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Dereje Gebeyehu Ababu,1 Woldemariam Erkalo Gobena,2 Azmeraw Misganaw Getahun2 1Department of Statistics, College of Natural Science, Salale University, Fitche, Ethiopia; 2Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mettu University, Mettu, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Dereje Gebeyehu Ababu, Salale University, PO.Box 245, Fitche, Ethiopia, Tel +251921204863, Email derejegebe@gmail.comBackground: Tuberculosis (TB) is a potentially serious infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. The bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), that cause tuberculosis are spread from one person to another person through tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence of tuberculosis and determinants of lose to follow-up from TB treatment.Methods: A retrospective study design is used to analyze the prevalence of tuberculosis and the determinants of lose to follow-up from TB treatment who follow the treatment from 2006 to 2017. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and statistical model.Results: The study showed that among 375 TB patients, who started TB treatments, about 24.8% were lost to follow-up from TB treatment and 75.2% were censored at the end of the study. The median survival time of TB patients was 199 days. The results from the Log rank test showed that marital status, HIV co-infection, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and anemia cases had a significant difference between the survival experiences at a 5% level of significance. The result of the Cox-proportion hazard model showed that age (p-value=0.002; CI: (0.9831144, 0.9962526)), HIV co-infection (p-value=0.016; CI: (1.112293, 2.774715)), and anemia (p-value=0.021; CI: (1.089895, 2.938783)) had a significant effect on tuberculosis patients’ lose to follow-up from TB treatment at a 5% level of significance.Conclusion: From 375 patients who started TB treatments, about 24.8% were lost to follow-up from TB treatment, and 75.2% were censored at the end of the study. The median survival time of TB patients was 199 days. The variables marital status, HIV co-infection, diabetes mellitus, cancer, and anemia cases had a significant difference between the survival experiences survival time of TB patients at a 5% level of significance. The result also showed that age, HIV co-infection, and anemia had a significant effect on tuberculosis patients.Keywords: Cox regression, HIV co-infection, TB dropouts, tuberculosis, Log rank

Amsalu Molla Getahun,1 Yichalal Endayehu,2 Gebrie Dinkayehu Berhanu1 1Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Amhara Regional State, Ethiopia; 2Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Amhara Regional State, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Amsalu Molla Getahun Email dramsalu@gmail.comBackground: Leeches are blood sucking hermaphroditic parasites belonged to the phylum Annelida of the class Hirudinea. Based on the location of leech infestation, the patient may present with anemia and respiratory symptoms. Even though Leech infestation is mentioned as common problem in African countries and the common cause of anemia, especially in children but it is not mentioned as a cause of severe anemia in an infant.Case Presentation: In this paper, we are reporting a 10 months old baby presented to Debre Tabor General Hospital with nasal bleeding and blood tingled vomiting of four days duration. With the diagnosis of severe anemia secondary to leech infestation, she was transfused with 360 mL of whole blood and the leech was removed from the oropharynx with McGill forceps. She was followed for 48 hours. There was no ongoing bleeding; the vital signs became stable, and then patient’s parents were advised to boil drinking water before use. Finally, the infant discharged with improvement.Conclusion and Recommendation: We concluded that leech infestation should be included as the differential diagnosis of an infant presented with nasal bleeding and blood tingled vomiting who came from rural areas.Keywords: leech, epistaxis, hematemesis, severe anemia, infant, Ethiopia

This paper describes and analyzes the morphosyntactic manifestation of definite nominals in Argobba, a Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia, in HPSG framework. The objective of this study is, therefore, twofold: to describe the surface realization of definite nominals and put forward theoretical analysis of the categories in question. In Argobba, indefinite nominals (nouns, adjectives and numerals) are not morphologically marked. Definite nominals in contrast are morphologically marked. The Argobba definite article is a morphologically bound element with specification for gender. Plural nouns and adjectives are not morphologically marked for definiteness. There are different definite article suffixes for the category noun, adjective and numeral. Unlike in other sister languages in Ethio-Semitic subfamily, in Argobba, a singular noun qualified by a demonstrative, possessive pronoun and genitive NP obligatorily carries a definite article. In this paper, I argued that the article combines with nominals in the lexicon, not at the level of syntax. Accordingly, a DLR is posited to derive a definite nominal word.

