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4. Effectiveness of protected areas in the Caucasus Mountains in preventing rangeland degradation.

Author

Ghoddousi, Arash, Pratzer, Marie, Lewinska, Katarzyna E., Eggers, Juliana, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Ambarli, Hüseyin, Arakelyan, Marine, Askerov, Elshad, Butsic, Van, Ghazaryan, Astghik, Lortkipanidze, Bejan, Radeloff, Volker C., and Kuemmerle, Tobias

Subjects
*OVERGRAZING, *VEGETATION greenness, *PROTECTED areas, *LAND degradation, *REMOTE-sensing images, *RANGELANDS
Abstract

As land use intensifies globally, it increasingly exerts pressure on protected areas. Despite open, nonforested landscapes comprising up to 40% of protected areas globally, assessments have predominately focused on forests, overlooking the major pressures on rangelands from livestock overgrazing and land conversion. Across the southern Caucasus, a biodiversity hotspot extending over 5 countries, we conducted a broadscale assessment of the extent to which protected areas mitigate land‐use pressure on rangelands in them. Using satellite‐based indicators of rangeland vegetation greenness from 1988 to 2019, we assessed the effectiveness of 52 protected areas. This period encompassed the collapse of the Soviet Union, economic crises, armed conflicts, and a major expansion of the protected area network. We applied matching statistics combined with fixed‐effects panel regressions to quantify the effectiveness of protected areas in curbing degradation as indicated by green vegetation loss. Protected areas were, overall, largely ineffective. Green vegetation loss was higher inside than outside protected areas in most countries, except for Georgia and Turkey. Multiple‐use protected areas (IUCN categories IV–VI) were even more ineffective in reducing vegetation loss than strictly protected areas (I & II), highlighting the need for better aligning conservation and development targets in these areas. Mapping >10,000 livestock corrals from satellite images showed that protected areas with a relatively high density of livestock corrals had markedly high green vegetation loss. Ineffectiveness appeared driven by livestock overgrazing. Our key finding was that protected areas did not curb rangeland degradation in the Caucasus. This situation is likely emblematic of many regions worldwide, which highlights the need to incorporate degradation and nonforest ecosystems into effectiveness assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. Mapping opportunities and barriers for coexistence between people and pumas in the Argentine Dry Chaco.

Author

Nanni, A. Sofía, Ghoddousi, Arash, Romero‐Muñoz, Alfredo, Baumann, Matthias, Burton, Jamie, Camino, Micaela, Decarre, Julieta, Martello, Felipe, Regolin, André Luis, and Kuemmerle, Tobias

Subjects
*PUMAS, *HUMAN behavior, *HABITAT conservation, *PROTECTED areas, *SURFACE resistance, *CARNIVOROUS animals
Abstract

Aim: The persistence of large carnivore populations depends on their survival outside protected areas, where they often impact local livelihoods through livestock depredation. Understanding the impacts of human behaviour on large carnivores in shared landscapes is thus important but is often overlooked in habitat assessments or conservation planning. We employed an integrated approach that considers human behaviour and landscape structure metrics to assess the potential for human‐puma (Puma concolor) coexistence in the Chaco region, a global deforestation and defaunation hotspot. Location: Argentine Dry Chaco (~490,000 km2). Methods: We identified suitable puma habitat patches and movement areas using occupancy modelling and combined it with a spatial human‐puma conflict risk model based on interview data to identify 'safe' and 'unsafe' habitat patches. We then used resistance surfaces to identify 'safe' and 'unsafe' movement areas, as well as 'severed' movement areas where anthropogenic land conversion inhibits movement. Results: Safe puma habitat patches (i.e., suitable and safe) covered 29% of the region, whereas attractive sinks (i.e., suitable but risky) represented 12%. Movement areas corresponded to 60% of the region, while conflict risk and high landscape resistance undermined connectivity: unsafe and severed movement areas covered 10% and 11% of the region, respectively. Nearly 98% of safe habitat and movement areas occurred outside protected areas. Main Conclusions: We provide an integrated conceptual framework and spatial explicit template for a three‐pronged conservation strategy to (1) protect safe habitat and movement areas, (2) mitigate livestock depredation in attractive sinks and unsafe movement areas and (3) restore landscape in severed and matrix areas to improve ecological connectivity. This would allow pumas to maintain viable populations while reducing negative impacts on local people. More generally, we show how integrating habitat and conflict risk models can reveal opportunities and challenges for human‐carnivore coexistence beyond protected areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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6. Links between deforestation, conservation areas and conservation funding in major deforestation regions of South America.

