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National audience; Knowledge engineering is concerned with the formalization of expertise and, in particular, its structuring, modelling, use and updating over time. É PIONE is a perfect example of the efficiency of this approach to develop a relevant reference system for a business process, even a young one. The business domain of "decommissioning" in the nuclear industry and the requirements of the safety authorities mean that the justifications for the administrative file are unfailingly consistent. Beyond the very classic transfer of knowledge between expert and business specialist, ÉPIONE also reveals the ability to have a polyfunctional operation as a result of such engineering. A last, modelling was accelerated by the implementation of an adapted tool to this kind of operation ; the Ardans Knowledge Maker® platform.; L'ingénierie de la connaissance s'intéresse à la formalisation des expertises et en particulier à leur structuration, leur modélisation, leur exploitation et leur actualisation dans le temps. ÉPIONE est l'exemple même de l'efficience de cette démarche pour élaborer un référentiel pertinent sur un processus métier même jeune. Le domaine métier est celui du « déclassement » dans le nucléaire et les exigences des autorités de sûreté font que les justifications de dossier administratif doivent être d'une consistance sans faille. Audelà du très classique transfert de connaissance entre expert et spécialiste métier, ÉPIONE révèle aussi la capacité d'une telle ingénierie à offrir comme résultat une exploitation polyfonctionnelle. La modélisation a été accélérée par la mise en oeuvre d'un outil adapté à ce type d'opération ; la plate-forme Ardans Knowledge Maker ® .

Les d��bats sur la gratuit�� des transports se sont intensifi��s en France depuis quelques ann��es. Apr��s avoir concern�� des r��seaux de transports urbains de petite taille, ils s���invitent d��sormais au sein des r��seaux plus importants, dont ceux irriguant les m��tropoles. En France, toute p��riode ��lectorale est propice �� nourrir ce type de d��bats passionn��s. L���article propose ainsi une analyse de la place accord��e �� la gratuit�� des transports par les candidats �� la mairie des villes centres des m��tropoles lors des derni��res ��lections municipales de juin 2020. Il souligne la place importante accord��e �� cette mesure port��e par les candidats au titre des leviers tarifaires des transports envisageables. Ces candidats soutiennent diff��rents mod��les de gratuit�� partielle comme la mesure envisageable pour les territoires m��tropolitains, du moins dans un premier temps du mandat. �� partir des positions exprim��es par les candidats ��lus, cet article esquisse une prospective �� court terme des r��seaux m��tropolitains pouvant devenir gratuits et ouvre le d��bat sur l���extension de la gratuit�� des transports au-del�� des r��seaux urbains d���agglom��ration., RTS - Recherche Transports S��curit��, volume 2022

L’insécurité routière dans le monde n’épargne pas l’Algérie. Pour faire face à ce problème crucial, le gouvernement algérien a mis en œuvre un large éventail de mesures. Cependant, l’Algérie n’a pas réalisé de progrès significatifs. Pour tenter de comprendre l’origine du problème, cet article propose une analyse du système de management de la sécurité routière en Algérie basée sur le modèle de Bliss et Breen. Cette analyse suggère que la situation actuelle est en partie due à un système de management de la sécurité routière inadéquat et à l’absence d’un cadre opérationnel. Ces défauts reflètent les difficultés à mettre en œuvre les fonctions de management et de pilotage de la sécurité routière, qui rendent possible une bonne performance. Les progrès futurs seraient durables et possibles si l’Algérie met en place un véritable appareil institutionnel dédié à la mise en œuvre d’une politique publique de sécurité routière., RTS - Recherche Transports Sécurité, volume 2022

Jusqu’à présent, les véhicules électriques ne sont pas devenus une alternative largement répandue aux véhicules diesel qui dominent depuis longtemps la logistique urbaine. Pour faciliter un changement rapide vers les véhicules électriques, il est important d’identifier les applications logistiques qui ne sont pas limitées géographiquement, de comprendre les aspects qui améliorent l’acceptation, et de mesurer les avantages des véhicules électriques pour leurs utilisateurs. L’objectif de cette recherche est de contribuer à des réponses à ces questions, en se basant sur des projets réalisés en France et en Allemagne. Dans la recherche présentée, les résultats des études pilotes et d’enquêtes en Allemagne sont analysés comme base pour l’identification de l’acceptation par les utilisateurs. Au moyen d’un modèle de base, des données issues d’une enquête en France sont analysées, afin d’identifier dans quelle mesure les incitations, les développements techniques et commerciaux contribuent à améliorer l’attractivité et donc la diffusion de l’électromobilité pour la logistique urbaine. Les résultats des projets pilotes allemands et des données françaises sont combinés et comparés. Dans une analyse comparative, il est discuté si la thèse peut être confirmée, que l’électromobilité est ou sera une alternative valable pour la logistique urbaine en général., RTS - Recherche Transports Sécurité, volume 2021

Le commerce électronique a connu une forte croissance au cours des dernières décennies. De nos jours, il n’y a pratiquement aucun produit qui ne puisse être acheté en ligne. Mais comme les ventes en ligne ne réussissent pas pour tous les types d’articles, toutes les succursales ne sont pas affectées de la même manière par le développement du commerce électronique. De plus, selon le type de produit acheté, différentes manipulations de transport sont nécessaires. En outre, nous pouvons trouver différents développements du commerce électronique dans différents pays. Même en comparant les pays voisins, nous pouvons observer des différences. L’objectif de cet article est, sur la base d’une méta-étude, une étude comparative du développement du commerce électronique entre entreprises et consommateurs en France et en Allemagne, en tenant compte du comportement des consommateurs, des vendeurs en ligne et des solutions de transport proposées. Les résultats de l’analyse concernant le comportement du consommateur ont révélé que les livraisons à domicile sont l’option préférée. Néanmoins, nous constatons que les fournisseurs de transport développent des idées pour offrir des solutions de livraison alternatives, également poussés par les vendeurs en ligne qui participent fortement à déterminer et à façonner l’offre de services de livraison., RTS - Recherche Transports Sécurité, volume 2020

Purpose – This article aims to outline and analyze the role, structure and dominating content of professed organizational culture among the companies in the defense industry in Bulgaria as conscious and the official expression of their leadership intentions within the contemporary business environment, uniquely justifying the existence of each entity. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study is conducted, based on a literature review of academic publications in the sphere of professed organizational culture. Furthermore, the websites of the target companies were carefully examined in order to outline the practical approach to presenting the unique official culture of defense business organizations. Findings – An elaborate set of cultural attributes to be found on the second level in Edgar Schein’s model of organizational culture is identified. Based on literature review, the intersection between official corporate culture expressions and defense sector is outlined. Important nuances in the development of Bulgarian defense, technological and industrial base are described, encompassing the transition period to market economy and democratic political system. A survey of professed culture attributes is conducted among the members of Bulgarian defense, technological and industrial base. It is concluded that these companies prefer disclosing their official cultures in a very succinct way to utilizing the potential power and impact of the most popular firm documents in this field as mission and vision or relying on small number of their simpler building elements. Recommendations to senior managers of the Bulgarian defense companies regarding smart and intensive use of official culture elements are given. Research limitations/implications – The financial data for the surveyed companies is not accessible. Originality/value – A snapshot of preferred professed culture attributes among the members of Bulgarian defense, technological and industrial base is composed, implying their leadership strategic intentions. The second level in Edgar Schein’s model of organizational culture is populated with a set of cultural attributes.

