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O teste de tetrazólio pode ser uma alternativa para obtenção de resultados rápidos do potencial fisiológico de sementes. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficiência do teste de tetrazólio através da avaliação por análise de imagens digitalizadas na determinação da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de trigo. O experimento foi realizado com 22 lotes de sementes de trigo, submetidos à determinação do potencial fisiológico, incluindo o teste de tetrazólio avaliado por meio de análise de imagens digitalizadas. Para digitalização, após bissecção longitudinal, e coloração em solução de 0,075% de tetrazólio, as sementes foram agrupadas sobre vidro de scanner de mesa, armazenadas e classificadas em quatro classes de vigor. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância, com médias agrupadas pelo teste Scott-Knott, a 5% de significância; também foi realizada análise dos coeficientes de correlação simples entre os resultados dos testes de tetrazólio e demais testes. A avaliação do teste de tetrazólio através da análise de imagens digitalizadas agrupou os lotes em três níveis de vigor. O método é eficiente na determinação de vigor e viabilidade de sementes de trigo, devido a possibilidade de ampliação das imagens que permite análise precisa das estruturas do eixo embrionário.

The occurrence of frost in southern and southeastern Brazil affects pasture quality and limits the use of forage species with high yield potential. Therefore, elucidating the cold tolerance of individual forage species could facilitate the selection of species that will optimize production and animal feeding throughout the year. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the cold tolerance of forage species to low temperatures, based on cell membrane stability and photoinhibition. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), black oat (Avena strigosa), marandu grass (Urochloa brizantha), pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum), mombaça grass (Megathyrsus maximus), and bermuda grass ‘Tifton 85’ (Cynodon spp) plants were subjected to temperatures of 0.2, -0.9, -1.8, -2.7, -4.1, -4.6, and -6.2 °C for 1 h in a growth chamber. Cell membrane stability and photoinhibition were based on the electrical conductivity of leaf section solutions and chlorophyll fluorescence, respectively. Initial cold damage corresponded to a sudden increase in leaf solution conductivity and decrease in fluorescence. Millet and sorghum were able to tolerate exposure to temperatures as low as -2.7 °C, whereas black oat, marandu grass, alfafa, and mombaça grass were able to tolerate exposure to -4.1 °C, and bermuda grass ‘Tifton 85’ was able to withstand temperatures below -6.2 °C.

Os danos fisiológicos em cafeeiros causados pelo estresse de frio podem variar de acordo com intensidade, tempo de exposição, genótipos, idade e status nutricional das plantas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os danos foliares, fisiológicos e bioquímicos decorrentes da exposição das mudas de café a temperaturas negativas e, assim, determinar a temperatura mínima letal para genótipos que poderão ser úteis em futuras pesquisas de cafeeiros mais resistentes ao frio. Foram avaliadas quatro progênies de Coffea arabica com introgressão de Coffea racemosa, três progênies de C. arabica com introgressão de Coffea liberica e a espécie C. racemosa, além das cultivares de C. arabica Mundo Novo IAC 376-4 e Catuaí Vermelho IAC 81, as quais foram usadas como controles suscetíveis. As plantas foram submetidas às temperaturas de -2, -3, -4 e -5 ºC em câmara climática de crescimento. As avaliações dos danos foliares e fisiológicos das mudas foram feitas pelo critério visual (método qualitativo) e por métodos quantitativos: fotossíntese, razão entre a fluorescência variável e máxima do fotossistema II (Fv/Fm), condutividade elétrica de solução de embebição dos discos foliares e teor de proteína. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x10, sendo 5 níveis de temperaturas e 10 genótipos, com 4 repetições. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de agrupamento de médias Scott-Knott a 5% de significância. Realizou-se correlação de Pearson entre os dados para as médias dos genótipos. Os danos visuais foram detectados a partir de -3 °C e quando correlacionados com os demais parâmetros fisiológicos, observou-se resistência somente para a espécie C. racemosa. Temperaturas entre -4 e -5 °C foram as mais adequadas para testar resistência ao frio em progênies de café.

