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Introduction and Aim. Oral microbiota has shown a higher bacterial diversity and abundance in individuals with digestive tract malignancies. According to recent research, some periopathogens link to gastro-intestinal neoplastic tissue and accelerate its progression. The present study was carried out to evaluate a possible association between the abundance of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Tannerella forsythia and periodontal status with the characteristics of gastric cancer. Materials and Methods. Twenty-four patients with gastric cancer were examined and divided in two groups, with periodontitis and gingivitis. The patients' oral cavity was examined, gingival crevicular samples were collected, and the following parameters were recorded: number of absent teeth, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing. Quantitative real-time polymerase-chain-reaction was used to evaluate the amount of the two bacteria in the gingival crevicular fluid samples. The differentiation grade and tumour dimension were registered during the histopathological exam of the gastric cancer tissues. Following the statistical analysis, correlations between periodontal disease's clinical parameters, the bacterial strains identified, and the characteristics of gastric cancer were made. Results. The strong significant correlation between tumour dimension and all periodontal parameters (p < 0.05) but also between the size of the tumour and F. nucleatum (p < 0.05) could suggest a positive association between periodontal disease, gastric tumoral growth and periopathogens' implication in this process. A moderate significant correlation was found between tumour dimension and T. forsythia (p < 0.05). The low differentiation grade was most common across both groups. Conclusions. Our findings point to a potential association between periodontal disease, the two subgingival periopathogens evaluated and gastric cancer's evolution. Consequently, we can state that further research is required for a more comprehensive understanding of this deadly disease, for early diagnosis and for discovering new strategies to limit its progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by an intense fibrosis which enhances the growth of tumor cells and drives an epithelialmesenchymal transition. The consequence is the uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells, including pancreatic cancer stem cells (PCSC), which can enhance the metastatic potential. Objective. The aim of this study is to assess the expression of pancreatic cancer stem cells, on pancreatic endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle biopsy (EUS-FNB) specimens. Material and Methods. A total of 21 patients diagnosed with PDAC after EUS-FNB within the Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology of Craiova, were included in the study, and the samples were sent for immunohistochemical assessment. Anti-Human CD 24 (policlonal, Abcam, ab 199140) and EpCAm (Epr 20532-225, Rb monoclonal, Abcam, ab 223582) were used. Results. All cases were positive for CD24 and EpCAM. In NOS ductal adenocarcinomas, CD24 immunomarking was heterogeneous, with variable intensity and a variable number of positive cells within the same case. Well and moderately differentiated adenocarcinomas that formed tubular or papillary structures showed a higher intensity CD24 expression compared to poorly differentiated or undifferentiated adenocarcinomas. EpCam showed a stronger immunolabeling intensity in the analyzed samples. PDAC EpCam expression was of moderate and high intensity and with a heterogeneous appearance in NOS G1 adenocarcinomas, but the intensity of the immunomarking tended to decrease with increasing histological grade. Conclusions. EUS-FNB PCSC immunohistochemistry is feasible. At the subcellular level, the basolateral membranous and cytoplasmic staining of EpCam in PDAC could be correlated with tumor invasion and possibly with the unfavorable evolution of this type of carcinoma, while CD24 frequently presents an apical immunostaining pattern and could suggest the presence of an epithelial-type phenotype of tumor cells, with a lower potential for invasiveness and metastasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colonoscopy is long time the most preferred method for CRC screening along with diagnosis and treatment for a range of colon diseases. Based on its difficulty in visualizing precursor CRC lesions, mostly those located on the right colon, this method can be subject of improvement. The colonoscopy quality can be influenced by many factors such as colon preparation, retraction time, the colonoscopists medical training and knowledges as well as the performance of endoscopy equipment. The bad quality of colonoscopy will result in the emergence of interval cancers defined, based on the author, as cancers that appear at 3-5 years up to 10 years from the colonoscopy procedure. Interval cancers have predominantly incriminated both the colonoscopy quality and the clinician competences and less the tumor biology. Subsequently there were set quality indicators of colonoscopy in order to raise the quality of the exploration. Among the important indicators, proving their utility in studies, the ADR (adenoma detection rate) is most commonly used along with PDR (polyp detection rate) and APC (adenoma per colonoscopy). Following the purpose of obtaining a higher colonoscopy quality the medical units should keep in check all indicators. Furthermore, there should be an active involvement in an additional training of non-conforming medical personnel or even restrain of practice, given the medical legal actions that have interval cancers as a main cause. