literature, mainly due to the greater regrowth age of palisadegrass in this season. As a result, the overall analysis pointed out that summer season silages are a better option of roughage for animal nutrition, mainly when ensiled with dried and pelleted citrus pulp.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar degradabilidades in situ da matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e ácido (FDA) da cana-de-açúcar in natura (CF) ou ensilada (SC) e da silagem de milho (SM) em diferentes ambientes ruminais, utilizando a técnica in situ macro-bag. Foram utilizadas duas vacas canuladas, alimentadas com rações formuladas de maneira a serem obtidos diferentes ambientesruminais, de acordo com os volumosos: CF ou SC. A degradabilidade in situ dos volumosos foi avaliada utilizando-se sacos com poros de 50 μm, medindo 20 x 40 cm, sendo os volumosos incubados in natura nos horários 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 e 96h. Os ambientes ruminais consistiram de um arranjo hierárquico 3 x 2 (3 forragens x 2 ambientes ruminais). Amostras de fluido ruminal foram colhidas para a determinação do pH e nitrogênio amoniacal. O horário de colheita afetou significativamente o pH ruminal. Foram observadas diferenças significativas (p < 0,05) para as frações solúveis (a), potencialmente degradáveis, nãodegradáveis e degradação potencial da MS. Para a degradação FDN e FDA dos volumosos incubados nos diferentes ambientes ruminais, diferenças (p < 0,05) foram observadas apenas para a fração “a”. O ambiente ruminal resultante do fornecimento de rações contendo SC foi benéfico à degradabilidade dos alimentos estudados.The objectives of this study were the in situ dry degradability (ISD) determination of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) of fresh (FSC) or ensiled sugar cane (SCS), as well as corn silage (CS), under different ruminal conditions. Two Holstein cows fitted with ruminal canulas were utilized (live weight of 450 kg) and fed diets formulated to obtain different ruminal conditions by the inclusion of two forage sources: FSC or SCS. The ISD nutrients were evaluated by the use of 20 x 40 cm nylon bags, with 50 mm porosity, beingthe different forages incubated in natura at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. Treatments consisted of a 3 x 2 hierarchy design (3 forages x 2 ruminal conditions). Rumen fluid samples were taken for the evaluation of rumen pH and ammonia-N. Sampling time significantly affected ruminal pH (p < 0.05). Differences were observed (p < 0.05) for the soluble fraction (a), potentially degradable fraction, undegradable fraction and potential degradability of the DM of the forages. As for degradation of NDF and ADF of forages incubated under different ruminal conditions, differences (p < 0.05) were observed only for the “a” fraction. The ruminal condition resulting from ensiled sugar cane was favorable for the degradability of the evaluated forages.

Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de massa seca das folhas, a relação folha/colmo e alguns índices de crescimento do capim-xaraés submetido a doses de nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K). O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação no período de novembro/2004 a fevereiro/2005. Adotou-se esquema fatorial 4 ´ 3, perfazendo 12 combinações, as quais foram distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, perfazendo um total 48 unidades experimentais. Foram utilizadas quatro doses de N (0, 75, 150 e 225 mg dm-3) e três doses de K (0, 50 e 100 mg dm-3). Verificou-se efeito das doses de N na produção de massa seca das folhas e na produção de massa seca total, em todos os cortes, com maior produção nas doses mais elevadas de N, ao passo que o K influenciou essas variáveis apenas no segundo corte. A relação folha/colmo, a RAF, a AFE e a RPF somente foram significativas no terceiro corte da planta. Os efeitos das doses de foram decrescentes sobre essas variáveis, enquanto as doses de K agiram de modo antagônico às doses de N sobre a RAF e AFE.This work aimed to evaluate dry matter production, leaf/stem ratio and growth indexes of palisade grass cv. Xaraés grown under increasing nitrogen and potassium rates. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse from November, 2004 until February, 2005. The experimental treatments consisted of a 4 ´ 3 factorial arrangement between nitrogen and potassium rates respectively. Nitrogen rates were 0, 75, 150, and 225 mg dm-3, whereas potassium rates were 0; 50 and 100 mg dm-3. The experiment design was completely randomized with four replications. It was verified a positive N fertilization effect both on leaf dry matter yield and total dry matter yield. Potassium influenced these same response variables only at the second harvest. The leaf/stem ratio, leaf area ratio (LAR), specific leaf area (SLA) and, leaf weight ratio (LWR) were affected by treatments only at the third harvest. Increasing N rates reduced these response variables (L/S, LAR, SLA, LWR) while potassium rates behaved in an antagonistic way on LAR and SLA.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise bayesiana de modelos auto-regressivos de ordem p, AR(p), para dados em painel referentes às diferenças esperadas nas progênies (DEP) de touros da raça Nelore publicados de 2000 a 2006. Neste trabalho, adotou-se o modelo AR(2), indicado pela análise prévia da função de autocorrelação parcial. As comparações entre as prioris, realizadas por meio do Fator de Bayes e do Pseudo-Fator de Bayes, indicaram superioridade da priori independente t-Student multivariada - Gama inversa em relação à priori hierárquica Normal multivariada - Gama inversa e a priori de Jeffreys. Os resultados indicam a importância de se dividir os animais em grupos homogêneos de acordo com a acurácia. Constatou-se também que, em média, a eficiência de previsão dos valores de DEP para um ano futuro foi próxima de 80%.The objective of this work was to accomplish a bayesian analysis of an autoregressive, AR(p), panel data model from Nelore sires' expected progenie difference (EPD) observed during 2000-2006. The AR(2) model was used due to the results of partial autocorrelation function analysis. The prior comparisons were performed through Bayes Factor and Pseudo-Bayes Factor, and the results showed the independent t-Student multivariate - inverse Gamma superiority in relation to the hierarchical multivariate Normal - inverse Gamma and Jeffreys prior. Results indicate the importance of sires grouping by accuracy values, and also show forecast efficiency around 80%.

The contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of bee pollen ethanolic extract were determined and compared to those of commercial antioxidants. Bee pollen extract from the state of Rio Grande do Sul presented antioxidant activity statistically equal to that of α -tocopherol and higher than those of BHT and BHA. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolics and total flavonoids contents of bee pollen extracts. HPLC technique made the identification of high contents of rutin and myricetin possible, which may partially explain the high antioxidant activity of Brazilian bee pollen.

A ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar propicia benefícios logísticos à propriedade, contudo, as altas concentrações de etanol encontradas nas silagens pode reduzir o consumo voluntário, e conseqüentemente, afetar o desempenho animal. Foram utilizados 12 borregos Santa Inês (49±3 kg) distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados. As rações foram compostas por 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado na MS, sendo os quatro tratamentos experimentais: a) cana-de-açúcar in natura (CC), b) silagem de cana-de-açúcar tratada com L. buchneri (SAD), c) silagem de cana-de-açúcar tratada com 1,0% de uréia (U1,0) e d) silagem de cana-de-açúcar tratada com 1,5% de uréia (U1,5). O coeficiente de digestibilidade da FDN foi menor (p0,05) para as variáveis avaliadas. A ensilagem da cana-de-açúcar melhora a digestibilidade da FDN.Ensiling of sugar cane may contribute to improve operational efficiency at farm level. However, the high ethanol level found in sugar cane ensiled without additive may reduce voluntary feed intake and may affect animal performance. This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of fresh sugar cane and sugar cane silage treated with microbial (Lactobacillus buchneri) or chemical (urea) additives on apparent digestibility of diets fed to lambs. Twelve Santa Inês lambs (49 ± 3 kg) were assigned to a complete randomized block design and fed a 50:50 (concentrate: roughage ratio) TMR. Experimental treatments were the roughage source: fresh sugar cane(FSC), sugar cane silage with L. buchneri (SCS + Lb), sugar cane silage with 1% urea (SCS1%) or sugar cane silage with 1.5% urea (SCS1.5%). NDF digestibility coefficient was lower (p0.05) in nitrogen balance for all the comparisons evaluated. The sugar cane ensiled improve NDF digestibility.

Foram determinadas as degradabilidades in situ da MS e PB dos folíolos de três leguminosas tropicais leucena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) e soja perene (Neonotonia wightii) e de folhas de outras duas forrageiras tropicais rami (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) e mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Amostras de 3 g (guandu, soja e rami) ou 5 g (leucena e mandioca) do material foram incubadas no rúmen de quatro novilhos por períodos de 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 e 48 horas. As degradabilidades efetivas da MS e da PB para a taxa de passagem de 5% hora foram elevadas (acima de 60%). As taxas de degradação, exceto a do guandu, também foram consideradas elevadas. As forrageiras apresentaram alta digestibilidade total da proteína (acima de 88%), exceto os folíolos de guandu (69%). O guandu foi a forrageira com menor potencial de degradação da proteína.In situ DM and CP degradabilities of leaflets of three tropical legumes: leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.), and glycine (Neonotonia wightii) and of leaves of two other tropical forages: ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaudich) and cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were determined in this trial. Three grams of pigeon pea, glycine, and ramie and 5 g of leucaena and cassava were incubated in the rumen of four steers for 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 hours. Effective degradabilities of DM and CP assuming a passage rate of 5%/hour were greater than 60%. Degradation rates, except for pigeon pea, were also high in this study. Forages had high total digestibility of protein (greater than 88%), except for pigeon pea leaflets that was 69%. Pigeon pea was the forage with the lowest potential for ruminal protein degradation.