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Formation evaluation is a critical process in the petroleum industry that involves assessing the petrophysical properties and hydrocarbon potential of subsurface rock formations. This study focuses on evaluating the Mauddad Formation in the Bai Hassan oil field by analyzing data obtained from well logs and core samples. Four wells were specifically chosen for this study (BH-102, BH-16, BH-86, and BH-93). The main objectives of this study were to identify the lithology of the Mauddud Formation and estimate key petrophysical properties such as shale volume, porosity, water saturation, and permeability. The Mauddud Formation primarily consists of limestone and dolomite, with some anhydrites present. It is classified as a clean formation due to its low shale volume of approximately 17%. The results of the study show a low water saturation of around 30% and an effective porosity reaching up to 32% (with an average of 11%). The Mauddud Formation was further analyzed using the cluster analysis method, which identified four distinct hydraulic flow units (HFUs). The permeability of the Mauddud Formation was predicted using the flow zone indicator method, revealing a range from moderate to sound quality, averaging approximately 22 md.

Reservoir characterization is an important component of hydrocarbon exploration and production, which requires the integration of different disciplines for accurate subsurface modeling. This comprehensive research paper delves into the complex interplay of rock materials, rock formation techniques, and geological modeling techniques for improving reservoir quality. The research plays an important role dominated by petrophysical factors such as porosity, shale volume, water content, and permeability—as important indicators of reservoir properties, fluid behavior, and hydrocarbon potential. It examines various rock cataloging techniques, focusing on rock aggregation techniques and self-organizing maps (SOMs) to identify specific and anomalous rock faces. Furthermore, the paper explores the adoption of advanced methods, including hydraulic flow units (HFU), providing a fine-grained understanding of reservoir heterogeneity and contributing to the prediction of flow dynamics. The final section includes structural geological models, petrophysical data collected, rock type classification, and spatial data to better represent the reservoir bottom structure. It provides a valuable resource for researchers, geologists, and engineers seeking to characterize reservoirs and make optimal decisions on hydrocarbon exploration and production. It is an important component of hydrocarbon exploration and production, which requires the integration of different disciplines for accurate subsurface modeling.

Mustafa Ghanim,1 Rami Mosleh,2 Anas Hamdan,3 Johnny Amer,4 Malik Alqub,4 Yazun Jarrar,5 Majdi Dwikat4 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; 2Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; 3Department of Anesthesia and Resuscitation Technology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; 4Department of Allied and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine; 5Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, JordanCorrespondence: Mustafa Ghanim, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O Box: 7, Nablus, Palestine, Email mustafa.ghanim@najah.edu Malik Alqub, Department of Allied and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, P.O Box: 7, Nablus, Palestine, Email m.alqub@najah.eduBackground/Aim: Consanguinity represents a biological relationship between two individuals. In clinical genetics, it specifically refers to the marriage between individuals who are second cousins or closer. The aim of the study is to assess perceptions and their predictors among the Palestinian population towards consanguinity.Methods: A survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample was collected using convenience and snowball sampling methods, yielding a sample of 1008 participants. The perceptions towards consanguinity and its predictors were assessed using Chi-square test.Results: The prevalence of consanguinity among married participants was 18.7% (N = 81/432), while it was 28.8% among their parents. Consanguinity rate was significantly low among the young age group (ie, < 47 years old) and among participants whose mothers have undergraduate educational levels (P < 0.05). Other factors like parental consanguinity, educational level of participants, their father’s educational level, and residency place showed no significant associations (P > 0.05). Rejection of consanguinity was significantly noted among young age participants, absence of parental consanguinity, the presence of children or family members with genetic disorders and female gender (P < 0.001). Furthermore, participants who indicated that they are governmental employees, those with 2000– 5000 ILS monthly income, those who are married (P < 0.01), and those who indicated that their mothers are holders of postgraduate degree were significantly more likely to reject the idea of consanguinity (P < 0.05). Also, medical and/or scientific reasons were significantly associated with rejecting the idea of consanguinity (P < 0.001).Conclusion: Consanguinity prevalence has decreased among recent generations in Palestine, but it remains a significant challenge in Palestine. Therefore, educational and awareness programs about consanguinity and its health effects are effective strategies for reducing the consanguinity rate, especially for persons who are at the age of marriage.Keywords: consanguinity, perceptions, awareness, genetics, health effects