Author

Qin, Siyu, Buchadas, Ana, Meyfroidt, Patrick, He, Yifan, Ghoddousi, Arash, Pötzschner, Florian, Baumann, Matthias, and Kuemmerle, Tobias

Subjects
PROTECTED areas, FOREST dynamics, ENVIRONMENTAL degradation, FOREST conservation, SAVANNAS
Abstract

Copyright of People & Nature is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Published
2024
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10. Governance and Conservation Effectiveness in Protected Areas and Indigenous and Locally Managed Areas

Author

Zhang, Yin, primary, West, Paige, additional, Thakholi, Lerato, additional, Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh, additional, Supuma, Miriam, additional, Straub, Dakota, additional, Sithole, Samantha S., additional, Sharma, Roshan, additional, Schleicher, Judith, additional, Ruli, Ben, additional, Rodríguez-Rodríguez, David, additional, Rasmussen, Mattias Borg, additional, Ramenzoni, Victoria C., additional, Qin, Siyu, additional, Pugley, Deborah Delgado, additional, Palfrey, Rachel, additional, Oldekop, Johan, additional, Nuesiri, Emmanuel O., additional, Nguyen, Van Hai Thi, additional, Ndam, Nouhou, additional, Mungai, Catherine, additional, Milne, Sarah, additional, Mabele, Mathew Bukhi, additional, Lucitante, Sadie, additional, Lucitante, Hugo, additional, Liljeblad, Jonathan, additional, Kiwango, Wilhelm Andrew, additional, Kik, Alfred, additional, Jones, Nikoleta, additional, Johnson, Melissa, additional, Jarrett, Christopher, additional, James, Rachel Sapery, additional, Holmes, George, additional, Gibson, Lydia N., additional, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Geldmann, Jonas, additional, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, additional, Edwards, Thera, additional, Dressler, Wolfram H., additional, Douglas, Leo R., additional, Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., additional, Davidov, Veronica, additional, Compaoré-Sawadogo, Eveline M.F.W., additional, Collins, Yolanda Ariadne, additional, Cepek, Michael, additional, Burow, Paul Berne, additional, Brockington, Dan, additional, Balinga, Michael Philippe Bessike, additional, Austin, Beau J., additional, Astuti, Rini, additional, Ampumuza, Christine, additional, and Agyei, Frank Kwaku, additional

Published
2023
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15. Reflecting on the role of human‐felid conflict and local use in big cat trade.

Author

Arias, Melissa, Coals, Peter, Ardiantiono, Elves‐Powell, Joshua, Rizzolo, Jessica Bell, Ghoddousi, Arash, Boron, Valeria, da Silva, Mariana, Naude, Vincent, Williams, Vivienne, Poudel, Shashank, Loveridge, Andrew, Payán, Esteban, Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh, and Dickman, Amy

Subjects
ROLE conflict, WILDLIFE conservation, SNOW leopard, TIGERS, WILDLIFE crimes
Abstract

Illegal trade in big cat (Panthera spp.) body parts is a prominent topic in scientific and public discourses concerning wildlife conservation. While illegal trade is generally acknowledged as a threat to big cat species, we suggest that two enabling factors have, to date, been under‐considered. To that end, we discuss the roles of human‐felid conflict, and "local" use in illegal trade in big cat body parts. Drawing examples from across species and regions, we look at generalities, contextual subtleties, ambiguities, and definitional complexities. We caution against underestimating the extent of "local" use of big cats and highlight the potential of conflict killings to supply body parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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16. Enabling spaces for bridging scales: scanning solutions for interdisciplinary human-environment research

Author

UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Friis, Cecilie, Hernández-Morcillo, Mónica, Baumann, Matthias, Coral, Claudia, Frommen, Theresa, Ghoddousi, Arash, Loibl, David, Rufin, Philippe, UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate, Friis, Cecilie, Hernández-Morcillo, Mónica, Baumann, Matthias, Coral, Claudia, Frommen, Theresa, Ghoddousi, Arash, Loibl, David, and Rufin, Philippe