La gestion du réseau ferré français depuis la réforme de 1997 n’est guère différente de celle qui prévalait antérieurement : préservation des intérêts de la seule SNCF sur la partie la plus porteuse de son activité (grande vitesse), absence de stratégie concernant le réseau classique en dehors des prolongements des axes à grande vitesse. Parallèlement, l’endettement du système ferroviaire n’a cessé de croître et pèse sur l’équilibre financier du gestionnaire d’infrastructure. La dégradation du réseau est apparue en pleine lumière avec l’imposition de ralentissements que l’on croyait initialement réservés aux lignes les moins fréquentées. Malgré plusieurs audits, engagements solennels du gouvernement et autres contrats de performance, l’âge moyen du réseau continue d’augmenter et les dégradations se généralisent. L’évolution de la consistance du réseau est désormais tributaire de l’état de ses composantes, et les investissements sont explicitement réservés aux axes les plus fréquentés. Pour dépasser cette spirale d’un déclin davantage subi que programmé, cet article se propose d’explorer les voies d’une approche réellement stratégique du réseau ferré. Cette approche repose sur deux échelles de gestion : celle du réseau dans son intégralité et celle des Régions dans leurs nouveaux contours. Elle entend réhabiliter les concepts de connectivité et de robustesse, tout en prenant en compte les politiques de desserte régionales., RTS - Recherche Transports Sécurité, volume 2020

Despite the decline of equine populations in the middle of the 20th century, the European horse industry is growing again thanks to economic alternatives found in the diversification of the uses of equines (sports, racing, leisure, etc.). Equines have many environmental advantages, but the fragmentation of the sector and the lack of synthetic knowledge about their environmental impacts do not enable the promotion of these assets and their effective inclusion in management practices and European policies. To highlight the equine environmental impacts, a literature review was carried out to cover the main European stakes. This work led to the identification of five &ldquo, green assets&rdquo, fields where equines show unique environmental advantages compared to other agricultural productions. These green assets are linked to the nature of equines (grazing and domestic biodiversity), to their geographical distribution (land use), and to their use by human beings (tourism and work). Today, when searching for sustainable solutions to modern environmental issues, the use of equines is a neglected green alternative. Better knowledge and use of equine green assets could partly respond to more ecological agricultural needs and contribute to the development of this animal industry, which has a place in regional development and in Europe&rsquo, s sustainable transition.

Cette recherche s’interroge sur la relation entre la valeur perçue et l’authenticité perçue, deux variables perceptuelles clés du processus décisionnel du consommateur. Une étude exploratoire appliquée au cas de l’huile d’olive d’Algérie a été menée. Trente entretiens individuels conduits auprès d’experts de la filière oléicole algérienne et des consommateurs ont permis d’identifier : 1) les facteurs qui contribuent à construire la valeur perçue d’un produit alimentaire ainsi que ceux qui contribuent à construire son authenticité perçue ; 2) le rôle de l’authenticité perçue dans la formation de la valeur perçue ; 3) et les conséquences de cette relation en termes de comportements d’achat et post-achat. En conclusion, un modèle théorique reprenant ces concepts et leurs liens est proposé pour être testé., This research questions the relationship between perceived value and perceived authenticity, two key perceptual variables of consumer decision-making. An exploratory study applied to the case of olive oil from Algeria was conducted. Thirty individual interviews conducted with experts from the Algerian olive oil sector and consumers have identified: 1) the factors that contribute to building the perceived value of a food product as well as those that contribute to its perceived authenticity; 2) the role of perceived authenticity in the formation of perceived value; 3) and the consequences of this relationship in terms of purchasing and post-purchase behavior.[br/] In conclusion, a theoretical model presenting these concepts and their links is proposed to be tested.

French Abstract: L’objet de notre travail est d’identifier les spécificités du processus d’internationalisation d’une firme africaine à travers l’étude du cas du développement international du groupe malgache Vidzar, un des leaders africains du Rhum. Deux objectifs sont assignés à cette étude de cas : prendre en compte les spécificités contextuelles (Jackson, 2013 et Devine et Kiggundu, 2016) et adapter la démarche méthodologique (Kriauciunas et al., 2011). Les résultats obtenus montrent certaines spécificités en termes de rythme et de séquences du processus ou encore en termes de gestion des représentations commerciales et des intermédiaires, mais témoignent aussi de facteurs de ressemblances avec des cycles génériques d’internationalisation. Nos résultats plaident fortement pour l’analyse contextualisée du développement international des firmes africaines., Our work aims to identify the specificities of the internationalization process of an African firm through a case study of the international development of the Malagasy group Vidzar, one of the African leaders of Rum. Two objectives are assigned to this case study: taking contextual specificities into account (Jackson, 2013 and Devine and Kiggundu, 2016) and adapting the methodological approach (Kriauciunas et al., 2011). Our results show some specificities in terms of rhythm and sequences of the process and also the management of commercial representations and intermediaries. Our analysis also bears witness to factors of similarities with generic cycles of internationalization. Our results strongly support the contextualized analysis of the international development of African firms. ....

Co-construction des processus d’innovation : une étude exploratoire des réseaux d’innovation en agriculture numérique. 13. Journées de recherches en sciences sociales (JRSS 2019). .

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the advantage of a combinatory methodology presented in this study. The paper suggests that the comparison with results of previously developed methods is in high agreement.Design/methodology/approachThis paper introduces a combined compromise decision-making algorithm with the aid of some aggregation strategies. The authors have considered a distance measure, which originates from grey relational coefficient and targets to enhance the flexibility of the results. Hence, the weight of the alternatives is placed in the decision-making process with three equations. In the final stage, an aggregated multiplication rule is employed to release the ranking of the alternatives and end the decision process.FindingsThe authors described a real case of choosing logistics and transportation companies in France from a supply chain project. Some comparisons such as sensitivity analysis approach and comparing to other studies and methods provided to validate the performance of the proposed algorithm.Originality/valueThe algorithm has a unique structure among MCDM methods which is presented for the first time in this paper.

