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Objective: To examine which met and unmet needs are discussed in stillbirth stories shared on YouTube with the aim to improve obstetric care. Design: Inductive thematic analysis of 19 English‐language stillbirth stories uploaded to YouTube. Setting: Online setting, YouTube video content. Sample: Women who experienced stillbirth and shared a video on YouTube talking about their experience. Methods: We conducted a thorough textual reading of the transcripts following Braun and Clarke's guidelines for thematic analysis. Main outcome measures: Codes were developed and grouped into themes. Results: Although some women actively used their birth videos to call out shortcomings in their care, most others used their platform for other purposes such as destigmatisation, awareness and support, and rather unintentionally provided insight into their met and unmet needs. When analysing their birth stories, three major themes emerged: choice and decision‐making, education and information, and behaviour of healthcare providers. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the value of birth stories in research. We identified three major opportunities for improvement of obstetric care: being provided with options and being able to make choices in the decision‐making process are clearly valued, but there are some caveats: women and other childbearing individuals need timely and continuous information, and more attention is needed for emotional intelligence training of healthcare providers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media posts represent a major route by which youth share their substance use cognitions and experiences with others. Extant research has primarily examined relations between alcohol-related posts and posters’ own alcohol use, yet little is known about the role of social media in the use of less socially accepted substances, namely tobacco and marijuana. Our study represents the first to examine the relative strength of this relation across alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. The current research used a one-month time lag to tease apart the temporal ordering of substance-use-posting and participants’ own substance use. A sample of 282 15–20-year-olds (Mage = 18.4, SD = 1.3, 52.9% female) in the United States completed two self-report surveys, one month apart. Results of a cross-lagged panel model revealed significant effects of alcohol and marijuana consumption on subsequent alcohol- and marijuana-related posting, respectively (i.e., selection effects). However, reverse relations (i.e., self-effects) were not significant. Further, we found no differences in the strength of selection effects across substances, suggesting they are similar for both more (alcohol) and less (marijuana and tobacco) socially acceptable substances. Results point to the importance of using young people’s social media posts as a way to help identify individuals at risk for heightened substance use and social media as a mechanism for targeted prevention programming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to alcohol posts on social media has been found to be associated with emerging adults' alcohol use. An important mechanism through which this association seems to occur are social norms. Thus far, however, research has not differentiated between proximal and distal norms and has not accounted for the private (e.g. Instagram private features, Snapchat) and public media outlets (e.g. Instagram public features) through which these norms might have been constructed. The results of our online survey among emerging adults (N = 789, Mage = 21.46, SDage = 1.88, 56.4% female), therefore, showed that exposure to alcohol posts on private SNS features in combination with descriptive proximal norms, instead of more public SNS features and distal norms, played an important role in emerging adults' alcohol use. As such, future research should focus more thoroughly on the interrelations between SNS private features and proximal normative perceptions and try to better understand on which social cues normative perceptions of proximal other's alcohol consumption are based. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A growing body of research supports that publicly displayed alcohol references on social media are positively associated with alcohol use among college students. However, unaddressed questions remain, particularly what types of alcohol references (i.e., alcohol use vs. intoxication) have such influence, and whether the association between sharing alcohol references on social media and drinking behavior is a within-person effect, or rather reflects group differences. The current study (N = 338) used secondary data analysis of a four-wave longitudinal dataset collected as part of a larger project, which evaluated college students' Facebook profiles and their alcohol use across their college experience. Using a random intercept cross-lagged panel analysis, we found empirical support for a positive relationship between sharing alcohol references and alcohol use at between-person level rather than the within-person level. Moreover, there was a negative relationship between sharing intoxication alcohol references on Facebook and alcohol use at the within-person level. This means that we find more support for the idea that the association between sharing alcohol references on social media and drinking behavior reflects group differences, rather than true self-effect of social media use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have highlighted the relation between drinking behavior and alcohol references on social media. However, most studies on substance-use-related social media effects rely on self-report data, and it remains unclear whether individuals can accurately report their online alcohol-related communication. This study contributes to this line of research by examining whether individuals accurately report their alcohol-related self-sharing behavior on social media and what factors contribute to a misestimation of this behavior. A sample of 149 Belgian college students (64.3% females, Mage = 21.33, SD = 1.49) participated in this study, who were asked survey questions on their general and alcohol-related social media use. In addition, all