Increased synthesis of galactinol and raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) has been reported in vegetative tissues in response to a range of abiotic stresses. In this work, we evaluated the transcriptional profile of a Coffea canephora galactinol synthase gene (CcGolS1) in two clones that differed in tolerance to water deficit in order to assess the contribution of this gene to drought tolerance. The expression of CcGolS1 in leaves was differentially regulated by water deficit, depending on the intensity of stress and the genotype. In clone 109A (drought-susceptible), the abundance of CcGolS1 transcripts decreased upon exposure to drought, reaching minimum values during recovery from severe water deficit and stress. In contrast, CcGolS1 gene expression in clone 14 (drought-tolerant) was stimulated by water deficit. Changes in galactinol and RFO content did not correlate with variation in the steady-state transcript level. However, the magnitude of increase in RFO accumulation was higher in the tolerant cultivar, mainly under severe water deficit. The finding that the drought-tolerant coffee clone showed enhanced accumulation of CcGolS1 transcripts and RFOs under water deficit suggests the possibility of using this gene to improve drought tolerance in this important crop.

Water stress is one of the main limiting factors for common bean crops, negatively affecting grain yield and seed quality. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inheritance of agromorphological and physiological traits related to drought tolerance in order to identify promising combinations. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse with a partial diallel scheme between three drought-tolerant genotypes (IAPAR 81, BAT 477, and SEA 5), and nine cultivars widely grown in Brazil (BRS Estilo, IAC Alvorada, IPR Campos Gerais, IPR Uirapuru, IPR Nhambu, BRS Esteio, IPR Garça, BRS Radiante, and DRK 18), in a randomized block design with four replicates. The plants were grown in pots with substrate under 80% of pot capacity until they reached the stage R5, when water supply was restricted to 30% for 20 days in the pots under stress treatment. A wide variability for the agromorphological and physiological traits was observed. Water deficit reduced plant performance for most agromorphological traits and altered their physiological metabolism. Additive and non-additive effects are involved in the genetic control of the majority of agromorphological and physiological traits both under water stress and control (well-watered) conditions. The parental genotypes BAT 477 (group I) and IAC Alvorada, IPR Uirapuru, and BRS Esteio (group II) may be included in breeding programs aiming at improving drought tolerance in common bean since they present high positive general combining abilities for agromorphological traits. The crosses IAPAR 81 × IPR Campos Gerais, and SEA 5 × BRS Radiante resulted in the best combinations considering grain yield per plant and total dry biomass, when cultivated under water deficit.

O tratamento de sementes de algodão com regulador de crescimento é utilizado para a obtenção de plantas com menor estatura, com a vantagem de assegurar o controle do desenvolvimento vegetativo desde a emergência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento de plântulas de algodoeiro, provenientes de sementes tratadas com cloreto de mepiquat, em diferentes doses, formas de aplicação e armazenadas após o tratamento. Sementes da cultivar 'IPR 120' foram tratadas com soluções de cloreto de mepiquat nas doses zero; 5; 10; 15 e 20g i.a kg-1 de sementes, via embebição por 12 horas e via aplicação direta nas sementes. As sementes tratadas foram armazenadas em condições ambientais de laboratório e avaliadas mensalmente até 180 dias. Foram avaliados germinação, comprimentos da parte aérea, radicular e total e a massa seca das plântulas. Os dados, para cada período de armazenamento, foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias de formas de aplicação comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 5x2 (doses x formas de aplicação). Os dados de doses foram submetidos a estudos de regressão até 2° grau. Sementes tratadas com cloreto de mepiquat, independente da forma e dose utilizada podem ser armazenadas por até 180 dias após o tratamento sem comprometer o processo de germinação e a ação do regulador de crescimento. O tratamento via embebição de sementes com o cloreto de mepiquat proporciona maior redução do crescimento da plântula em relação à aplicação direta. O incremento nas doses de cloreto de mepiquat provoca a redução no crescimento e desenvolvimento das plântulas de algodoeiro, proporcionando menor comprimento e massa seca.The treatment of cotton seeds with growth regulator is used to obtain plants with reduced stature, with the advantage of ensuring control of plant development from emergence. The objective was to evaluate the development of cotton seedlings, grown from seeds treated with chloride mepiquat at different doses, application forms and stored after treatment. The seeds were treated with '120 IPR' solutions mepiquat chloride at doses of zero, 5, 10, 15 and 20g a. i kg-1 seed, via soaking for 12 hours and via direct application in seed. The treated seeds were stored in laboratory conditions and evaluated monthly until 180 days. We evaluated the germination, the length of shoot, root and total, the dry weight of seedlings. The data for each storage period, were subjected to analysis of variance and means of application methods were compared by Tukey test at 5%, under the completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial 5x2 (doses x application forms). The data were subjected to doses of regression studies until 2nd grade. Seeds treated with mepiquat chloride, independent of dose and can be stored for up to 180 days after treatment, without compromising the process of germination and growth regulator action. Treatment via soaking of seeds with mepiquat chloride provides the greatest reduction in seedling growth in relation to direct application. The increased rate of mepiquat chloride causes the reduction the growth and development of cotton seedlings, providing less length and dry mass.