An optimization study was conducted to determine the optimal operating pressure for the oil and gas separation vessels in the West Qurna 1 oil field. The ASPEN HYSYS software was employed as an effective tool to analyze the optimal pressure for the second and third-stage separators while maintaining a constant operating pressure for the first stage. The analysis involved 10 cases for each separation stage, revealing that the operating pressure of 3.0 Kg/cm2 and 0.7 Kg/cm2 for the second and third stages, respectively, yielded the optimum oil recovery to the flow tank. These pressure set points were selected based on serval factors including API gravity, oil formation volume factor, and gas-oil ratio from the flow tank. To improve the optimization process for separator sizes, a Python code was developed, combining the Newton Raphson Method (NRM), and Lang Cost Method (LCM), with Retention time calculations. In this process, total purchase cost was the objective function. Two design scenarios were examined, corresponding to throughput of 105,000 KBPD and 52,500 KBPD respectively. In the first scenario, the NRM, LCM, and Retention time methods within the Python code were employed, resulting in a three-stage separation train with costs of $1,534,630 for the first stage, $1,438,239 for the second stage and $1,025,978 for the third stage. The Total purchase cost for the separation train was $3,988,847. In the second scenario, utilizing two separators for each stage to process the same throughput resulted in lower costs, totaling $823,851.5 per stage and a total purchase cost of $2,471,553. These costs were calculated using the Lang Cost method, which included the material cost and utilized a Lang factor of 3.1 to determine the total purchase cost after adding shipping, installation, commissioning, and start-up expenses. The first scenario resulted in larger separators and higher costs, while the second scenario showed lower costs, although it required two vessels per stage to process the same throughput. It was observed that the separator efficiencies were influenced by retention time, with increased retention time leading to improved separator efficiency.

Tarik Alhmoud,1 Sami Ghazaleh,2 Marcel Ghanim,2 Roberta E Redfern3 1Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH, USA; 2Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH, USA; 3Clinical Research Department, Toledo Hospital, Toledo, OH, USACorrespondence: Tarik Alhmoud, Gastroenterology and Hepatology Division, Toledo Hospital, ProMedica Digestive Health Care, 5700 Monroe St, Suite 103 Sylvania, Toledo, Ohio, 43560, USA, Tel +1 419 841-3301, Fax +1 419 841-7704, Email Tarik.AlhmoudMD@Promedica.org; Tarik.Alhmoud@utoledo.eduBackground: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) patients present with dysphagia and often suffer from esophageal food impaction (EFI). EFI can lead to life-threatening perforation, and requires emergent endoscopic intervention. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk factors for EFI in EoE patients.Methods: This is a retrospective study performed at a tertiary health-care system. Medical records and endoscopy images of EoE cases were reviewed. Clinical characteristics and outcomes including EFIs were documented. We used Zip-code median household income as a surrogate for patients’ socioeconomic status.Results: A total of 291 EoE cases were included, mean age was 42 years. Most patients (65%) had classic EoE endoscopic findings including linear furrows and/or concentric rings; however, a significant proportion (47%) had findings suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), such as the presence of erosive-esophagitis, a hiatal hernia or Schatzki’s ring. Forty-eight patients (16%) developed one or more esophageal food impaction (EFI). The risk of EFI was less likely in the absence of furrows and/or rings; odds ratio (OR) = 0.28, 95% CI (0.11, 0.72) [P = 0.008]. Females had less EFI risk; OR = 0.42, 95% CI (0.19, 0.95) [P = 0.04]. The type of medical insurance and socioeconomic status was not associated with EFI risk.Conclusion: EFI risk is higher in EoE patients with esophageal furrows and/or rings and in men. Aggressive treatment might be required in this population. GERD and EoE can coexist in many patients. Further studies are required to examine the role of the socioeconomic status in EoE complications.Keywords: eosinophilic esophagitis, food impaction, gastroesophageal reflux disease, linear furrows, felinization