Published
2023

17. Governance and conservation effectiveness in protected areas and indigenous and locally managed areas

Author

Zhang, Yin, West, Paige, Thakholi, Lerato, Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh, Supuma, Miriam, Straub, Dakota, Sithole, Samantha S., Sharma, Roshan, Schleicher, Judith, Ruli, Ben, Rodríguez-rodríguez, David, Rasmussen, Mattias Borg, Ramenzoni, Victoria C., Qin, Siyu, Pugley, Deborah Delgado, Palfrey, Rachel, Oldekop, Johan, Nuesiri, Emmanuel O., Nguyen, Van Hai Thi, Ndam, Nouhou, Mungai, Catherine, Milne, Sarah, Mabele, Mathew Bukhi, Lucitante, Sadie, Lucitante, Hugo, Liljeblad, Jonathan, Kiwango, Wilhelm Andrew, Kik, Alfred, Jones, Nikoleta, Johnson, Melissa, Jarrett, Christopher, James, Rachel Sapery, Holmes, George, Gibson, Lydia N., Ghoddousi, Arash, Geldmann, Jonas, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Edwards, Thera, Dressler, Wolfram H., Douglas, Leo R., Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., Davidov, Veronica, Compaoré-sawadogo, Eveline M.f.w., Collins, Yolanda Ariadne, Cepek, Michael, Burow, Paul Berne, Brockington, Dan, Balinga, Michael Philippe Bessike, Austin, Beau J., Astuti, Rini, Ampumuza, Christine, Agyei, Frank Kwaku, Zhang, Yin, West, Paige, Thakholi, Lerato, Suryawanshi, Kulbhushansingh, Supuma, Miriam, Straub, Dakota, Sithole, Samantha S., Sharma, Roshan, Schleicher, Judith, Ruli, Ben, Rodríguez-rodríguez, David, Rasmussen, Mattias Borg, Ramenzoni, Victoria C., Qin, Siyu, Pugley, Deborah Delgado, Palfrey, Rachel, Oldekop, Johan, Nuesiri, Emmanuel O., Nguyen, Van Hai Thi, Ndam, Nouhou, Mungai, Catherine, Milne, Sarah, Mabele, Mathew Bukhi, Lucitante, Sadie, Lucitante, Hugo, Liljeblad, Jonathan, Kiwango, Wilhelm Andrew, Kik, Alfred, Jones, Nikoleta, Johnson, Melissa, Jarrett, Christopher, James, Rachel Sapery, Holmes, George, Gibson, Lydia N., Ghoddousi, Arash, Geldmann, Jonas, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Edwards, Thera, Dressler, Wolfram H., Douglas, Leo R., Dimitrakopoulos, Panayiotis G., Davidov, Veronica, Compaoré-sawadogo, Eveline M.f.w., Collins, Yolanda Ariadne, Cepek, Michael, Burow, Paul Berne, Brockington, Dan, Balinga, Michael Philippe Bessike, Austin, Beau J., Astuti, Rini, Ampumuza, Christine, and Agyei, Frank Kwaku

Abstract

Increased conservation action to protect more habitat and species is fueling a vigorous debate about the relative effectiveness of different sorts of protected areas. Here we review the literature that compares the effectiveness of protected areas managed by states and areas managed by Indigenous peoples and/or local communities. We argue that these can be hard comparisons to make. Robust comparative case studies are rare, and the epistemic communities producing them are fractured by language, discipline, and geography. Furthermore the distinction between these different forms of protection on the ground can be blurred. We also have to be careful about the value of this sort of comparison as the consequences of different forms of conservation for people and nonhuman nature are messy and diverse. Measures of effectiveness, moreover, focus on specific dimensions of conservation performance, which can omit other important dimensions. With these caveats, we report on findings observed by multiple study groups focusing on different regions and issues whose reports have been compiled into this article. There is a tendency in the data for community-based or co-managed governance arrangements to produce beneficial outcomes for people and nature. These arrangements are often accompanied by struggles between rural groups and powerful states. Findings are highly context specific and global generalizations have limited value.

Published
2023

18. Enabling spaces for bridging scales:scanning solutions in interdisciplinary human-environment research

Author

Friis, Cecilie, Hernández-Morcillo, Mónica, Baumann, Matthias, Coral, Claudia, Frommen, Theresa, Ghoddousi, Arash, Loibl, David, Rufin, Philippe, Friis, Cecilie, Hernández-Morcillo, Mónica, Baumann, Matthias, Coral, Claudia, Frommen, Theresa, Ghoddousi, Arash, Loibl, David, and Rufin, Philippe

Abstract

To tackle the twenty-first-century challenges for sustainability, a deeper understanding of their complexity is needed. Hence, interdisciplinary human–environment research integrating knowledge, perspectives, and solutions across scales is crucial. Yet, questions of ‘scale’ and ‘scaling’ continue to challenge human–environment research. Despite substantial scholarly attention to scales, no unified definitions and understanding exist, causing confusion among researchers. In this paper, we aim to provide clarity to the challenges and potential solutions to bridging scales in interdisciplinary human–environment research as well as identify leverage points and arenas of change that would enable it. We used a three-step methodology to (a) identify the challenges and solutions based on a survey of 82 interdisciplinary researchers, (b) prioritise the challenges and solutions based on expert elicitation, and (c) organise the solutions according to their potential for leveraging change at three system arenas: individual researchers, institutions and organisations, and the wider academic structures. The main challenges ranged from issues related to differences in research approaches, lack of resources for deeper collaborations, or conflicting perspectives on problem and scale definitions, to miscommunication. The specific solutions linked to these challenges were predominantly related to the potential of improving the research process through open communication, data sharing, or new techniques for upscaling or downscaling results. We argue that bridging scales requires open and humble conversations across disciplines on scale understandings as well as improved collaboration through data sharing, method development, result dissemination, and contribution to theory. Facilitating such collaboration requires enabling spaces of interaction across three systemic arenas: the individual researcher’s personal commitment to open communication and reflection, the research instit

Published
2023

20. Advancing protected area effectiveness assessments by disentangling social‐ecological interactions: A case study from the Luangwa Valley, Zambia.