Introduction: Hypoglycemia is a common occurrence in diabetic patients. But unlike non diabetic patients, its causes are frequently related to drugs they are receiving to control blood glucose. But this may not always be the case. Here we report a type 2 diabetic patient with severe hypoglycemia owing to acute hypopituitarism secondary to pituitary apoplexy., Case Presentation: A 45 year old male diabetic patient from Ethiopia taking 2 mg of oral glimepiride daily who presented with change in mentation of 30 minutes and blood glucose recording of 38 mg/dl upon arrival to the emergency room. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed pituitary macroadenoma with hemorrhage suggestive of pituitary apoplexy. Blood work up showed low adrenocorticotropic hormone, cortisol, and serum sodium levels. Subsequently transsphenoidal hypophysectomy was done., Conclusion: The occurrence of hypoglycemia in a diabetic patient taking sulphonylurea monotherapy is common. But when it is severe enough to cause altered mentation, patients should be approached differently. In the presence of clinical clues suggesting cortisol deficiency, hypopituitarism can be a possible cause., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Every year worldwide, between five to six million deaths are associated with stroke; on average, one stroke-related death occurs every four minutes. In Ethiopia, stroke is a frequent cause of mortality and morbidity from noncommunicable diseases. Therefore, this study was aimed at determining factors associated to stroke mortality through survival models in Mettu Karl Referral Hospital., Methods: This study was conducted from September 1, 2014, to April 1, 2017, and encompassed 202 stroke patients at Mettu Karl Referral Hospital. The Cox semiparametric regression was used for analyzing survival analysis of stroke patients using R software., Results: A total of 202 stroke patients were included in the study, and among those patients, 72.8% and 27.2% were censored and died, respectively. According to the result of Cox semiparametric regression model, sex of patients, hypertension, baseline complication, and stroke type had significant effect on survival of the stroke patient at 5% significance level., Conclusion: The results from Cox semiparametric regression model indicated that sex of patients, hypertension, baseline complication, and stroke type were major factors related to the survival time of stroke patients. The researcher recommends that the people should be aware on the burden of those risk factors and well informed about the disease., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there is no competing interest., (Copyright © 2022 Dereje Gebeyehu Ababu and Azmeraw Misganaw Getahun.)

Background: Reproduction is a basic prerequisite to efficient livestock production. Reproductive performance depends on the normal structure and function of genital organs. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to May 2017 to identify and compare the frequency of reproductive tract pathological lesions and to isolate bacteria associated to uterine lesions in female dromedary camels and cows slaughtered at Akaki camel slaughterhouse and Addis Ababa and Adama municipal abattoirs. Purposive sampling technique was employed to include and examine the reproductive tracts of all slaughtered animals (280; 140 cows and 140 camels) during the study period., Result: The study examined a total of 280 (140 cows and 140 camels) reproductive tracts. Various pathological lesions with different degrees of severity were observed in 48 (34.2%) and 51 (36.4%) of dromedary camels and cows, respectively. In dromedary camels, the most prevalent lesion was uterine lesions (21.4%) followed by ovarian lesions (7.14%); while in cows, ovarian lesions were the most prevalent (16.4%) followed by uterine lesions (14.2%). In general, 56 bacteria were isolated from cows' uterine lesion, the Staphylococcus species (28.5%), Streptococci species (19.6%), Coynebacterium species (8.9%), Escherichia coli (26.78%), Salmonella species (10.7%) and Klebsiella species (5.35%) being the most representative isolates. In camels, however, 45 bacteria were isolated from uterine lesions with higher prevalence of Escherichia coli (35.5%), Staphylococcus species (26.6%), Streptococcus species (13.3%), Pseudomonas species (6.6%), Proteus species (4.4%), Salmonella species (8.8%) and Klebsiella species (4.4%). Bacteriological data showed that the major isolates were similar, although slightly more frequent in occurrence in cows. Microscopically, uterine inflammatory lesions evidenced endometrial glands degeneration, epithelium sloughing, peri-glandular cuffing, and inflammatory cells infiltration., Conclusions: In female dromedary camels and cows, pathological lesions of the reproductive tract showed great prevalence, with similarity in bacterial isolates in both species. The role of each reproductive lesion and bacterial isolates as causal agents of reproductive failures in these livestock species, however, needs further investigation.