Aim and Research Questions [br/] Adopting a consumer’s behavior marketing approach, the study questions loyalty to a sporting club in the case of horse riding. In a national context of a recent drop in the number of FFE (French Equestrian Federation) members, there is today a need to better understand riders' relationship with their equestrian centre. In the literature, although many researches have focused on loyalty, the context of recreation-related services remains under-investigated. [br/] In this context, this study aims to understand mechanisms of riders’ loyalty to equestrian centres. [br/][br/] Theoretical Background [br/] In line with much research on loyalty (Lichtle, Plichon, 2008), we first hypothesize that satisfaction increases loyalty (H1). Algesheimer et al. (2005) showed that community commitment has a positive effect on loyalty, and that community commitment increases if members are participating in collaborative activities and are willing to correspond to community actions. In the case of horse riding, we note that all riders express a need for "belonging to a community" sharing the same passion (Keaveney, 2008). Consequently, we suppose that community commitment increases satisfaction (H2) and that commitment to friends’ group increases community commitment (H3a) and satisfaction (H3b). Riders look for a relationship with their teacher (Klisch, 2009). We thus hypothesize that affective commitment to the teacher has a positive effect on satisfaction (H4a), on community commitment (H4b), and on loyalty (H4c). We also assume that affective commitment to the teacher increases switching costs (H4d), in line with the positive switching costs highlighted by Lichtle and Plichon (2008). Switching costs are assumed to influence negatively satisfaction (H5a) and loyalty (H5b), as well as alternative offer attractiveness (H6a and H6b) 2 (Lichtle, Plichon, 2008). Finally, we assume age-differentiation in the model (H7), based on Casper and Stellino's work (2008) who confirmed the need for age-related differentiation in sport commitment analysis. [br/][br/] Research Design, Methodology and Data Analysis [br/] First, we conducted a qualitative exploratory study based on semi-structured interviews with 30 riders in various equestrian structures and various areas. Based on these results, we realized an online quantitative survey in France among 630 respondents. These ones are from 15 to 77 years of age, with an over- representation of women (92%) (as in FFE members (83%)), and of higher socio- economic status (39%). Average time of horse riding practice is 12.8 years. Secondly, we measured the constructs of loyalty, satisfaction, switching barriers, affective commitment and community commitment with scales based on 2 to 4 items (through 5 point Likert scales), found in the literature. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, as well structural equation modeling, have been processed with R software. Finally, demographic determinants were chosen according to life cycle, as in Casper and Stellino's work (2008), to test a multigroup model: teenage period 15 to 18 y.o; student or active life entry period 19 to 25 y.o.; young active and family period 26 to 36 y.o.; and 37 y.o. and over when you evolve more sedentary. [br/] [br/] Results and Discussion[br/] The overall model verifies convergent validity (AVE > 0.5 for all constructs), reliability (alpha > 0.7 for all constructs except one equal to 0.66), discriminant validity (AVE> square of the correlations for all constructs), and goodness of fit indices (CFI=0.904; RMSEA=0.069). All hypothesis are validated except H3b. The results highlight that affective commitment to the teacher influences client satisfaction, community commitment, perceived switching costs and loyalty, supporting the major influence of horse-riding teachers on customers’ loyalty to equestrian centres. Turning now to the multigroup analysis, metric invariance is verified (p=0.983) whereas structural invariance is not (p=0.000), confirming the moderating role of age. All statistical properties of the models are verified (details available upon request). Interestingly, one major difference between groups concerns the affective commitment to the teacher, which increases loyalty through satisfaction for all groups, except for experienced riders. For these ones, satisfaction has no effect on loyalty, and commitment to the teacher has a direct effect on loyalty. 3 Theoretically, our results show that the relationship between satisfaction, commitment(s) and loyalty may differ depending on demographic variables. However, further analysis should include other antecedents of commitment, such as perceived value of the centre or position involvement (Bodet, 2012). Marketing implications suggest the key role of the teacher in the relationship with the structure for all market segments. Turning to the young active segment, which corresponds to a critical period for loyalty towards equestrian centres, equestrian centres should use teacher’s influence on community commitment to increase young actives’ loyalty. [br/] [br/] Conclusion[br/] First action levers for equestrian centres begin to emerge, to better retain and satisfy their customers. These levers remain to be deepened and adapted according to riders’ profile. Finally, this analysis based on our model of loyalty in equestrian centre underlines the need to adapt management strategies in marketing and teaching according to recreational riders ’age.

International audience; In the transition from a linear, ‘take-make-dispose’ economy to a sustainable usage of all renewable resources in circular or cascading ways, stakeholders’ strategies striving for value creation are adapted. Implementing a circular economy requires a change at a system level, involving all actors of value chains within diverse economic sectors. At an enterprise level, innovative business models are needed that offer market opportunities for new products. Circular business models deal with the question of how to create, deliver and capture value with and within closed material loops. We aim to understand under which conditions new business models within the agricultural sector successfully contribute to a circular economy. 33 cases have been studied and semi-structured interviews have been performed, in order to investigate critical success factors. Results show that various success factors exist, which can be grouped in five categories: (1) technical and logistic, (2) economic, financial and marketing, (3) organisational and spatial, (4) institutional and legal, and (5) environmental, social and cultural factors. Findings indicate that the transition to a circular economy in the agricultural sector let individual business models evolve towards dynamic and integrated business models in which the macro-environment sets the boundary conditions for successful operations. Moreover, there is a high degree of interactions between all actors in the circle. This implies that not only an individual companies’ business model is impacted, but that a new, integrated business model for all circle actors is required, asking for an open and flexible management and a transparent communication.

International audience; Circular economy is an economic model that aims to reconcile economic growth with the preservation of the environment. New and sustainable business models are needed for a transition to a circular economy. Our research aim is to identify and characterise different types of circular business models that valorise agricultural waste and by-products via cascading or closing loops. We have selected six European cases (out of 33 international cases studied in the EU project NOAW) that convert agricultural by-products into valuable products via a circular economy (cascading or closing loops) approach. Qualitative semi-structured interviews have been performed. The analysis has been done according to the type of organisational structure, resources and transformation processes, value propositions, key partners, customers, strategic approaches and type of business model innovation. The six cases differ in their way of value creation (from lower to higher value) and/or in their organisational form: biogas plant, upcycling entrepreneurship, environmental biorefinery, support structure, agricultural cooperative and agropark. The typology shows the diversity but also a complementarity of circular business models for valorising agro-waste and by-products. The typology is unique as an overarching model and in its specificity for the agricultural sector; it therefore contributes to a better conceptual understanding of circular business models. It is useful because it may provide best practices that could serve as reference for other businesses, and helps investors and resource or equipment suppliers in understanding the positioning and long-term perspectives of the business. However, typical agricultural characteristics still need to be integrated in this framework such as heterogeneity, fluctuating volumes of resources, or flexibility in production due to seasonality. These would make potential bottlenecks transparent.

National audience

International audience; This paper contributes to the understanding of the use of digital technologies in agriculture. It aims to highlight the different factors of the adoption of these digital technologies in agriculture. The theoretical framework of the research is based on two well-known models of adoption of new technologies (TAM and TOE). The authors propose a model combining the previous two. A bibliometric analysis of several articles dealing with digital adoption in agriculture was then conducted. It allows to refine the proposed model, by selecting the most relevant variables.

International audience; Horse meat consumption is decreasing in France (-46% in the 10 last years) despite the sustainable characteristics of this product: (i) its high quality (more iron, zinc, better fats) could be an opportunity to reduce the total amount of consumed meat (and consequently the total amount of farmed meat), (ii) horses emit less methane than bovine, (iii) it enables the maintenance of mountain grassland areas (iv) and of nine endangered local heavy horse breeds, (v) that are bred in extensive conditions respectful of animal well-being… In this context, this poster will present the specific characteristics of the horse meat market. Data will be collected in the beginning of 2019 through a literature review, the analysis of databases on food consumption and first exploratory surveys. The aim of this project is to obtain a typology of horse meat eaters, to understand their consumption motivations, but also to start identifying the barriers that limit this consumption, in order to point out levers to develop such a market and/or eventually to find new market opportunities and better adapt its promotion.

National audience

International audience

En 2012, la direction de l’enseigne Lidl en France annonçait un changement majeur de la stratégie du pionnier du « low cost » alimentaire. Un vaste plan est alors mis en place en termes d’investissement, d’organisation des magasins de communication et d’image du distributeur. Les perceptions des consommateurs de l’image de Lidl ont été recueillies via deux enquêtes (2011 et 2016). Nos résultats montrent un « repositionnement » perçu de l’image de Lidl et un gain relatif en compétitivité., In 2012, the French Lidl top management announced a major strategy change of the "low cost" food specialist. A comprehensive plan is then implemented both in terms of investment and organization of stores and in terms of communication and image change of the retailer. Based on two surveys of French consumers, we asked about consumer perceptions of the image of Food hard discounter of Lidl. Our results show a perceived "repositioning" Lidl, and a relative gain in competitiveness.