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent discoveries, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) still face challenges with attainment of remission. The objectives of the study were to identify the characteristics of patients with the Freiburg Personality Inventory and the intensity of the intestinal disease, comorbidities that could be related to the personality of the subjects. Data were collected in the period 2019--2020 from 46 patients and used nonparametric methods. Compared to the normative sample, the Inhibitedness, Health Concerns, and Emotionality scales had significantly higher raw scores. The Social Orientation, Frankness, and Extraversion scales had significantly lower raw scores. Health status was a medical factor that influenced the Somatic Complaints scale, patients who had lesions or comorbidities had significantly higher raw scores. Patients who had comorbidities in addition to IBD had considerably higher raw scores on the Excitability scale. Psychotherapeutic change interventions regarding life perception are required to tackle the description of subjective suffering related to physical inconveniences (Somatic Complaints scale), a strong orientation toward performance (Strain scale), mood swings, anxiety, and pessimism (Emotionality scale). Another intervention is reconsidering values and (re) prioritization, such as family, intimate relationships, friends, health, growth, development, balanced work, all of which can promote a feeling of well-being and balance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulinoma is the most common functional neuroendocrine tumor that originates from the islet of beta cells [1]. Advances of various diagnostic imaging methods have dramatically increased our ability to detect pancreatic diseases [2]. In particular, the ultrasonography plays an important role in the screening of pancreatic ailments [3]. Due to the small dimension of the mass, the clinicians face difficulties in diagnosing it. We present the case of a 69 years old patient diagnosed with pancreatic insulinoma which underwent imagistic examination. The patient known with hypertension and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis presented in the clinic for syncopes, sweating, anxiety and severe wight-loss. In the patient medical history, we found an emergency admission one month earlier for episodes of loss of consciousness, tremor of the upper limbs, sweating and disorientation in time and space. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography showed a heterogenous 1,4 cm tumour localized in the pancreatic body with features of insulinoma. The prolonged supervised fast test that was applied induced hypoglycaemic symptoms. The level of glucose and insulin was at the lower range of the fast test. The presence of tumor was confirmed by endoscopic ultrasound, but the cytopathologic examination suggested an aspect of chronic pancreatitis. Through imaging methods and with an evocative clinical portrayal, we identified the pancreatic tumor as being an insulinoma. Even though cytology didn't support the diagnosis, we tend to believe that a false negative result cannot be ruled out. We underline the need of other specific tests in this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a leading cause of death by cancer worldwide. Computerized diagnosis systems relying on novel imagingmarkers gained significant importance in recent years. Our aimwas to integrate a novel morphometric measurement-the fractal dimension (FD)-into an artificial neural network (ANN) designed to diagnose HCC. Material and Methods. The study included 21 HCC and 28 liver metastases (LM) patients scheduled for surgery. We performed hematoxylin staining for cell nuclei and CD31/34 immunostaining for vascular elements. We captured digital images and used an in-house application to segment elements of interest; FDs were calculated and fed to an ANN which classified them as malignant or benign, further identifying HCC and LM cases. Results. User intervention corrected segmentation errors and fractal dimensions were calculated. ANNs correctly classified 947/1050 HCC images (90.2%), 1021/1050 normal tissue images (97.23%), 1215/1400 LM (86.78%), and 1372/1400 normal tissues (98%). We obtained excellent interobserver agreement between human operators and the system. Conclusion. We successfully implemented FD as a morphometric marker in a decision system, an ensemble of ANNs designed to differentiate histological