Author

Frietsch, Marina, Zafra‐Calvo, Noelia, Ghoddousi, Arash, and Loos, Jacqueline

Subjects
PROTECTED areas, SCIENTIFIC literature, BIODIVERSITY conservation, INFECTIOUS disease transmission, WELL-being
Abstract

Protected and conserved areas (PCAs) target at biodiversity conservation and human well‐being, but often reflect low levels of effectiveness. Understanding PCAs social‐ecological systems in which people and nature interact in so‐called social‐ecological interactions is key to understanding the roots of (in)effectiveness, and to leverage change toward resilient and sustainable systems. Despite this potential, social‐ecological interactions in PCAs are commonly neglected in effectiveness evaluations. To address this gap, we elaborated a thorough understanding of the social‐ecological interactions in PCAs through the following steps: In a first step, we extracted from scientific literature which social‐ecological interactions influence the effectiveness of PCAs in general and derived influencing factors which shape those interactions. Based on these insights, we developed an analytical framework, which, in a second step, we applied to a case study in North Luangwa, Zambia. We elucidated three dimensions of social‐ecological interactions occurring in the study area: care (e.g., conservation programs), conflict (e.g., disease transmission), and use (e.g., hunting). We visualized relationships between these interactions and associated key variables in a causal loop diagram. Finally, we drew on the case study in Zambia's Luangwa Valley to propose system‐specific metrics for key variables central to the social‐ecological structure of the study area to make effectiveness measurable. Our approach allows for linking site‐specific social‐ecological interactions to PCA effectiveness. More generally, our findings call for the consideration of the relationships between people and nature when assessing conservation effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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21. Analysis of differences and commonalities in wildlife hunting across the Africa-Europe South-North gradient

Author

Bachmann, Mona Estrella, primary, Kulik, Lars, additional, Gatiso, Tsegaye, additional, Nielsen, Martin Reinhardt, additional, Haase, Dagmar, additional, Heurich, Marco, additional, Buchadas, Ana, additional, Bösch, Lukas, additional, Eirdosh, Dustin, additional, Freytag, Andreas, additional, Geldmann, Jonas, additional, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Hicks, Thurston Cleveland, additional, Ordaz-Németh, Isabel, additional, Qin, Siyu, additional, Sop, Tenekwetche, additional, van Beeck Calkoen, Suzanne, additional, Wesche, Karsten, additional, and Kühl, Hjalmar S., additional

Published
2022
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22. Prioritizing livestock grazing right buyouts to safeguard Asiatic cheetahs from extinction

Author

Daberger, Michaela, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Khaleghi Hamidi, Amirhossein, Khalatbari, Leili, Abolghasemi, Hamed, Mirzadeh, Hamid, Ghoddousi, Arash, Daberger, Michaela, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Khaleghi Hamidi, Amirhossein, Khalatbari, Leili, Abolghasemi, Hamed, Mirzadeh, Hamid, and Ghoddousi, Arash

Abstract

The article processing charge was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – 491192747 and the Open Access Publication Fund of Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin., Livestock husbandry exerts major pressures on wildlife across the world. Large carnivores are particularly at risk because they are often killed by pastoralists as a preventive or precautionary response to livestock depredation. Minimizing the overlap between pastures and carnivore habitat can thus be a conservation strategy, but it remains often unclear which pastures should be targeted to maximize conservation benefits given a limited budget. We addressed this question for the last viable population of the Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) in northeastern Iran. By combining species distribution modeling with a spatial prioritization framework, we aimed to identify where grazing right buyouts should take place to reduce cheetah killing by herders and their dogs. We assessed the Asiatic cheetah habitat using species distribution models, highlighting large, contiguous areas that overlap with livestock pastures (5792 km2, equaling 72% of the total predicted suitable habitat). Subsequently, we used data on the number and distribution of livestock (~47,000 animals in 80 pastures) and applied a spatial prioritization method to identify pastures for grazing right buyouts for a range of budget scenarios (US$100,000–600,000). Pastures selected had a high level of irreplaceability and were generally stable across budget scenarios. Our results provide a novel approach to minimize encounter rates between cheetah and livestock, and thus the mortality risk, for one of the world's most endangered felids and highlight the potential of spatial prioritization as a tool to devise urgent conservation actions., Peer Reviewed

Published
2022

23. Understanding spatial patterns of poaching pressure using ranger logbook data to optimize future patrolling strategies