International audience; Collaboration is a key factor that encourages an efficient running of industrial processes. The measurement of the collaboration performance is necessary to allow experience capitalization and reuse in order to support decision making about efficient collaborations in future processes. This article describes a proposition of collaboration and performance evaluation methodology in industrial processes for experience capitalization. For this purpose, a collaboration model is introduced in order to develop an evaluation methodology. Finally, a case study applied to the aeronautical domain is presented to illustrate the methodology and validate the proposals

This study offers new insights into the sustainable wine market by exploring consumers&rsquo, perceptions of product attributes for six categories of wine that have characteristics of sustainability and one conventional wine. The study investigates product-attribute associations that French and Italian consumers attach to sustainable wines, and whether consumers&rsquo, involvement with wine and propensity towards ethically-minded behaviours affect their perceptions of sustainable wines. The research employs a cross-country analysis of France and Italy, and uses a free-choice approach to reveal consumers&rsquo, perceptions. The perceptual maps highlight the different attribute dimensions associated with conventional wines and sustainable wines. Health benefits, taste, and ethics emerge as the most relevant discriminant dimensions. The study finds that consumers involved with wine demonstrate a greater ability to evaluate product-attribute associations for sustainable wines than do ethically-minded consumers who are not involved with wine. The study elaborates some practical implications of this result for wineries. In particular, the study highlights that consumers associate different characteristics and beneficial aspects with different categories of sustainable wines, this also depends on their level of involvement with wine. The results demonstrate that sustainable wine marketers should, in their marketing and communication, take into stronger consideration the level of consumer involvement with wine and the specific associations made by consumers with the sustainable wine category they want to promote.

Cette recherche a pour objet d'analyser les effets des systèmes de management collectifs sur la gestion des tensions de la durabilité dans les petites entreprises, à travers l'approche des paradoxes. Pour décrypter la complexité de cet objet tout en mesurant les phénomènes étudiés, une méthodologie mixte (qualitative et quantitative) est appliquée au contexte d'un secteur particulièrement sous tensions : l'agriculture. Trois types de tensions paradoxales de la durabilité en petite entreprise sont ainsi identifiés et caractérisés, mettant en évidence les problèmes persistants auxquels font face ces entreprises dans leur action responsable. L'étude des systèmes de management collectifs permet alors d'identifier quatre leviers de la gestion paradoxale en petite entreprise favorisant une gestion constructive et efficace de ces tensions plutôt que des attitudes défensives contreproductives. Cette recherche met enfin en lumière les effets rétroactifs positifs et négatifs d'une résolution constructive des tensions de la durabilité, montrant ainsi en quoi la gestion paradoxale reste une tâche difficile et précaire. Ces résultats conduisent alors à élaborer plusieurs propositions, pour la recherche et l'action, structurées autour d'un modèle de gestion des paradoxes de la durabilité en petite entreprise., This research analyze the effects of collective management systems on sustainability tensions management in small business, through the paradox approach. To decipher the complexity of this object while measuring the phenomena studied, a mixed methodology (qualitative and quantitative) is applied to the context of agricultural sector, a sector particularly under tensions. Thus, three categories of sustainability tensions in small business are identified and characterized, highlighting the persistent challenges of responsible action. Then, the study of collective management systems leads to the identification of four levers of paradox management in small business which encourages constructive and effective management of these tensions rather than counterproductive defensive attitudes. Finally, this research highlights positive and negative retroactive effects of the constructive resolution of sustainability tensions, showing how paradox management remains a difficult and precarious task. These results lead to the development of several proposals, for research and action, structured around a model of sustainability paradox management in small business.

Purpose[br/] The set of stakeholders included in the social life cycle assessment (S-LCA) guideline (UNEP/SETAC 2009) could create confusion as to the target of the assessment: individuals or society. This paper attempts to develop the epistemological foundations of S-LCA in social sciences. Its major discussion is who should be addressed in S-LCA: individuals or society as a whole. This article contributes to the definition of a social life cycle based on sociological perspectives.[br/] Methods[br/] This paper is a critical evaluation of well-being methodologies and sociological perspectives used to analyze the effects of a change in a social system. The two perspectives, individualistic and holistic, have been evaluated based on four criteria: subjectivity, social values, possibility of aggregation of social data and rebound effects. We have examined different points of view in the sociologic discipline to determine which perspective would be more suitable. Insights have been taken from structural functionalist, symbolic interactionism, and conflict theories to answer the troubling debates identified in S-LCA: Can the life cycle defined for LCA be used in S-LCA? More specifically, does S-LCA include the same actors and timeline as LCA? Does aggregation of data of individuals convey the characteristics of a society?[br/] Results and discussion[br/] Organizational or technical changes induce new cost and benefits in the social system. When focusing on the well-being of individuals, little emphasis is directed to the relations between people, and thus social costs and benefits are not valorized. The sociological perspectives that deal with social change (structuralism, functionalism, and symbolic interaction) seek to explain social phenomena based on the relations that are established and affected by a social phenomenon. The sociologic concept has brought insights to the definition of a social life cycle, the object of S-LCA.[br/] Conclusions[br/] This paper is an attempt to bring the attention of S-LCA practitioners to the concept of social change defined by sociologists. Whether society is considered as a sum of individuals or as an independent entity determines our approach as individualistic or holistic. This would obviously influence our perspective in the selection of stakeholders of the life cycle, the boundaries of the analysis, and the indicators to be assessed. We recognize the central social matter of a product system as its contribution to the overall order in a society.

Agriculture employs 1.3 billion people throughout the world. Changes to working conditions in agriculture are investigated by several disciplines that explore different themes. These themes are summarized here through two areas: one that focuses on the worker (employment, health and skills) and the other on work as a component of farming systems. The analytical frameworks and core research issues are described. This paper is designed to be a general introduction to the special issue ofCahiers Agricultures, entitled “Multifacet realities of work in agriculture”.

International audience; Collaboration is a key factor for carrying out activities in industrial processes and an efficient collaboration is essential to accomplish an overall improvement of any process. In this article, we introduce a collaborative process-modeling framework, which allows evaluating collaboration throughout all the activities of an industrial process. The proposed framework uses experience management notions towards the creation of a repository of collaboration experiences. This experience base facilitates the reuse of past experiences to support decision making for the organization and execution of future collaborations. The article concludes by discussing the contributions and limitations of the proposed collaboration model.

International audience; Título de la ponencia: Las políticas nutricionales locales y su contribución al desarrollo de sistemas alimentarios sostenibles Dra Clementina Sebillotte Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique - INRA, UR 1303 ALISS, F-94205 Ivry-sur-Seine, France Resumen: El análisis de diferentes políticas nutricionales locales, distribuidas en el espacio y en el tiempo, nos esclarece sobre las ventajas de las mismas, sus límites, su relación con las políticas nutricionales implementadas a nivel nacional y su aporte a la sostenibilidad de la alimentación. A partir de la lectura crítica de estas experiencias abordaremos los efectos específicos de las políticas nutricionales locales para mejorar durablemente la alimentación y la salud de la población y para enfrentar los desafíos nutricionales relacionados con las desigualdades sociales y la fragilidad de ciertas categorías de la población. Nos interesaremos a las oportunidades que favorecen la implementación de las políticas nutricionales locales, al debate científico sobre las ventajas de la escala local en términos de sostenibilidad alimentaria y a la voluntad política territorial como estrategia para movilizar a los actores locales en la acción pública para una nutrición y una alimentación sostenibles. Conclusión: El desarrollo de sistemas alimentarios sostenibles, a nivel local, no depende tanto de un voluntarismo político focalizado en la concepción de políticas locales con ese fin, sino más bien dedicado a la creación de condiciones favorables para que la comunidad pueda definir colectivamente estrategias alimentarias y nutricionales locales sostenibles.

