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BACKGROUND: Mastitis is known as the most economic important disease in the dairy industry in the world. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the major causes of mastitis, which is treated with antibiotics, especially β-lactams. The emergence and spread of resistance to these antibiotics in livestock and the potential transfer of this resistance to human communities is a serious threat to public health in different countries. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to determine the resistance to β-lactams in E. coli isolates from the milk samples of bovine clinical mastitis in Tabriz City, Iran. Also, the presence of the extended-spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)- encoding genes (blaTEM-1 and blaSHV-1) was investigated in the isolates. METHODS: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 240 milk samples were collected from cattle with clinical mastitis in Tabriz. None of the cattle were under antibiotic therapy before sampling. The samples were evaluated according to the standard microbiological methods. The antibiotic susceptibility of E. coli isolates was investigated using the disk diffusion method. Also, the isolates were evaluated for the production of ESBL using the combined disk test. Finally, the presence of blaTEM and blaSHV in β-lactamase producing strains was confirmed using the PCR method. RESULTS: Out of 240 samples, E. coli was isolated from 50 samples (20.83%), of which 22 isolates (44%) were detected as β-lactamase producers. The results of the PCR test showed that seven isolates (31.81 %) carried the blaTEM and four (18.18 %) the blaSHV. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the abundance of β-lactamase-producing E. coli in this study, there is a possibility of the spread of antibiotic resistance among the livestock population due to improper use of antibiotics and transferring resistance genes to human communities. Therefore, accurate identification, proper treatment of infected animals, and compliance with the withdrawal period of animal products treated with antibiotics are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate adenocarcinoma (PCa) are 2 prostatic lesions affecting most men over60years old. It wasshownthat there is a significant relationship betweenBPHand PCa. BPHcould lead to escalating risks of PCa. Functional androgen signaling is involved in the maintenance and development of the normal prostate. Defects in this signaling pathway are also involved in the development of prostate cancer and BPH. Due to the importance of the HSD3B gene family in steroid hormone biosynthesis, it plays an important role in hormone-dependent tumors such as prostate cancer. Objectives: In this study, we evaluated the expression of HSD3B1 and HSD3B2 genes in BPH and PCa by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods: A total of 40 BPH and 40 PCa samples were evaluated. After RNA extraction and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, real-time PCR was performed with specific primers, and the results were compared with age, pathology stage, Gleason score, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) range parameters. Results: The results showed that both genes were downregulated in PCa compared to BPH. This reduction was more noticeable in the HSD3B1 gene than in the HSD3B2 gene, but it was not statistically significant. No significant relationship was observed between age, disease stage, Gleason score, and PSA level with changes in the expression of these 2 genes in the 2 groups. Conclusions: Increased expression of these 2 genes does not play a significant role in PCa but can play a role in the development of BPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: As the awareness about the dangerous side effects of synthesis antibiotics is growing, the request for natural alternatives of these drugs has been increased. Natural materials reduce the danger of these side effects. Brassica Napus L. is a medicinal plant which has diverse applications in traditional medicine. This study aims to investigate the antibacterial effects of Brassica Napus L. alcoholic extract on some of pathogenic bacteria. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the turnip with scientific name of Brassica Napus L. has been used. Having prepared the alcoholic extract, the effect of 50mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml and 400 mg/ml of this extract were studied using well diffusion agar and disk diffusion agar on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The test of defining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) was done using serial tube dilution. Results: The Brassica Napus L. alcoholic extract prevented the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration from the growth of this bacteria ranges from 12.5 mg/ml to 100 mg/ml. Conclusion: The Brassica Napus L. alcoholic extract has significant inhibitory role in the growth of pathogenic bacteria in vitro. Meanwhile, more researches are recommended due to reaching more inclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]