O trabalho objetivou avaliar a manutenção do efeito do Cloreto de Mepiquat no desenvolvimento inicial das plantas de algodoeiro em função de doses e formas de aplicação do regulador e armazenamento das sementes tratadas. Sementes do cultivar IPR 120 foram tratadas com soluções de Cloreto de Mepiquat (250 g i.a. L-1) nas doses 0,0; 5,0; 10,0; 15,0 e 20,0 g i.a. kg-1 de sementes, via embebição por 12 horas e, via aplicação direta nas sementes. Ao zero; 60; 120 e 180 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos as sementes foram semeadas em vasos e, semanalmente foram determinadas a altura e a área foliar e, aos 28 dias, o diâmetro do caule e matéria seca de caules e folhas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e a comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey a 5%, sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial de 5 x 2 (doses x formas de aplicação), independentemente dos períodos de armazenamento. As médias de doses foram submetidas a estudos de regressão. Independente da forma de aplicação, o Cloreto de Mepiquat reduz diâmetro do caule, matéria seca de caule e folhas, área foliar e altura de plantas. A forma de aplicação e o armazenamento das sementes tratadas por até 180 dias não interferem na ação do regulador. A ação reguladora de crescimento do Cloreto de Mepiquat perdura, pelo menos, até os 28 DAE das plantas, independente da forma de aplicação, dose utilizada e período de armazenamento das sementes tratadas.The study evaluated the maintenance effect of Mepiquat chloride on the early development of cotton plants as a function of doses and application methods of regulating and storing seeds. The seeds were treated with 120 IPR solutions Mepiquat Chloride (250 g a.i. L-1) at doses of 0.0; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0 and 20.0 g a.i. kg-¹ seed, via soaking for 12 hours, and via direct application in seeds. At 0, 60, 120 and 180 days after the treatment the seeds were sown in pots and weekly were determined height and leaf area and, after 28 days, the stem diameter and dry mass of stems and leaves. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and comparisons of means by Tukey test at 5%, under the completely randomized design with four replications in a factorial 5 x 2 (doses and application forms), independently, for each storage period.. The mean doses were subjected to regression studies. Independent of the application, Mepiquat Chloride reduces stem diameter, dry mass of stems and leaves, leaf area and plant height. The form of application and storage of seeds treated for 180 days did not interfere with the action of the regulator. The regulatory action of growth Mepiquat Chloride lasts at least until 28 DAE, independent of the application form, dose and storage period of seeds.

Após tratamento de sementes, é comum a semeadura não ocorrer imediatamente. Eeste trabalho, objetivou-se determinar o efeito do armazenamento de sementes de algodão embebidas com regulador de crescimento Cloreto de Mepiquat (CM) na qualidade fisiológica e manutenção do seu efeito como fitorregulador. Sementes da cultivar IPR 120 foram embebidas em soluções com CM nas doses de 2,5; 5,0 e 10,0 g i.a. kg-1 de sementes por 12 horas e secas a sombra em local ventilado, e testemunha sem tratamento. A avaliação foi feita por meio dos testes de germinação após armazenamento de 0, 30, 60, 90 e 180 dias após o tratamento (DAT). Aos 60 DAT foi avaliado o comprimento de plântulas, em rolo de papel, e a altura da planta, da inserção do nó cotiledonar, da área foliar e a massa da matéria seca de folhas e caule avaliada depois de um período de 24 dias após a emergência das plântulas cultivadas em vasos. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado com vinte tratamentos e quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial (4 doses e 5 tempos de armazenamento), para avaliar o teste de germinação. As sementes embebidas em cloreto de mepiquat podem ser armazenadas por pelo menos 60 dias, sem redução na sua qualidade fisiológica e mantendo o efeito redutor no crescimento das plantas, apresentando crescimento menor, antes mesmo da emergência e persiste por, pelo menos, 180 dias após o tratamento.Sowing is not usually possible immediately after seed treatment. This work was aimed at determining the effect of the storage of cotton seeds soaked with mepiquat chloride (growth regulator) on physiological quality and maintenance of this effect as a plant regulator. Cotton seeds from cultivar IPR 120 were soaked in solutions with mepiquat chloride in doses of zero (control), 2,5: 5,0 and 10,0 g a.i.kg-1 of seeds for 12 hours and dried in the shade in an aerated place. The evaluation was done through germination at zero, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days after the treatment (DAT). 60 DAT the seedling length was evaluated in paper rolls. Seeds stored for 60 DAT were cultivated in pots and plant height and cotyledonary knot insertion, foliar area and dry mater of leaf and branch were appraised for a period of 24 days after emergence. The experimental design was completely randomized with twenty treatments and four replications, using a random factorial (four doses and five time of storage). There was no emergence capacity and vigor loss up to 60 DAT and the effect of the plant regulator on plant height and cotyledonary knot insertion was maintained. Seeds soaked in mepiquat chloride can be stored for at least 60 days without physiological quality reduction and maintaining the reducing agent effect on plant growth, showing lower growth, even before the emergence, lasting for at least 180 days after treatment.