Cet article présente des résultats issus du projet de recherche RETMIF (Réduction des émissions du transport de marchandises, scénarios pour l’Île-de-France, 2013-2015) financé par l’ADEME/AACT-AIR, dont l’objectif était de comprendre l’évolution des zones à émissions réduites européennes, et plus particulièrement leur impact sur le transport de marchandises, afin d’en tirer des enseignements qui pourraient servir à la mise en place d’une ZER en région parisienne. Les « zones à émissions réduites » (ZER) sont des parties d’une ville dont l’accès est réservé aux véhicules les moins polluants. Elles sont connues en Europe sous le vocable Low Emission Zones et ont désormais en France le nom de « zones à circulation restreinte » (ZCR) depuis l’adoption de la loi pour la transition énergétique de 2015. Avec plus de 200 d’entre elles déjà opérationnelles, les ZER font désormais partie des principales solutions mises en œuvre par les villes européennes pour améliorer la qualité de l’air. La question de leurs impacts sur la qualité de l’air est traitée par la littérature mais celle de leurs impacts socio-économiques sur le secteur professionnel du transport de marchandises l’est peu. C’est pourquoi nous avons entrepris, par une méthodologie originale, quantitative et qualitative, d’identifier les conséquences pour les activités des entreprises de transport de la mise en place de ZER déjà établies depuis plusieurs années. Nous avons choisi les exemples de Londres, Berlin et Göteborg. Deux approches ont été développées : d’une part, la collecte de données quantitatives sur le secteur du transport de marchandises ; et des entretiens auprès de différents acteurs (autorités locales, fédérations de transporteurs et entreprises de transport) d’autre part. L’analyse de ces données permet de conclure de la façon suivante : la mise en place d’une ZER semble réduire le nombre d’entreprises de transport livrant en ville ; et cette réduction permet aux acteurs – publics et privés – à agir pour sa modernisation. Celle-ci est nécessaire car ce secteur connaît aujourd’hui beaucoup de dysfonctionnements, tant environnementaux du fait de l’utilisation encore importante de véhicules anciens, que sociaux, du fait d’un grand nombre de très petites entreprises ayant des difficultés à maintenir une rentabilité minimale. Les ZER représentent une réponse structurelle favorisant la réorganisation du secteur du transport de marchandises en ville., RTS - Recherche Transports Sécurité, volume 2018

Based on the assumption that it is quite impossible to manage what we do not know and cannot measure, this paper develops meaningful metrics, helping drive organizational performance, so as to make informed decisions. The analytical framework described hereafter allows the measurement of both the positioning and sustainability of different units within the same organization, as illustrated in our case study, but can also be implemented to assess the competitive advantage of a company over its competitors. The concept of positioning focuses on measuring unit performance and benchmarking it, so as to rank units as best, good, or low performers. The concept of sustainability considers the dynamic of performance over time and ranks it as eroded, improved, or maintained. Based on these two measures, it is then possible to provide specific recommendations for each unit regarding the improvement of its performance. Using data to support decision making and foster development is valuable only if the primary purpose of such analytics remains the improvement of the way organizations do business, by providing quantitative techniques that help solve business problems correctly and achieve business impact. To do this, analytics has to be built upon business priorities and more explicitly business rules. However, it is the most effective and timely way to provide relevant prescriptions based on available data regarding the course of action that aims at improving organization’s performance. Working with business rules means the adoption of a process orientation to better understand the tasks that comprise a business model and investigates the performance of the overall process and its components. Having a process approach facilitates the presentation of organizational priorities by identifying core business activities and developing and expanding those that contribute the most to the positioning and sustainability of each unit. The use of quantitative analytics helps in identifying the areas that are or are not performing well and focusing on those that sustain performance, especially in difficult times. Indeed, if each unit is profitable in its main activities, a business impact can be expected that benefits the organization as well.

International audience; The issues of power and equity are gaining attention in research on ecosystem services (ESs). Stakeholders benefiting from ESs are not necessarily able or authorized to participate in ES management. Thus, we have proposed an analytical framework to identify and qualify stakeholders' roles in relation to ES flows. Building on existing frameworks in the ES literature, we aimed to unravel the different direct and indirect management contributions to ES flows and link them to ES benefits. Direct management targets the functioning of ecosystems, the flows of services, and the benefits received by society, whereas indirect management facilitates, controls, or restricts the activities of direct managers. We applied this framework to the Mariño watershed (Peru) to describe stakeholders' roles using a set of 8 ESs. We have discussed the implications of our findings in terms of equity and power distribution. We conducted face-to-face semistructured interviews with representatives of 52 watershed stakeholders to understand how they managed and benefited from ESs. We used statistical analysis (permutation tests) to detect significant differences in the number of received and managed ESs among stakeholder sectors, i.e., civil society, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), business, and the public sector, and scales, from local to national levels. Indirect forms of ES management were more frequent than direct ones for all ESs. Water quantity, water quality, and agricultural production were managed by the largest number of stakeholder types. The differences in the number of stakeholder types benefiting from and managing ESs could result from intentional choices, e.g., preferences for local benefits. We also found clear differences in the identity of stakeholders who managed or benefited from ESs. Local stakeholders and the business sector benefited from a higher number of ESs, and public organizations and NGOs were most involved in ES management. More equitable governance of ESs should aim to integrate more diverse stakeholders into decision making. Further empirical research could use our framework to explore the factors determining stakeholders' roles and power distribution. There is a particular need to understand how rights, endowments, and entitlements, as well as spatial configuration, underpin inequities in different social and cultural contexts.

International audience; This data article contains data characterizing consumer perception and scientific arguments about food packaging functionalities for fresh strawberries. These data are associated with the article “Choice of environment-friendly food packagings through argumentation systems and preferences” (see Yun et al., 2018). These data are stored in a public repository structured by an ontology. These data could be retrieved through the @Web tool, user-friendly interface to capitalize and query data (Buche et al., 2013; Guillard et al., 2017). The @Web tool is accessible online at http://pfl.grignon.inra.fr/atWeb/.

Methodological contribution to dig into practices: A practice-based study of food practices with projective technics. Mid-term congress, Research Network of Sociology of Consumption - RN05 - Sociology of Consumption