Author

Ghoddousi, Arash, Van Cayzeele, Corinna, Negahdar, Pegah, Kh Hamidi, Amirhossein, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Fandos, Guillermo, Khorozyan, Igor, Waltert, Matthias, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Ghoddousi, Arash, Van Cayzeele, Corinna, Negahdar, Pegah, Kh Hamidi, Amirhossein, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Fandos, Guillermo, Khorozyan, Igor, Waltert, Matthias, and Kuemmerle, Tobias

Abstract

Poaching is driving many species toward extinction, and as a result, lowering poaching pressure is a conservation priority. This requires understanding where poaching pressure is high and which factors determine these spatial patterns. However, the cryptic and illegal nature of poaching makes this difficult. Ranger patrol data, typically recorded in protected area logbooks, contain information on patrolling efforts and poaching detection and should thus provide opportunities for a better understanding of poaching pressure. However, these data are seldom analyzed and rarely used to inform adaptive management strategies. We developed a novel approach to making use of analog logbook records to map poaching pressure and to test environmental criminology and predator–prey relationship hypotheses explaining poaching patterns. We showcase this approach for Golestan National Park in Iran, where poaching has substantially depleted ungulate populations. We digitized data from >4800 ranger patrols from 2014 to 2016 and used an occupancy modeling framework to relate poaching to (1) accessibility, (2) law enforcement, and (3) prey availability factors. Based on predicted poaching pressure and patrolling intensity, we provide suggestions for future patrol allocation strategies. Our results revealed a low probability (12%) of poacher detection during patrols. Poaching distribution was best explained by prey availability, indicating that poachers target areas with high concentrations of ungulates. Poaching pressure was estimated to be high (>0.49) in 39% of our study area. To alleviate poaching pressure, we recommend ramping up patrolling intensity in 12% of the national park, which could be achievable by reducing excess patrols in about 20% of the park. However, our results suggest that for 27% of the park, it is necessary to improve patrolling quality to increase detection probability of poaching, for example, by closing temporal patrolling gaps or expanding informant networks. O, Peer Reviewed

Published
2022

24. Analysis of differences and commonalities in wildlife hunting across the Africa-Europe South-North gradient

Author

Bachmann, Mona Estrella, Kulik, Lars, Gatiso, Tsegaye, Nielsen, Martin Reinhardt, Haase, Dagmar, Heurich, Marco, Buchadas, Ana, Bösch, Lukas, Eirdosh, Dustin, Freytag, Andreas, Geldmann, Jonas, Ghoddousi, Arash, Hicks, Thurston Cleveland, Ordaz-Németh, Isabel, Qin, Siyu, Sop, Tenekwetche, Calkoen, Suzanne van Beeck, Wesche, Karsten, Kühl, Hjalmar S., Bachmann, Mona Estrella, Kulik, Lars, Gatiso, Tsegaye, Nielsen, Martin Reinhardt, Haase, Dagmar, Heurich, Marco, Buchadas, Ana, Bösch, Lukas, Eirdosh, Dustin, Freytag, Andreas, Geldmann, Jonas, Ghoddousi, Arash, Hicks, Thurston Cleveland, Ordaz-Németh, Isabel, Qin, Siyu, Sop, Tenekwetche, Calkoen, Suzanne van Beeck, Wesche, Karsten, and Kühl, Hjalmar S.

Abstract

Hunting and its impacts on wildlife are typically studied regionally, with a particular focus on the Global South. Hunting can, however, also undermine rewilding efforts or threaten wildlife in the Global North. Little is known about how hunting manifests under varying socioeconomic and ecological contexts across the Global South and North. Herein, we examined differences and commonalities in hunting characteristics across an exemplary Global South-North gradient approximated by the Human Development Index (HDI) using face-to-face interviews with 114 protected area (PA) managers in 25 African and European countries. Generally, we observed that hunting ranges from the illegal, economically motivated, and unsustainable hunting of herbivores in the South to the legal, socially and ecologically motivated hunting of ungulates within parks and the illegal hunting of mainly predators outside parks in the North. Commonalities across this Africa-Europe South-North gradient included increased conflict-related killings in human-dominated landscapes and decreased illegal hunting with beneficial community conditions, such as mutual trust resulting from community involvement in PA management. Nevertheless, local conditions cannot outweigh the strong effect of the HDI on unsustainable hunting. Our findings highlight regional challenges that require collaborative, integrative efforts in wildlife conservation across actors, while identified commonalities may outline universal mechanisms for achieving this goal.