A aplicação do regulador de crescimento via embebição de sementes apresenta alguns inconvenientes, dentre eles, a necessidade de secagem das sementes após o tratamento. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do tratamento de sementes com Cloreto de Mepiquat (CM), embebidas e aplicadas diretamente nas sementes de algodão, no crescimento das plantas. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em blocos casualizados, com seis repetições, utilizando a linhagem PR 02-307. O experimento foi constituído por cinco tratamentos: sementes sem tratamento; aplicação direta sobre as sementes de CM a 3,75 e 7,5g i.a. kg-1 de sementes e embebidas em solução de CM a 3,75 e 7,5g i.a. kg-1 de sementes. Após os tratamentos, a semeadura foi feita em vasos com três litros de solo em casa de vegetação. Foram determinadas a altura e a área foliar do início até 90 dias após emergência e a fitomassa da matéria seca no final do experimento. Os tratamentos em que os reguladores de crescimento independentes da dose e forma de aplicação foram utilizados na semente provocaram redução na altura da planta desde a emergência. O CM pode ser utilizado no tratamento de sementes, tanto por embebição, quanto por aplicação direta, com efeitos semelhantes na redução da altura, da área foliar e da massa seca de folhas e de caules das plantas de algodoeiro, com efeito proporcional à dose utilizada.The application of growth regulator through seed imbibitions has some drawbacks, including the requirement of drying the seeds after treatment. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of seeds treatment with Mepiquat Chloride (MC) on cotton plant growth by direct application and soaking. The treatments were arranged in randomized blocks with six replicates, using PR 02-307 lineage. The experiment consisted of five treatments: untreated seeds; direct application of MC on the seeds with 3.75 and 7.5g a.i. kg-1 of seed and soaking in solutions of 3.75 and 7.5g a.i. kg-1 of seeds. After the treatments, the seeds were sowed in three liters vases in a greenhouse. Height and leaf area were evaluated until 90 days after emergency and dry matter weight was evaluated at end of the experiment. The treatments that used growth regulator on seeds led to plant height reduction from emergency, regardless of dose and form of application. MC can be used by seed soaking or direct application on the seeds, as both have similar effects on height reduction, leaf area, dry matter of leaves and stems of cotton plants. The effect is dose-proportional.

Two experiments were carried out in order to verify the effect of the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl on the initial growth of maize hybrids (AS 1560, DAS 2B710, AG 9010 and P 30F98). First, the hybrids were submitted to a germination test modified by addition of the herbicide in the soaking solution, using the doses 0 (control), 1.8, 3.6 and 5.4 g ha-1. After conditioning, normal and abnormal seedlings (%), dead seeds (%) and seedling length were evaluated. In the second experiment, hybrids were sown in pots after herbicide application at doses 0 (control), 3.6 and 7.2 g ha-1. The seeding was done at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days after application (DAA) of herbicide. Shoot and root dry mass were evaluated 20 days after sowing (DAS). The phytotoxicity of the herbicide metsulfuron-methyl was evidenced in the early development of plants, particularly when sowing was closer to herbicide application. The permanence of the herbicide in the soil may influence seed vigour what can be confused with low physiological quality of the lot. Although presenting different responses, all hybrids s were sensitive to metsulfuronmethyl at the analyzed periods.