Circular economy is a recent economic model that aims to reconcile economic growth with the preservation of the environment. It is based on the insight that our natural resources (energy, water, raw material) are limited and that with a population estimated to reach 9 billion people in 2050, the current linear ‘take-make-dispose’ model is no longer sustainable. Central to circular economy is the closed loop idea, aiming at enhancing the continuous flow of technical and biological materials in the value circle while keeping products, components and materials at their highest utility and value at all times and reducing waste to a minimum (EMF, 2013). The concept of circular economy has received increasing attention among policy makers in the past years. In China, circular economy is part of the national political strategy (top down approach), and its implementation is following both a horizontal and a vertical approach (Feng and Yan, 2007). The European Commission has adopted a new Circular Economy Package in 2014 to support businesses and consumers in their transition to a more circular economy where resources are used in a more sustainable way. In the academic literature, there is not yet a common theoretical framework or definition of what circular economy exactly is. This may be due to the fact that circular economy has emerged from policies and legislation rather than from a group of academics (Murray et al, 2015). Another reason is that the concept has issued from different schools of thought and has diverse theoretical and disciplinary backgrounds such as ecological economics, environmental economics, industrial ecology, performance economy etc. (Ghisellini et al, 2015). The Ellen MacArthur Foundation defines circular economy as “an industrial system that is restorative or regenerative by intention and design” (EMF, 2015). The major challenge of implementing a circular economy is that it requires a change at a system level, not only demanding for adequate policies, but involving all actors within the value chains (suppliers, manufacturers, retailers, consumers) of diverse economic sectors. At a firm level, new business models are needed that replace existing ones or offer new market opportunities (EMF, 2013). The structure of a business model is usually based on the largely recognised Business Model Canvas (BMC) by Osterwalder and Pigneur (2010). The BMC is a practical tool which can be used as analytical framework for existing or future business models. It consists of nine building blocks where the value proposition - i.e. the value proposed by an enterprise to solve customers’ problems and satisfy their needs - is central: (1) the key activities, partners and resources as strategic components, (2) the customer relationships, the customer segments and channels as market components, and (3) the cost structure vs. revenue streams as financial components. Lewandowski (2016) has adapted and extended the BMC to the circular economy principles, adding two more building blocks. First, a ‘take-back system’, including the idea of material loops where products, components or materials can be reused if collected back from the consumer; and second, the ‘adoption factors’, assuming that a transition towards circular business models must be supported by various internal organisational capabilities and external (technological, political, sociocultural, economic) factors. Mentink (2014, p.35) defines a circular business model as “the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers and captures value with and within closed material loops”. Here, we present the structure of such a novel circular business model from the agri-food sector, the kind of value proposed and the success factors by analysing the case of the enterprise Grap’Sud in the South of France, which valorises waste and by-products from the wine industry. Results show that the structure and persistence of the circular business model depend on internal as well as external factors. From a strategic point of view, adopting innovative technologies for highly value-added products and a sufficient quantity and provision of agro-waste and by-products are crucial. This calls for a strong cooperation with research partners and suppliers as well as for a centralised governance structure and shows that business models within a circular economy should be designed according to territorial capacities to produce and process agro-waste. On the other hand, continuous product innovation combined with a targeted marketing are needed in order to be profitable and competitive on the markets. Finally, public financial support and the legal framework are important external determinants. Hence, translating technology into business while fulfilling environmental and economic goals remains a real challenge for achieving a transition to a circular economy in the agri-food sector.

National audience; Les questions de durabilité confrontent les entreprises à de multiples tensions paradoxales (Hahn et al., 2015) dont l'impact dépend surtout de la façon dont les individus les considèrent et y réagissent (Smith & Lewis, 2011). L’expérience de ces tensions est en effet souvent considérée dans la littérature comme une épée à double tranchant, pouvant permettre l’excellence à court terme comme la réussite à long terme, mais aussi engendrer de l'anxiété et des attitudes défensives contreproductives (Lewis, 2000 ; Smith & Lewis, 2011 ; Ingram et al. 2016 ; Miron-Spektor et al., 2017). Puisqu’il est vain d’espérer venir à bout des paradoxes (Koenig, 1996), la durabilité d’entreprise relève ainsi davantage d’une capacité que d’un résultat. La théorie des paradoxes (Lewis, 2000 ; Smith & Lewis, 2011 ; Lewis & Smith, 2014) postule en effet que celle-ci tient dans une capacité à gérer des exigences partiellement contradictoires. A travers ce prisme théorique, la présente communication étudie en quoi des systèmes de management environnemental (SME) collectifs peuvent favoriser une gestion constructive et efficace des tensions de la durabilité en petites entreprises. Majoritaires dans nos économies, ces dernières ont en effet plus de difficultés que les grandes à faire face à la complexité des problèmes de durabilité (Lepoutre & Heene, 2006 ; Courrent, 2012). Les SME collectifs (Ammenberg et al., 1999 ; Zobel, 2007), et plus largement les stratégies collectives (Astley et Fombrun, 1983), sont alors souvent présentés comme un moyen pertinent pour les petites entreprises de s’attaquer aux questions de durabilité tout en dépassant certains problèmes classiques qui peuvent freiner leur action responsable tel que le manque de ressources et de compétences (Berger-Douce, 2005 ; Da Fonseca & Yami, 2012 ; Da Fonseca, 2013 ; Ondoua Biwolé, 2017 ; Halila, 2007 ; Halila & Tell, 2013). Toutefois, aucune recherche ne s’est a priori intéressée aux effets des SME collectifs sur la gestion des tensions de la durabilité. Dans le contexte d’un secteur placé au cœur d’un débat sociétal riche en tensions (l’agriculture), cette communication étudie le cas de 30 petites entreprises hétérogènes réparties dans 8 SME collectifs régionaux. Qualitative et exploratoire, la recherche met en évidence que ces entreprises sont confrontées à trois types de tensions paradoxales en matière de durabilité relevant de paradoxes de performance et d’apprentissage. La recherche montre ensuite en quoi les SME collectifs peuvent créer des conditions favorables à l’expérience, l’acceptation et la résolution de ces tensions. Mais en exacerbant au fil du temps les tensions, les efforts de résolution renforcent aussi les risques d’attitudes défensives contreproductives et donc la menace d’une gestion moins constructive et moins efficace des paradoxes de la durabilité.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the manifestations and interactions at work between the ecological, environmental and social dimensions of sustainable development and the development of short food supply chains (SFSCs) in French fruit production. Design/methodology/approach The methodology is based on the theoretical framework associated with SFSCs and each pillar of sustainability. The authors use an original database of 176 surveys of peach and apricot producers from the major French production regions. Three composite indicators, one for each traditional pillar of sustainability, are calculated to evaluate a degree of sustainability at farm level. A simultaneous equations model is estimated on the basis of the calculated indicators. Findings The results show that in the choice of a supply chain design in the agricultural sector, the search for economic sustainability is opposed to a rationale of environmental and social sustainability, the latter appearing to be independent of one another. Originality/value This paper complements the previous studies on the issue of sustainability in agriculture and more specifically the relationship between the adoption of SFSCs and the pillars of sustainable development. The model reveals significant interdependencies, thus emphasizing an issue in reconciling economic imperatives with social or environmental requirements.

International audience; The aim of this paper is to show the advantages of implementing a Quality Management System (QMS) in a research laboratory in order to improve the management of risks specific to research programmes and to increase the reliability of results. This paper also presents experience gained from feedback following the implementation of the Quality process in a research laboratory at INRA, the French National Institute for Agronomic Research and details the various challenges encountered and solutions proposed to help achieve smoother adoption of a QMS process. The 7Ms (Management, Measurement, Manpower, Methods, Materials, Machinery, Mother-nature) methodology based on the Ishikawa ‘Fishbone’ diagram is used to show the effectiveness of the actions considered by a QMS, which involve both the organization and the activities of the laboratory. Practical examples illustrate the benefits and improvements observed in the laboratory

The aim of this chapter is to present an overview of the « responsible innovation » concept. This concept was first defined at the beginning of the 21st century. It then spread around the world, driven by the European Commission. Firstly, we present the roots of this concept which are based on, on the one hand, the philosophical approach of “researchers and engineers responsibility”, and on the other hand, technological assessment. Then, we describe how the concept of “responsible research and innovation” has grown progressively in European research and innovation politics, in order to bring science and innovation closer to society. Lastly, we describe how this concept is used in companies in connection with their social responsibility., L’objectif de ce chapitre est de réaliser un « état de l’art » portant sur le concept d’ « innovation responsable » apparu au début des années 2000 et diffusé notamment sous l’impulsion de la Commission Européenne. Nous présentons tout d’abord les fondements, de ce concept, en lien avec l’approche philosophique de la responsabilité des chercheurs et ingénieurs, d’une part, les questions relatives à l’évaluation des techniques d’autre part. Puis nous exposons comment le concept de « recherche et innovation responsables » s’est développé progressivement dans les politiques européennes de recherche et d’innovation, afin de rapprocher la science et l’innovation de la société. Enfin, nous relatons comment ce concept est décliné dans les entreprises, en lien avec leur responsabilité sociétale.