Published
2022

28. Quantifying the relationship between prey density, livestock and illegal killing of leopards

Author

Soofi, Mahmood, primary, Qashqaei, Ali T., additional, Mousavi, Marzieh, additional, Hadipour, Ehsan, additional, Filla, Marc, additional, Kiabi, Bahram H., additional, Bleyhl, Benjamin, additional, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Balkenhol, Niko, additional, Royle, Andrew, additional, Pavey, Chris R., additional, Khorozyan, Igor, additional, and Waltert, Matthias, additional

Published
2022
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29. R codes.docx

Author

Ghoddousi, Arash

Abstract

The codes for R Statistical Software to analyze poaching distribution using single-season occupancy modeling framework.

Published
2022
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33. Rear‐edge populations are important for understanding climate change risk and adaptation potential of threatened species

Author

Habibzadeh, Nader, Ghoddousi, Arash, Bleyhl, Benjamin, and Kuemmerle, Tobias

Subjects
alpine zone, Caucasus, 551 Geologie, Hydrologie, Meteorologie, Ecology, General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution, QH1-199.5, range shifts, ddc:551, SDM, sense organs, conservation planning, climate change adaptation, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Climate change disproportionately threatens alpine species, by reducing available habitat and by isolating their populations. These pressures are particularly relevant for rear-edge populations, which typically occupy more marginal habitat compared to populations at the core of species' ranges. We studied Caucasian grouse Lyrurus mlokosiewiczi in the Caucasus ecoregion, a global biodiversity hotspot where this species is endemic, to understand potential climate change impacts on the species. Specifically, we assessed how climate change impacts rear-edge populations and how important these populations are for understanding range shifts and adaptive capacity under climate change. We used maximum entropy modeling to assess changes in the distribution of climatically suitable habitat under present and 2070 climate conditions for the representative concentration pathways 8.5 (RCP8.5). Our results revealed that ignoring rear-edge populations leads to a significant underestimation of the future range (by about 14,700 km2). Rear-edge populations were better adapted to warmer climates compared to core populations, and ignoring them, therefore, also underestimates adaptive capacity. Preventing the loss of rear-edge populations should, therefore, be a priority for conservation planning in the face of climate change. Because the Caucasian grouse is associated with alpine mountain tops, conservation should focus on establishing connectivity between rear-edge and core populations (e.g., via transboundary corridors or assisted colonizations). Our study reveals how species distribution modeling can highlight the importance of rear-edge populations for mitigating climate change impacts on species of conservation concern.

Published
2021

34. Training future generations to deliver evidence-based conservation and ecosystem management

Author

Downey, Harriet, Amano, Tatsuya, Cadotte, Marc, Cook, Carly N., Cooke, Steven J., Haddaway, Neal R., Jones, Julia P. G., Littlewood, Nick, Walsh, Jessica C., Abrahams, Mark, Adum, Gilbert, Akasaka, Munemitsu, Alves, Jose A., Antwis, Rachael E., Arellano, Eduardo C., Axmacher, Jan, Barclay, Holly, Batty, Lesley, Benitez-Lopez, Ana, Bennett, Joseph R., Berg, Maureen J., Bertolino, Sandro, Biggs, Duan, Bolam, Friederike C., Bray, Tim, Brook, Barry W., Bull, Joseph W., Burivalova, Zuzana, Cabeza, Mar, Chauvenet, Alienor L. M., Christie, Alec P., Cole, Lorna, Cotton, Alison J., Cotton, Sam, Cousins, Sara A. O., Craven, Dylan, Cresswell, Will, Cusack, Jeremy J., Dalrymple, Sarah E., Davies, Zoe G., Diaz, Anita, Dodd, Jennifer A., Felton, Adam, Fleishman, Erica, Gardner, Charlie J., Garside, Ruth, Ghoddousi, Arash, Gilroy, James J., Gill, David A., Gill, Jennifer A., Glew, Louise, Grainger, Matthew J., Grass, Amelia A., Greshon, Stephanie, Gundry, Jamie, Hart, Tom, Hopkins, Charlotte R., Howe, Caroline, Johnson, Arlyne, Jones, Kelly W., Jordan, Neil R., Kadoya, Taku, Kerhoas, Daphne, Koricheva, Julia, Lee, Tien Ming, Lengyel, Szabolcs, Livingstone, Stuart W., Lyons, Ashley, McCabe, Grainne, Millett, Jonathan, Strevens, Chloe Montes, Moolna, Adam, Mossman, Hannah L., Mukherjee, Nibedita, Munoz-Saez, Andres, Negroes, Nuno, Norfolk, Olivia, Osawa, Takeshi, Papworth, Sarah, Park, Kirsty J., Pellet, Jerome, Phillott, Andrea D., Plotnik, Joshua M., Priatna, Dolly, Ramos, Alejandra G., Randall, Nicola, Richards, Rob M., Ritchie, Euan G., Roberts, David L., Rocha, Ricardo, Rodriguez, Jon Paul, Sanderson, Roy, Sasaki, Takehiro, Savilaakso, Sini, Sayer, Carl, Sekercioglu, Cagan, Senzaki, Masayuki, Smith, Grania, Smith, Robert J., Soga, Masashi, Soulsbury, Carl D., Steer, Mark D., Stewart, Gavin, Strange, E. F., Suggitt, Andrew J., Thompson, Ralph R. J., Thompson, Stewart, Thornhill, Ian, Trevelyan, R. J., Usieta, Hope O., Venter, Oscar, Webber, Amanda D., White, Rachel L., Whittingham, Mark J., Wilby, Andrew, Yarnell, Richard W., Zamora, Veronica, Sutherland, William J., University of Helsinki, Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Global Change and Conservation Lab, Mar Cabeza-Jaimejuan / Principal Investigator, Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, and Department of Forest Sciences