posts they shared on their Instagram profiles between April 1st, 2019, and March 31st, 2020, were captured and coded. The results indicated a positive association between the counted and self-reported frequencies of sharing alcohol posts on Instagram. However, most participants overestimated how often they shared this content. The perceived injunctive norms and sharing alcohol posts for entertainment motives were the only significant predictors of this overestimation. We conclude that this overestimation may be a result of subtle social desirability processes and a misremembrance of what has been shared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the role of media in individuals' alcohol consumption has been touched upon by several researchers. Nevertheless, the underlying processes explaining the relationship between media use and alcohol consumption, as well as the differences in strength of the associations between social and traditional media use and alcohol consumption remain understudied. The present exploratory cross-sectional study (N = 381) among emerging adults (M = 21.83, SD = 2.04, 75.3% females, 67.7% college students) examined drinking identity and non-drinking identity as underlying mechanisms of the relationship between alcohol-related media use and alcohol consumption, while comparing the role of social and traditional media in these processes. We found no associations between traditional media use and drinking identity, non-drinking identity or alcohol consumption. In contrast, social media use was both directly and indirectly related to alcohol consumption via drinking identity and non-drinking identity. This demonstrates that social media can play a socializing role in emerging adults' alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present longitudinal study (N = 596, Mage at baseline = 16.96, SD =.78) combines an interdependent social media effects approach with Slater's reinforcing spirals model. As such, it is the first study to test a triple spiral between self-sharing of and exposure to alcohol-related content on social media, self-sharing and drinking behavior, and exposure and drinking behavior. We thereby differentiate between within-level and between-level relationships using a random intercepts cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM). The results indicate that there is a positive significant relationship between sharing, exposure, and consumption at the between-person level: Across waves, individuals who reported higher alcohol consumption also reported more frequent self-sharing, and those who reported more frequent self-sharing also reported more frequent exposure. Within-person change in self-sharing, exposure, and consumption are associated cross-sectionally, but these relationships do not endure over time. These results demonstrate that alcohol-related communication on social media effects may reflect a subgroup of heavy drinking adolescents who also share about their drinking behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is among the first to cross-culturally compare the associations between social media use and emerging adults' drinking behavior in an accepting (Belgium) and comparatively restricted (USA) Western drinking culture. A cross-sectional survey was administered among 770 college students (nUSA = 253, 24% male; nBelgium = 487, 34% male) aged 18–20 years. Structural equation modeling was used and demonstrated that the association between exposure to others' alcohol-related content on social media and drinking intentions operated similarly via more positive descriptive and injunctive norms for both populations, whereas the association between self-sharing and drinking intentions operated similarly via more positive attitudes. However, only among Belgian students was sharing alcohol references also related to drinking intentions through descriptive norms. Overall, this study points to the generalizability of attitudes and social norms as mechanisms of alcohol-related social media (self-)effects among emerging adult college students across Western drinking cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is the first to empirically and longitudinally demonstrate that alcohol-related social media self-effects may occur via attitudes, and that the strength of this association is dependent on peers and parents. A 2-wave panel study with a 1-year interval (N = 1006) among late adolescents (age 16-20 at baseline) showed that especially individuals whose peers and parents engaged in alcohol-positive socialization behaviors, held more positive alcohol-related attitudes one year later when they shared alcohol-related self-presentations on social networking sites (SNS). The strength of the alcohol-related social media self-effect was dampened when peers and parents engaged in more negative alcohol-related socialization behaviors. Overall, these results do not only provide support for the idea that some individuals can affect themselves through displaying certain content on SNS, they also suggest that peers and parents continue to play a socializing role, even when adolescents transition into emerging adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using social networking sites (SNS) is an important leisure activity for adolescents. However. recent research indicates that SNS can affect adolescent alcohol consumption. The current article presents a literature review summarizing what is known about this relation. The existing literature has examined the relation between SNS and alcohol from two angles. First, relying on social norms theory, several authors have examined whether and how exposure to alcoholrelated content on SNS can affect the perceived social norms regarding alcohol consumption. Second, it has been recognized that SNS can be used to share alcohol-related on SNS. This can be an indicator of real-life drinking behavior. However, corresponding with the self-generated media-effects perspective and self-perception theory, several studies have analyzed whether sharing alcohol-related content on SNS can stimulate drinking behavior as well. Theoretical implications and empirical support is discussed for each perspective, and recommendations are made for future research and prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]