Le surpoids et l’obésité, problèmes nutritionnels planétaires, n’épargnent pas les populations des pays en développement. En Argentine, comme dans la majorité des pays d’Amérique latine et des Caraïbes, les problèmes de surcharge pondérale affectent plus de la moitié de la population adulte1 (FAO, OPS, OMS. 2017. 2016 América Latina y el Caribe. Panorama de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, Sistemas alimentarios sostenible para poner fin al hambre y a la malnutrición. Santiago de Chile (Chile): Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Disponible sur http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6747s.pdf) et, plus grave encore, coexistent avec des situations de carences nutritionnelles. Ce travail se penche sur les évolutions de l’alimentation et de l’action publique en Argentine à la lumière des changements mondiaux, mais aussi de l’instabilité économique et sociale locale. Cette analyse est replacée dans le contexte latino-américain et offre une place spécifique à la question des lipides. La première partie est dédiée à l’évolution des consommations alimentaires en Argentine, dont celle des lipides, et de la situation nutritionnelle de la population locale. La deuxième partie présente les évolutions des actions de politique alimentaire et nutritionnelle développées en Argentine et s’intéresse tout particulièrement à une action publique pionnière et réussie pour réduire le contenu en acides gras trans d’origine industrielle des aliments. La troisième partie dresse un panorama général et non exhaustif de la situation nutritionnelle de l’Amérique latine, de l’évolution des modèles de consommation alimentaire et des politiques alimentaires et nutritionnelles mises en place dans la région, dont celles pour lutter contre les acides gras trans., Overweight and obesity, two of the planetary nutritional disorders, can also affect populations from developing countries. In Argentina, similarly to the majority of countries of Latin-America and the Caribbean, excess weight problems affect more than a half of adult population2 (FAO, OPS, OMS. 2017. 2016 América Latina y el Caribe. Panorama de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional, Sistemas alimentarios sostenible para poner fin al hambre y a la malnutrición. Santiago de Chile (Chile): Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura y la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Available from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i6747s.pdf), and more seriously, coexist together with nutritional deficiencies. This paper explores the evolution of both dietary intake and public action in Argentina, in the light of global change and local economic and social instability. This analysis is made in the context of Latin-America and gives special attention to lipids. The first part is dedicated to the evolution of nutritional situation of Argentinian population and their food intake, including lipids. The second part presents the evolutions of political actions related to food and nutrition developed in Argentina; it provides special focus on pioneering and successful public action to diminish the quantity of industrially produced trans fatty acids in food. The third part addresses a general non-exhaustive panorama of Latin-American nutritional situation, presents food consumption models evolution and discusses food and nutrition policies implemented in the region, including the combat against trans fatty acids.

Cette communication a été présentée lors du Gala de l’innovation « Innovation nouvelle vague », RRI (Réseau de Recherche sur l’Innovation), Cité des Sciences et de l’Industrie, Paris (FRA), 11/12/2017 . Résumé : L’objectif de ce papier est de réaliser un « état de l’art » portant sur le concept d’ « innovation responsable » apparu au début des années 2000 et diffusé notamment sous l’impulsion de la Commission Européenne. Nous présentons tout d’abord les fondements, de ce concept, en lien avec l’approche philosophique de la responsabilité des chercheurs et ingénieurs, d’une part, les questions relatives à l’évaluation des techniques d’autre part. Puis nous exposons comment le concept de « recherche et innovation responsables » s’est développé progressivement dans les politiques européennes de recherche et d’innovation, afin de rapprocher la science et l’innovation de la société. Enfin, nous relatons comment ce concept est décliné dans les entreprises, en lien avec leur responsabilité sociétale., The aim of this paper is to present an overview of the « responsible innovation » concept. This concept was first defined at the beginning of the 21st century. It then spread around the world, driven by the European Commission. Firstly, we present the roots of this concept which are based on, on the one hand, the philosophical approach of “researchers and engineers responsibility”, and on the other hand, technological assessment. Then, we describe how the concept of “responsible research and innovation” has grown progressively in European research and innovation politics, in order to bring science and innovation closer to society. Lastly, we describe how this concept is used in companies in connection with their social responsibility.

A contre-courant de la mode des « born global », Foued Cheriet, enseignant – chercheur à Montpellier SupAgro, rappelle les forces du modèle d’Uppsala, d’internationalisation par étapes, et l’intérêt de s’allier avec des acteurs locaux.

Purpose This paper aims to explore consumers’ experienced life and studies how practices interconnect and are organized on a daily basis. The objective is to contribute to a better understanding of how (or whether) it is possible to interfere with daily practices, as public policies pretend to do, to address several societal challenges (food waste, healthy eating, greenhouse gas reduction, social equity, etc.). Design/methodology/approach Using the concepts of routine, ritual and practice to understand the dynamics of daily life from a practice theories perspective, this study is based on a qualitative methodology combining a projective method of collage coupled with semi-structured interviews with 23 participants and, participant observation of shopping, cooking and mealtimes at home with 11 of the 23 participants. Findings Results show that the degree of systematization of practices defines different types of routine according to various systematization factors (time, commitment, social relations, material), suggesting a distinction between systematized, hybrid and partially systematized routines. Beyond the question of the degree of systematization of practices composing routines, results show that some practices are embedded in daily routines due to their ritualization. Research limitations/implications This work takes part of the debates on how to study households’ daily life, and challenges the understanding of daily life activity more globally than just by the prism of isolated actions. For that, this study uses the concepts of routines and rituals. They are relevant to describe and to capture the tangle of practices composing food activities. The study shows that the material dimensions, the pressure of time, the commitments and the social relations condition the global arrangement of the food practices in a variable way. Practical implications Such results offer new perspectives for intervening on households’ daily consumption by understanding the global dynamics of food routines. Originality/value This work contributes to a better understanding of consumers’ food practices and routines and to a practice-change perspective considering constrained and routinely constructed lives.

In a managerial discourse, market orientation and innovativeness are considered imperative to firms’ competitiveness. Research on them has particularly focussed on medium and large companies in Europe and the United States, while others have focussed on market orientation’s impact on the performance of very small enterprises (VSEs) in developed countries. However, the role of innovativeness in the relationship between market orientation and performance, in micro-enterprises based especially in Africa, is less studied. This research proposes a conceptual model to assess market orientation’s impact on VSE performance and establishes the mediating role of innovativeness in this relationship. Focusing on small food processing units and vegetable producers, a sample of VSEs for collecting primary data was compiled from a survey of 150 VSE leaders. A structural equation model was used, based on the LISREL approach. Results confirm a direct link between market orientation and performance, and demonstrate the mediating role of innovativeness.