images of normal parenchyma from malignancy and classify HCCs and LMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) has been recently proposed as a new technique that allows in vivo histologic assessment of mucosa during endoscopy. The most commonly used contrast agents are acriflavine hydrochloride and fluorescein sodium. For colon pathology assessment, the administration of fluorescein intravenously produces a strong staining of both surface epithelium and deeper layers of lamina propria. Confocal laser endomicroscopy is a feasible method to diagnose colon cancer in vivo. Furthermore, confirmation of neoplastic changes using CLE during colonoscopy may lead to major improvements in the clinical management of the patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Biopsies can be limited to targeted sampling of relevant lesions. Confocal laser endomicroscopy will certainly play an important diagnostic role during gastrointestinal endoscopy in the future, enabling the elimination of the diagnostic delay associated with conventional biopsy preparation and processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tridimensional endoscopic ultrasound (3D-EUS) offers a better understanding of the spatial relations of examined lesions and allowing future assessment of the captured volume. 3D-EUS has been used with both radial and linear transducers, especially in an attempt to improve staging of esophageal, gastric, pancreatic or rectal tumors. The aim of this clinical imaging article was to show the capabilities and perspectives of linear 3D ultrasound, including contrastenhanced 3D-EUS. The 3D reconstruction images were acquired with a freehand technique through rotation (torque) of the EUS scope along its long axis. 3D acquisition of contrast-enhanced EUS images was also used. Esophageal, gastric and mediastinal tumors are easily visualized by 3DEUS reconstructions and also, 3D-EUS facilitates anatomical interpretation of the images in the pancreatobiliary area. In conclusion, the advantages of 3D reconstructions in EUS are clear and multiple, especially in the assessment of the location of tumors and their relationships with neighboring organs and blood vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide. We report the case of a 66-yearold man diagnosed with stage III B colorectal cancer who underwent radical surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy and subsequently developed hepatic metastases. Two months following metastasectomy, PET-CT scan revealed liver metastases with metabolic activity. The patient was started on FOLFIRI chemotherapy regimen in combination with cetuximab, and achieved stable partial remission 7 weeks after starting the treatment. NGS and IHC testing of the surgically removed tumor revealed MSI-H/dMMR, and NRAS/KRAS wild type status, moderate positive (30%) expression of PD-L1 protein, along with BRCA2 mutation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cholangiocarcinoma is the most common malignancy of the bile ducts causing intrahepatic, hilar, or distal bile duct obstruction. Most jaundiced patients are diagnosed with unresectable tumors in need for palliative bile duct drainage and chemotherapy. Endobiliary radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an adjuvant technique that may be applied prior to biliary stenting. The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of endobiliary RFA prior to stent insertion in patients with unresectable distal cholangiocarcinomas. Methods: Twenty-five patients (eight treated with RFA and stenting and 17 treated with stenting alone) were included in a case-controlled study. We prospectively assessed the impact of RFA on the survival rate, the patient performance status, and the preservation of eligibility for chemotherapy based on the patient laboratory profile. Results: Patients treated with RFA prior to stenting proved to have a significantly longer survival interval (19 vs. 16 months, p = 0.04, 95% CI) and significantly better performance status. Moreover, the laboratory profiles of patients treated with RFA has been proven superior in terms of total bilirubin, liver enzymes, and kidney function, thus making patients likely eligible for palliative chemotherapy. Post-ERCP adverse events were scarce in both the study group and the control group. Conclusion: Given the isolated adverse events and the impact on the patient survival, performance, and laboratory profile, RFA can be considered safe and efficient in the management of patients with unresectable distal cholangiocarcinomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Standard ultrasound is an excellent method for assessing gallbladder disease. Despite the well-known advantages of conventional ultrasound, the sensitivity and accuracy are not satisfactory, especially when stones or some other gallbladder lesions fill the gallbladder lumen. Sometimes the bladder sediment may present as an intraluminal mass and mimic tumors such as gallbladder cancer or adenoma. With no information of micro vascularity differential diagnosis between benign diseases from malignant diseases is sometimes very difficult using conventional ultrasound, but CEUS can be a useful tool. The study was performed in the Gastroenterology Clinic of SCJU Craiova during 2018-2022. 