This paper presents a comparative study between different oil production enhancement scenarios in the Saadi tight oil reservoir located in the Halfaya Iraqi oil field. The reservoir exhibits poor petrophysical characteristics, including medium pore size, low permeability (reaching zero in some areas), and high porosity of up to 25%. Previous stimulation techniques such as acid fracturing and matrix acidizing have yielded low oil production in this reservoir. Therefore, the feasibility of hydraulic fracturing stimulation and/or horizontal well drilling scenarios was assessed to increase the production rate. While horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing can improve well performance, they come with high costs, often accounting for up to 100% of the total well cost. To ensure economically viable flow rates and achieve maximum ultimate oil recovery, a technical and economic comparative study was conducted. The results indicate that hydraulic fracturing offers promising outcomes, with a total oil production of 153,816 Mbbl over 30 years from 25 fractured wells, resulting in a final Net Present Value (NPV) of 3,583.32 MM$. In contrast, the planned two horizontal wells exhibit lower eventual production and NPV compared to the majority of fractured wells. However, the 2000 m lateral section of well HF00Y-S00YH shows a slightly higher NPV. Considering the operational benefits and profitability, hydraulic fracturing should be seriously considered for the further development of the Saadi reservoir. This comparative study provides valuable insights into the most effective approach for enhancing oil production in tight reservoirs like Saadi, balancing the technical feasibility and economic viability of different stimulation scenarios. The findings can guide decision-making processes and contribute to maximizing oil recovery in similar challenging reservoirs.

The evaluation of subsurface formations as applied to oil well drilling started around 50 years ago. Generally, the curent review articule includes all methods for coring, logging, testing, and sampling. Also the methods for deciphering logs and laboratory tests that are relevant to assessing formations beneath the surface, including a look at the fluids they contain are discussed. Casing is occasionally set in order to more precisely evaluate the formations; as a result, this procedure is also taken into account while evaluating the formations. The petrophysics of reservoir rocks is the branch of science interested in studying chemical and physical properties of permeable media and the components of reservoir rocks which are associated with the pore and fluid distribution. Throughout recent years, several studies have been conducted on rock properties, such as porosity, permeability, capillary pressure, hydrocarbon saturation, fluid properties, electrical resistivity, self-or natural-potential, and radioactivity of different types of rocks. These properties and their relationships are used to evaluate the presence or absence of commercial quantities of hydrocarbons in formations penetrated by, or lying near, the wellbore. A principal purpose of this paper is to review the history of development the most common techniques used to calculate petrophysics properties in the laboratory and field based primarily on the researchers and scientists own experience in this field.

Abstract Stability properties of implicit – explicit (IMEX) of linear multistep methods for ordinary differential equations are analyzed on the basis of stability regions defined by using scalar test equations. This study is closely related to the stability analysis of the standard linear multistep methods for ordinary differential equation. In this paper we give two idea to extend the stability region for the second – order IMEX method, also have extended the region IMEX Euler method, the simplest IMEX method of first order, numerical results

LABVIEW is a powerful and versatile graphical programming language thathad its roots in operation, automation control and data acquisition of the system. The pH control system of a non-linear wastewater treatment unit, contains heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Cd, Fe, Ni and Zn), had been developed depending on dynamics behavior of the process. The pH value of wastewater is change by addition chemicals (lime or Na2S). The semi-batch pH process system dynamically behaved as a first order lag with dead time. The tuning of control parameters was carried byseveral methods; Internal Model Control (IMC), Minimum (ITAE) criteria and Adaptive mode. Since the process was fast, the Integral of Absolute of Error (IAE) criteria was used to compare between the above tuning methods. Adaptive control was the best and effective to determining the values of proportional gain (Kc), Integral time constant (t I) and Derivative time constant (t D ).PI mode was found to be the best for control the fast pH process.