Foi avaliado o efeito do tratamento de sementes de algodão, cultivar IPR 120, embebidas em soluções com cloreto de mepiquat e a interação com a aplicação foliar seqüencial deste produto no crescimento, desenvolvimento e produção de algodão, em condições de campo, em Londrina, PR. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, sendo um fator a embebição das sementes com as concentrações de cloreto de mepiquat [0; 0,5; 2,5; 5 e 7,5% (v/v)] e o outro a aplicação foliar (aplicação e não), com quatro repetições. As duas primeiras aplicações foliares ocorreram aos 17 e 32 dias após emergência e as demais a cada 10 dias de intervalo, totalizando sete aplicações. A embebição com regulador afetou a altura da planta, a altura da inserção do nó cotiledonar, não tendo atuação sobre a altura da inserção do primeiro ramo produtivo, número total de ramos, número de ramos frutíferos, número de maçãs por planta e no número de maçãs na primeira posição dos ramos frutíferos, variáveis estas afetadas com aplicação foliar.The effect of soaking cotton seeds, cultivar IPR 120, in mepiquat chloride solution and foliar application of such substance on plant height, development and yield of cotton plants were evaluated. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in Londrina, PR, Brazil. Treatments were displayed in a completely randomized design using a random factorial (5X2): five concentrations of mepiquat chloride (0; 0.5; 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5% (v/v)) for seed soaking and two (0 and 120 g i.a.ha-1) foliar application, replicated four times. The first two applications were done at 17 and 32 days after emergence, and the remaining five at 10-day intervals. Seed treatment with mepiquat chloride affected plant and cotyledon node heights, but showed no effect on the first productive branch insertion and the total number of branches, reproductive branches, bolls per plant and first position bolls. All these variables were affected by the foliar application.

O efeito da embebição de sementes de algodão cultivar IPR-120 com cloreto de mepiquat no crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial das plantas foi avaliado em casa de vegetação. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 5x3 (cinco concentrações do produto, três tempos de embebição), com cinco repetições. Altura e área foliar foram avaliadas, da emergência até o início do florescimento. Os tratamentos com cloreto de mepiquat reduziram a altura da planta desde a emergência, com interações entre os fatores analisados. O número de botões florais e de ramos, a área foliar, a matéria seca da parte aérea e a altura da inserção do nó cotiledonar também foram reduzidos pelos tratamentos.The effects of cotton seeds cultivar IPR-120, soaked with mepiquat chloride solutions on the initial growth and development of the plants, grown in 2,5 L plastic bags, were evaluated under greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised five mepiquat chloride concentration solutions and three soaking durations, with five replications. Evaluations were carried out weekly from emergence to beginning of flowering stage. The treatments containing mepiquat chloride soaking reduced plant height since the emergence, with some interactions among the factors. They also reduced the number of flower buds and branches, leaf area, dry matter and the height of the cotyledon node.

Abstract: Adoption of a standard procedure to perform the germination test allows comparison of results between laboratories. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the germination process of rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) seeds conducted under different temperatures. The germination test was carried out in five seed lots under three temperatures (25, 30 and 35 °C). The dynamics of the germination process was studied through the following variables: germination (%), time to first germination (days), time to last germination (days), time interval between first and last germination (days), time required to reach 50% of germination (days), mean speed of germination (day-1), synchrony of the germination process (dimensionless), and uncertainty of the germination process (bits). The experimental design was completely randomized, and analysis of variance was performed in a 5 (lots) x 3 (temperatures) factorial arrangement, with four replicates of each treatment. Means were compared using Tukey’s test (p < 0.05). The germination process in rangpur lime seeds is slow, homogenous, and asynchronous; and the temperature of 30 °C is the most favorable for conducting the germination test, with the first count at 21 days and the last at 30 days.

Abstract: Rangpur lime is the most commonly used rootstock in Brazil, and its propagation occurs through seeds. Currently, no methodology is described in the prescriptions of the Rules for Seed Testing to perform the germination test of Rangpur lime. Thus, this research aimed to study the dynamics of germination in Rangpur lime seeds according to the Weibull distribution under the effect of different temperatures and lots. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, with treatments arranged in a 3 × 5 factorial scheme (temperatures of 25, 30 and 35 °C for the germination test and five seed lots, respectively) and four replications. The percentage of germination, the number of days required obtaining 50% of germination, and the parameters of the Weibull equation were determined. The optimum temperature for germination of Rangpur lime seeds was 30 °C, with the first and last counts at 21 and 30 days after test installation, respectively. The germination process can be described by the three-parameter Weibull cumulative distribution function.