38 patients with ultrasound-detected gallbladder formations were included. The reference methods for diagnosis were histological examination or computed tomography in cases without operative indication. A single experienced physician with more than fifteen years' experience performed CEUS examinations by applying a second-generation blood pool agent (SonoVue®, Bracco, Milan, Italy). Archived images were interpreted by the same physician and compared to the final diagnosis. There were 12 malignant and 26 benign gallbladder lesions in total in this study, including 12 cases of gallbladder cancer, 16 case of gallbladder sludge and 10 cases of gallbladder polyps. All the cases of gallbladder sludge were shown as completely nonenhanced on CEUS, and the diagnostic accuracy was 100%. CEUS exam shows homogeneously hyperenhanced on arterial phase and isoenhanced on venous phase in gallbladder polyps, The appearances of gallbladder cancer on CEUS were various: a mass in gallbladder which was heterogeneously hyperenhanced on arterial phase and washed out quickly or an irregular thickness of gallbladder, which was also heterogeneously hyperenhanced on arterial phase and washed out quickly. Gallbladder sludge and gallbladder cancer had completely different features on CEUS and the diagnostic accuracy was very high. CEUS is a feasible alternative tool to differentiate gallbladder pathologic alterations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim. Endoscopic therapy is the method of choice in the management of biliary strictures after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Even though the mainstay approach for OLT stricture complications is represented by consecutive procedures of multiple plastic stents (MPS) insertion, a valuable alternative is the use of fully covered self-expandable metal stents (FCSEMS). The aim of the study was to compare MPS with FCSEMS used in the management of OLT biliary strictures, in terms of clinical outcomes and complications. Material and Methods. This is a retrospective, single-center study conducted between February 2014 and November 2019 in the Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, Romania. We enrolled all consecutive patients who developed biliary strictures after OLT and were treated by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) either with MPS or FCSEMS. Results. Thirty-six patients were included in the study, 27 patients had MPS and nine patients had FCSEMS. 106 ERCP procedures were performed and 159 stents were inserted. The mean number of ERCP procedures required per patient was significantly higher for MPS than for FCSEMS (3.34 ± 1.46 vs. 2.11 ± 0.33, p < 0.001). In the FCSEMS group only one patient had three procedures, due to stent migration. Difficult cannulation was encountered in 22 patients, 18 patients from MPS group and four patients from FCSEMS group. Dilation was performed in 20 (77%) MPS patients and in four FCSEMS patients (44%). Overall, we used 159 stents for stricture resolution, 149 plastic stents and 10 FCSEMS. Mean number of stents inserted was significantly lower in the FCSEMS group compared to MPS group (1.16 ± 0.40 vs. 5.73 ± 2.64, p < 0.001). Conclusions. Stricture resolution using FCSEMS is comparable to MPS and even has some advantages. In line with prior studies, FCSEMS are effective, with fewer complications and similar outcome compared to plastic stents. Other particular aspects should be further assessed, especially long-term follow up of FCSEMS and their cost efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution, high-potential imaging method that has recently been introduced into medical investigations. A growing number of studies have used this technique in the field of gastroenterology in order to assist classical analyses. Lately, 3D-imaging and Doppler capabilities have been developed in different configurations, which make this type of investigation more attractive. This paper reviews the principles and characteristics of OCT and Doppler-OCT in connection with analyses of the detection of normal and pathological structures, and with the possibility to investigate angiogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution, high-potential imaging method that has recently been introduced into medical investigations. A growing number of studies have used this technique in the field of gastroenterology in order to assist classical analyses. Lately, 3D-imaging and Doppler capabilities have been developed in different configurations, which make this type of investigation more attractive. This paper reviews the principles and characteristics of OCT and Doppler-OCT in connection with analyses of the detection of normal and pathological structures, and with the possibility to investigate angiogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, high-resolution, high-potential imaging method that has recently been introduced into medical investigations. A growing number of