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In this paper, new brain tumour detection method is discovered whereby the normal slices are disassembled from the abnormal ones. Three main phases are deployed including the extraction of the cerebral tissue, the detection of abnormal block and the mechanism of fine-tuning and finally the detection of abnormal slice according to the detected abnormal blocks. Through experimental tests, progress made by the suggested means is assessed and verified. As a result, in terms of qualitative assessment, it is found that the performance of proposed method is satisfactory and may contribute to the development of reliable MRI brain tumour diagnosis and treatments.

Wireless sensor network consists of nodes with limited resources. Hence, it is important to design protocols or algorithms which increases energy efficiency in order to improve the network lifetime. In this paper, techniques used in the network layer (routing) of the internet protocol stack to achieve energy efficiency are reviewed. Usually, the routing protocols are classified into four main schemes: (1) Network Structure, (2) Communication Model, (3) Topology Based, and (4) Reliable Routing. In this work, only network structure based routing protocols are reviewed due to the page constraint. Besides, this type of protocols are much popular among the researchers since they are fairly simple to implement and produce good results as presented in this paper. Also, the pros and cons of each protocols are presented. Finally, the paper concludes with possible further research directions.

Digital watermarking is a procedure to embedded watermark or logo into image to avoid copyright and protect the image from being manipulated by others without owner approval. In Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) sector, the main challenge in watermarking is how to achieve high imperceptibility or visual quality and robustness without sacrificing the capacity of the cover image. In addition, the watermark should be able extracted without any distortion. As for that, spiral scan embedding technique is used to overcome this issue. The performance of the propose project is evaluated by comparing the results of extracting process using spiral scan technique with sequence technique, while the imperceptibility of the cover image is measured using Peak Signal Ratio (PSNR) and robustness of the watermarked image is measured using Normalized cross correlation (NCC). Result shows that the proposed technique obtains high imperceptibility and robustness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]