Subjects
open access, BIOLOGISTS, education, evidence, 1181 Ecology, evolutionary biology, ComputingMilieux_COMPUTERSANDEDUCATION, GAP, 516 Educational sciences, critical thinking, SCIENCE, 1172 Environmental sciences
Abstract

1. To be effective, the next generation of conservation practitioners and managers need to be critical thinkers with a deep understanding of how to make evidence-based decisions and of the value of evidence synthesis. 2. If, as educators, we do not make these priorities a core part of what we teach, we are failing to prepare our students to make an effective contribution to conservation practice. 3. To help overcome this problem we have created open access online teaching materials in multiple languages that are stored in Applied Ecology Resources. So far, 117 educators from 23 countries have acknowledged the importance of this and are already teaching or about to teach skills in appraising or using evidence in conservation decision-making. This includes 145 undergraduate, postgraduate or professional development courses. 4. We call for wider teaching of the tools and skills that facilitate evidence-based conservation and also suggest that providing online teaching materials in multiple languages could be beneficial for improving global understanding of other subject areas.

Published
2021

35. Reducing persecution is more effective for restoring large carnivores than restoring their prey

Author

Bleyhl, Benjamin, Ghoddousi, Arash, Askerov, Elshad, Bocedi, Greta, Breitenmoser, Urs, Manvelyan, Karen, Palmer, Stephen C. F., Soofi, Mahmood, Weinberg, Paul, Zazanashvili, Nugzar, Shmunk, Valerii, Zurell, Damaris, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Ghoddousi, Arash, Askerov, Elshad, Bocedi, Greta, Breitenmoser, Urs, Manvelyan, Karen, Palmer, Stephen C. F., Soofi, Mahmood, Weinberg, Paul, Zazanashvili, Nugzar, Shmunk, Valerii, Zurell, Damaris, and Kuemmerle, Tobias

Abstract

Large carnivores are currently disappearing from many world regions because of habitat loss, prey depletion, and persecution. Ensuring large carnivore persistence requires safeguarding and sometimes facilitating the expansion of their populations. Understanding which conservation strategies, such as reducing persecution or restoring prey, are most effective to help carnivores to reclaim their former ranges is therefore important. Here, we systematically explored such alternative strategies for the endangered Persian leopard (Panthera pardus saxicolor) in the Caucasus. We combined a rule-based habitat suitability map and a spatially explicit leopard population model to identify potential leopard subpopulations (i.e., breeding patches), and to test the effect of different levels of persecution reduction and prey restoration on leopard population viability across the entire Caucasus ecoregion and northern Iran (about 737,000 km2). We identified substantial areas of potentially suitable leopard habitat (~120,000 km2), most of which is currently unoccupied. Our model revealed that leopards could potentially recolonize these patches and increase to a population of >1,000 individuals in 100 yr, but only in scenarios of medium to high persecution reduction and prey restoration. Overall, reducing persecution had a more pronounced effect on leopard metapopulation viability than prey restoration: Without conservation strategies to reduce persecution, leopards went extinct from the Caucasus in all scenarios tested. Our study highlights the importance of persecution reduction in small populations, which should hence be prioritized when resources for conservation are limited. We show how individual-based, spatially explicit metapopulation models can help in quantifying the recolonization potential of large carnivores in unoccupied habitat, designing adequate conservation strategies to foster such recolonizations, and anticipating the long-term prospects of carnivore populations u, Federal State of Berlin, Germany, German Research Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Peer Reviewed

Published
2021

36. An Outcome-Oriented, Social-Ecological Framework for Assessing Protected Area Effectiveness

Author

Ghoddousi, Arash, Loos, Jacqueline, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Ghoddousi, Arash, Loos, Jacqueline, and Kuemmerle, Tobias