studies have used this technique in the field of gastroenterology in order to assist classical analyses. Lately, 3D-imaging and Doppler capabilities have been developed in different configurations, which make this type of investigation more attractive. This paper reviews the principles and characteristics of OCT and Doppler-OCT in connection with analyses of the detection of normal and pathological structures, and with the possibility to investigate angiogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dementias are the third cause of the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) worldwide with Alzheimer's (AD) having the highest prevalence. Despite ample research in the field, therapeutic options are limited. However, with the increase in lifespan, a larger number of AD patients will receive other medication for the evermore-increased number of comorbidities that such patients face. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the neurological and cardiac effects of verapamil, on C57BL/6J-TgN (Thy1-APPKM670/671NL; Thy1-PS1L166P (APP) mice. The daily administration of 3.5mg/kg of verapamil for 28 days revealed different effects on young and aged APP mice. While young animals showed less anxiety and improved short-term memory with minimal cardiac effects (an increase in the duration of ventricular depolarization), aged ones did not present behavioral improvements, but with a decrease in the duration of ventricular depolarizing. Repolarization effects of verapamil were similar in young and aged animals, except for the duration of the ST segment that was longer in aged animals. Considering our results, the use of calcium blockers in AD patients should take into consideration the stage of the disease, as different effects could be seen at different stages of AD, in our model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis remains a major medical emergency that describes the body's systemic immune response to an infectious process and can lead to end-stage organ dysfunction and death. Clinical studies have introduced the concept of sepsis associated encephalopathy, which seems to have a plethora of cellular and molecular triggers starting from systemic inflammatory cytokines, blood-brain barrier (BBB) rupture, microscopic brain injury, altered cerebral circulation, neurotransmission, or even metabolic dysfunction. The purpose of our study is to reproduce the sepsis model previously described using the cecal ligature and puncture (CLP), and to take a closer look to the acute modifications that occur on cellular level when it comes to the brain-blood-barrier of the mice with systemic inflammation. After a rapid systemic response to peritonitis, we show a heterogeneity in astrocytic response within different cortical structures; hippocampus having the longest change in the number of GFAP+cells, while no difference was seen in the number of cortical astrocytes. With even more increasing roles of astrocytes in different pathologies, the relation between sepsis and astrocytes could prove a valuable in discovering new therapy in sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. HCV is considered the most encountered viral infection that affect patients after hemodialysis sessions. Even though liver biopsy is considered the golden standard for hepatic diagnosis, additional methods have been used for assessing liver fibrosis. Transient elastography (TE) has evolved as a reference method in some European countries and allows the physician to carry out a fibrosis evaluation in a noninvasive, low-cost and rapid method. Our objective was to assess the efficacy of TE in staging patients with HCV liver disease associated with ESRD, thus choosing the correct moment to perform the procedure. Materials and Methods. We included 34 patients known with ESRD within the regional Nephrology Clinic of Olt County Hospital and also having positive hepatitis C viral liver marker. TE was performed before and hemodialysis and data was analyzed. Results. The patients where we have encountered significant changes were especially within the F0 and F1 stage with a decrease of fibrosis after hemodialysis. Thus, 7 patients which had no fibrosis (F0) went from 4,14±0,98kPa to 3,54±0,84 (p<0,05) and 12 patients from the F1 stage went from 6,22±0,39kPa to 5,47±0,58kPa. The other stages had no significant changes with F2 changing after hemodialysis from 8.03±0,62kPa to 7,76±0,6kPa. Conclusions. TE represents a valuable tool for stiffness assessment and should be taken into considerations as a major option for ESRD patients with liver disease. However, more patients should be enrolled to strengthen this theory and thus providing more reliable results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) is a term used to define a constellation of characteristics that illustrate abnormal cardiac structure and function in patients with cirrhosis. These encompass systolic and diastolic dysfunction, electrophysiological and structural anomalies, both macroscopic and microscopic. At present, the prevalence of CCM remains unknown, mostly because the condition is typically