Le gaspillage alimentaire et le bien manger ont aujourd’hui une place centrale parmi les enjeux associés à l’alimentation humaine. Bien que respectivement ciblés par la campagne Anti gaspi (Ministère Français de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation) et la campagne Manger bouger (Ministère Français de la Santé), on constate que la modification des comportements n’est pas à la hauteur des résultats attendus par les pouvoirs publics. En réponse à cela et à l’aide des concepts de pratique comme performance, de general understanding, de routine et de rituel empruntés aux théories des pratiques, ce travail analyse la mise en œuvre conjointe, en foyer, des recommandations des deux campagnes au sein des routines alimentaires. Cette thèse s’appuie sur une étude qualitative et montre 1) que la coordination entre les individus, les produits et les activités est centrale pour l’application des recommandations et 2) que les routines sont des dynamiques variables en fonction des degrés de systématisation et de ritualisation des pratiques qui les composent. Cette thèse contribue à l’application des théories des pratiques pour une approche holistique de la consommation alimentaire. Elle contribue également à la mise en œuvre de méthodes de collecte de données originales (méthode projective des collages combinée à des entretiens et des observations) pour l’étude des actions routinisées. Enfin, ce travail conduit à des recommandations à destination des acteurs voulant promouvoir conjointement la réduction du gaspillage alimentaire et le bien manger. Plus spécifiquement, nous formulons des recommandations à l’intention des villes et des entreprises.

L’action collective de développement du leadership s’est construite sous l’impulsion de la direction du département Environnement et Agronomie de l’INRA, dans une finalité d’ambition partagée sur les grandes orientations scientifiques du département. Conçue et animée par la chargée de mission Trajectoires dans l’équipe d’animation du département avec l’appui d’un consultant externe, l’action s’est déroulée de 2015 à 2018. Une soixantaine de scientifiques ont contribué à une réflexion collective et contextualisée. Particulièrement, douze rencontres dédiées se sont tenues sur des plages de temps d’une demi-journée à une journée au cours desquelles cette réflexion a porté sur leur acception de la notion de leadership, sur les repères et les leviers des situations de leadership, sur la dynamique sociale des projets à forts enjeux scientifiques, institutionnels et sociétaux, le rôle du leadership dans ces projets et le rôle de ces derniers dans l’émergence du leadership. La démarche de construction collective et progressive adoptée a fait la part belle au dialogue entre pairs autour d’expériences concrètes du coeur de l’activité de recherche. Elle a donné lieu à un ensemble de mises en dynamique, production immatérielle, qui sont advenues dans le cours d’ALea au sein du département. La part matérielle de la production collective a pris la forme de deux outils, cadres d’analyse pour se saisir du sujet du leadership dans la manière de penser sa propre action dans la recherche, en tant qu’individu ou bien en tant qu’équipe, unité ou réseau. Ils commencent à être utilisés par certains collectifs du département ; d’autres, intéressés, expriment le besoin d’une forme d’accompagnement dans la suite d’ALea. Ces outils semblent également utilisables à l’échelle d’une communauté scientifique élargie. La perspective est donc de les diffuser largement comme outils de réflexion, de discussion et de partage d’expérience pour penser l’action dans le contexte de la recherche scientifique publique en interaction avec son environnement social large.

Geographical analyses regarding retail mainly stress business concentration and formations of supply chains. Hereby, main works focused on spatial re-organizations [e.g. 1]. The development of transport and factors that attract transport are rarely or even not considered. But, particularly with an eye on forecasts of increasing commercial transport, the aspect of transport influencing factors becomes more important. The authors developed a conceptual framework for analysing retailer’s logistics and transport organization and its relationship to external factors. In this framework, factors that affect retailing companies are classified to different categories which are organized on three different levels: micro-, meso-, and macro-level. In this article the conceptual framework is implemented for the pharmaceutical sector in France and Germany. The authors’ main assumption is that retailers’ logistics and transport organization in the pharmaceutical sector in both countries are dependent to non-transport-related context. It is defined by a strictly regulated macro structure where prices, distribution, service obligations, pharmacy ownership, stocking etc. are ruled by government guidelines. As a consequence the identified indicators for logistics and transport demand are at a certain level shaped by these circumstances., RTS - Recherche Transports Sécurité, volume 2018, Logistics practices and freight transport challenges: a French-German

International audience; There have been several attempts to formalize Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) methodology and make it as robust as the environmental part of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). "Guidelines for SLCA of products" (UNEP/SETAC, 2009) and progressively "The Methodological Sheets for Sub-categories in SLCA" (UNEP/SETAC, 2013) have provided recommendations on how to conduct the first two phases of SLCA (i.e., goal and scope definition and life cycle inventory). The research on the third phase (life-cycle impact assessment) was, at that time, not considered sufficiently mature to be included (Sureau et al. 2017). With S-LCA conceived by the same practitioners who created LCA, it is not surprising that they attempted to model social impacts in the same way it was done for environment alone (Iofrida et al. 2017). Most of the applications take into account values, stakeholders’ perceptions, subjectivities, and participation in an interpretivist way, but often without clarifying the theoretical underpinnings (Iofrida et al. 2017). In the following we attempt to clarify the role of these features of societal measures in the selection of the end-point social impact indicators in SLCA.

Ces dernières années, la filière boissons a connu un boom avec l’arrivée de nouveaux producteurs, mais la filière reste dépendante des importations des équipements aux intrants et fait face également à l’informel. Dans cet entretien, Foued Cheriet, spécialiste en stratégie internationale et marketing alimentaire, évalue cette activité dans le paysage agro-alimentaire algérien.

Le modèle français de développement des activités équestres s’essouffle. La Fédération Française d’Equitation (FFE) voit depuis 2012 l’évolution de ses effectifs de licenciés s’inverser après soixante-dix ans de progression ininterrompue et fait état d’une importante versatilité de sa clientèle. Or, les structures équestres semblent construire leur offre sans chercher à décliner les services en fonction des différentes cibles de clients. Ainsi, l’IFCE (Institut Français du Cheval et de l’Equitation) et l’INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique) s’intéressent aux mécanismes de la fidélité aux services dans le contexte de cette activité ludo-sportive. Nous supposons que la fidélité varie en fonction du profil du cavalier. Bien que cette recherche ait pour objectif final de considérer tous les types de pratiquants, nous nous intéressons dans un premier temps aux cavaliers en centre équestre, non-propriétaires d’un équidé et âgés de 11 ans et plus. Nous utilisons une méthodologie en deux temps basée sur une étude exploratoire qualitative suivie d’une enquête quantitative. Cette communication a pour objectif de présenter les résultats du volet exploratoire.

The process of assigning objects (candidates, projects, decisions, options, etc.) characterized by multiple attributes or criteria to predefined classes characterized by entrance conditions or constraints constitutes a subclass of multi-criteria decision making problems known as nominal or non-ordered classification problems as opposed to ordinal classification. In practice, class entrance conditions are not perfectly defined; they are rather fuzzily defined so that classification procedures must be design up to some uncertainty degree (doubt, indecision, imprecision, etc.). The purpose of this chapter is to expose recent advances related to this issue with particular highlights on bipolar analysis that consists in considering for a couple of object and class, two measures: classifiability measure that measures to what extent the former object can be considered for inclusion in the later class and rejectability measure, a degree that measures the extent to which one should avoid including this object into that class rendering final choice flexible and robust as many classes may be qualified for inclusion of an object. This apparent theoretical subject finds applications in almost any socio-economic domain and particularly in digital marketing. An application to supply chain management, where a certain number of potential suppliers of a company are to be classified in a number of classes in order to apply the appropriate strategic treatment to them, will be considered for illustration purpose.