The effect of process variables on the recovery of hardness from water byacation exchanger was studied. At steady state the process could be represented bysecond order nonlinear emperical model. Although this model was less accurate thanthe dynamic model,the results show agreement when compared with the experimentaldata. The steady state optimization model was used to limit the operating conditions ofthe system. The static feed forward control could be used with the aid of on – linedigital computer.

Bifidobacterium sp. and Lact. acidophilus bacteria were isolated from newly born infant’s stool while Lact. plantarum bacteria were isolated from pickles . As for Lact, bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus bacteria , they were isolated from local sheep yoghurt and identified by studying the morphological and biochemical tests . Then they were compared with Bergey’s Manual ( 1986 ) informations .The resistance of the above-mentioned bacteria to bile salt at aconcentration of 1 and 2% and the effect of these salts on the growth of bacteria were all studied . At the concentration of 2% , there was a reduction in the number of bacteria with the increase in exposing time to bile salt . At the concentration of 1% , the imported Bifidobacterium sp. was the most resistant to bile salt . On the other hand , Lact, bulgaricus and Strep. thermophilus were the least one . All bacteria showed ability in reducing cholesterol outside invitro after a 24-hour incubation . The reduction increased with the increase incubation period up to 48 hours The highest cholesterol reducing bacteria were Bifidobacterium sp. However the least reduction was caused by Lact. bulgaricus and Strep thermophilus.

عالج البحث مسألة إصدار "أول دستور عراقی دائم" عام 1925 منذ تشکیل الدولة العراقیة الحدیثة ونشأة النظام الملکی فی العراق. ثم التعدیلات التی أجریت علیه تباعا حتى إلغائه بعد إعلان الجمهوریة فی 14 تموز 1958. مع التطرق إلى المآخذ والنقاط الإیجابیة فیه، ومقارنته فیما حصل فی العهود الجمهوریة المتعاقبة التی تمسکت بالدساتیر المؤقتة مما شکل نقصا وحاجة ملحة للحیاة الدستوریة العراقیة الصحیحة

Significant advances in horizontal well drilling technology have been made in recent years. The conventional productivity equations for single phase flowing at steady state conditions have been used and solved using Microsoft Excel for various reservoir properties and different horizontal well lengths. The deviation between the actual field data, and that obtained by the software based on conventional equations have been adjusted to introduce some parameters inserted in the conventional equation. The new formula for calculating flow efficiency was derived and applied with the best proposed values of coefficients ψ=0.7 and ω= 1.4. The simulated results fitted the field data. Various reservoir and field parameters including lateral horizontal length of the horizontal well (L), Skin factor (S), ratio of the vertical to horizontal permeability of the formation (KV/KH), and the vertical thickness of the productive zone (h) were studied and verified to generalize the suggested equation to estimate the horizontal well productivity indices for various reservoir kinds. This led to creating a new formula of flow efficiency equation that could be applied in AHDEB field.

Two different polyvinyl alcohol/polyvinyl chloride (PVA/PVC) hollow fiber composite nanofiltration membranes were prepared after PVC hollow fiber membranes were coated using dip-coating method with PVA aqueous solution, which was composed of PVA, fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether (AEO9), and water [PVA/AEO9/water (4:0.5:95.5) wt%]. Effect of two different PVC hollow fiber immersion times in coating solution were studied. Cross-section, internal and external surfaces of the PVC hollow fibers and PVA/PVC composite nanofiltration membranes structures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), pure water permeation flux and solutes rejection. It was found that, the coating layer thickness on the outer surface of the 19 wt% PVC hollow fiber was thin and about (6μm), while the coating solution penetrates through the outer edge of the PVC hollow fiber and it looks like sponge-like structure with increase of the dip-coating time from 20 to 30 sec. Besides, the pure water permeation flux decreases and solutes rejection increases with an increase of the coating time from 20 to 30 sec for the two PVA/PVC composite nanofiltration membranes. Molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of the PVA/PVC composite nanofiltration membranes were in the range of NF (i.e. 200-3000 Mw).

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Engineering (17264073) is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Petroleum Research & Studies is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Iraqi Journal of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)