latent and becomes noticeable when the patient is under stress, like exercise, drugs, hemorrhage or surgery. The essential clinical attributes of CCM consist of elevated baseline cardiac output, abnormal response of systolic contraction and diastolic relaxation as an answer to physiological, pharmacological or surgical stress and electrical anomalies (prolonged QT interval). In most cases, diastolic dysfunction predates systolic dysfunction, which tends to manifest only under stressful conditions. CCM diagnosis is still challenging, due to an absence of specific criteria. The prognosis is, as well, difficult to establish, but the severity of the diastolic dysfunction can be a risk marker for mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the need for an excellence centers in Romania to provide quality of care to patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Topics include the adherence for expert physicians and guidelines to treat IBD patients, the implementation of certain measures and required criteria to address the widespread variations in the care of IBD patients, and the applicability of the measures into clinical practice in the country.

The use of liver elastography has substantially developed in the past few years; the introduction of novel elastographic methods (Transient Elastography, point Shear Wave Elastography, Real Time Shear Wave Elastography, Strain Elastography) has changed the perspective in the evaluation of liver disease. The ongoing research in this area is mainly focused on diffuse liver diseases and for predicting liver cirrhosis complication. This guideline created under the auspice of Romanian Society of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology is intended to accustomize the clinician with the current practical use of liver elastography and has been issued to help in maximizing the clinical benefit for the patients with chronic liver diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims. The role of angiogenesis in progression and metastasis of gastric cancer has been studied over the last years. The aim of our study was to assess the microvessel density and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in correlation with prognosis, survival and the risk for upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding as well. Method. We prospectively assessed angiogenesis in 40 patients with gastric carcinoma. Microvessel density was calculated using CD31 and CD34 markers, and VEGF expression was assessed in biopsy samples. The tumor stage was established using imaging methods: CT scan for M and N stage and endoscopic ultrasound for T and N stages. The correlation between pathological markers and tumor stage, survival rate and risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding was assessed. Results. The study included 40 patients with gastric cancer; among them 8 patients presented with upper GI bleeding. The average microvessel density was 10.21 for CD31 and 11.85 for CD34 in all patients VEGF was positive only in 45% of patients. The microvessel density was higher in patients with advanced TNM stage, and a correlation with the risk of UGIB and survival rate was also found. VEGF expression correlated with TNM stage and with the risk of upper GI bleeding. Conclusions. Microvessel density (estimated by CD34) was involved in locally advanced disease, while VEGF was correlated with loco-regional extension and distant metastasis in gastric cancer patients. There was a clear correlation between angiogenic parameters, survival rate and the risk of upper GI bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to develop a new self-report tool (HCV-AD) measuring adherence factors, intentional or unintentional, during Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) treatment with direct-acting antivirals (DAA) aiming to achieve high efficacy, otherwise resulting in drug resistance and treatment failure. Two phases were conducted: in the first phase, items were generated based on an extensive literature review, and, in the second phase, a prospective cohort study was conducted using HCV patients from Gastroenterology Department from University County Hospital of Craiova, Romania (n = 222), to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. A number of 19 items were generated following a systematic review and through expert opinion. The internal consistency reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. The construct validity was assessed using correlations with two other instruments: visual analog scale (VAS) and medication possession ratio (MPR). The final questionnaire (HCV-AD10) was derived through exploratory factor analysis, with 82% of total variance explained. This instrument appeared as a reliable and valid measure for medication adherence, with Cronbach's alpha (0.867) and significant high positive correlations between adherence scores calculated with HCV-AD10 and VAS (ρ = 0.61, p < 0.001) or with HCV-AD10 and MPR (ρ = 0.75, p < 0.001). This research would make a worthwhile contribution to HCV management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]