Abstract

Both the number and the extent of protected areas have grown considerably in recent years, but evaluations of their effectiveness remain partial and are hard to compare across cases. To overcome this situation, first, we suggest reserving the term effectiveness solely for assessing protected area outcomes, to clearly distinguish this from management assessments (e.g., sound planning). Second, we propose a multidimensional conceptual framework, rooted in social–ecological theory, to assess effectiveness along three complementary dimensions: ecological outcomes (e.g., biodiversity), social outcomes (e.g., well-being), and social–ecological interactions (e.g., reduced human pressures). Effectiveness indicators can subsequently be evaluated against contextual and management elements (e.g., design and planning) to shed light on management performance (e.g., cost-effectiveness). We summarize steps to operationalize our framework to foster more holistic effectiveness assessments while improving comparability across protected areas. All of this can ensure that protected areas make real contributions toward conservation and sustainability goals., Peer Reviewed

Published
2021

37. Risks to conservation of species in the wild from promoting ex situ management, Response to Farhadinia et al., 2020

Author

Khalatbari, Leili, O'Neill, Helen M. K., Ostrowski, Stéphane, Yusefi, Gholam Hosein, Ghoddousi, Arash, Abolghasemi, Hamed, Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine, Breitenmoser, Urs, Brito, José Carlos, Durant, Sarah M., Khalatbari, Leili, O'Neill, Helen M. K., Ostrowski, Stéphane, Yusefi, Gholam Hosein, Ghoddousi, Arash, Abolghasemi, Hamed, Breitenmoser-Würsten, Christine, Breitenmoser, Urs, Brito, José Carlos, and Durant, Sarah M.

Published
2021

38. Risks to conservation of species in the wild from promoting ex situ management: response to Farhadinia et al. 2020

Author

Khalatbari, Leili, primary, O'Neill, Helen M. K., additional, Ostrowski, Stéphane, additional, Yusefi, Gholam Hosein, additional, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Abolghasemi, Hamed, additional, Breitenmoser‐Würsten, Christine, additional, Breitenmoser, Urs, additional, Brito, José Carlos, additional, and Durant, Sarah M., additional

Published
2021
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39. Reducing persecution is more effective for restoring large carnivores than restoring their prey

Author

Bleyhl, Benjamin, primary, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Askerov, Elshad, additional, Bocedi, Greta, additional, Breitenmoser, Urs, additional, Manvelyan, Karen, additional, Palmer, Stephen C. F., additional, Soofi, Mahmood, additional, Weinberg, Paul, additional, Zazanashvili, Nugzar, additional, Shmunk, Valerii, additional, Zurell, Damaris, additional, and Kuemmerle, Tobias, additional

Published
2021
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40. Identifying priority areas for restoring mountain ungulates in the Caucasus ecoregion

Author

Kuemmerle, Tobias, Bluhm, Hendrik, Ghoddousi, Arash, Arakelyan, Marine, Askerov, Elshad, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Ghasabian, Mamikon, Gavashelishvili, Alexander, Heidelberg, Aurel, Malkhasyan, Alexander, Manvelyan, Karen, Soofi, Mahmood, Yarovenko, Yuriy, Weinberg, Paul, Zazanashvili, Nugzar, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Bluhm, Hendrik, Ghoddousi, Arash, Arakelyan, Marine, Askerov, Elshad, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Ghasabian, Mamikon, Gavashelishvili, Alexander, Heidelberg, Aurel, Malkhasyan, Alexander, Manvelyan, Karen, Soofi, Mahmood, Yarovenko, Yuriy, Weinberg, Paul, and Zazanashvili, Nugzar

Abstract

Mountain ungulates around the world have been decimated to small, fragmented populations. Restoring these species often is limited by inadequate information on where suitable habitat is found, and which restoration measures would help to increase and link existing populations. We developed an approach to spatially target threat-specific restoration actions and demonstrate it for bezoar goats (Capra aegagrus) in the Caucasus. Using a large occurrence dataset, we identified suitable habitat patches and evaluate them in terms of connectivity, protection status, and competition with other mountain ungulates. We found extant bezoar goat populations to be highly isolated, yet with widespread areas of suitable, unoccupied habitat between them. Many unoccupied habitat patches were well-connected to extant populations, were at least partly protected, and have low potential for competition with other Capra species. This signals substantial pressure on bezoar goats, likely due to poaching, which currently prevents natural recolonization. Our study shows how restoration planning is possible in the face of multiple threats and scarce data. For bezoar goats in the Caucasus, we pinpoint priority patches for specific restoration measures, including reintroductions and anti-poaching action. We highlight that many patches would benefit from multiple interventions and that transboundary restoration planning is needed, a situation likely similar for many mountain ungulates around the world., Peer Reviewed

Published
2020

42. Training future generations to deliver evidence‐based conservation and ecosystem management

Author

Downey, Harriet, primary, Amano, Tatsuya, additional, Cadotte, Marc, additional, Cook, Carly N., additional, Cooke, Steven J., additional, Haddaway, Neal R., additional, Jones, Julia P. G., additional, Littlewood, Nick, additional, Walsh, Jessica C., additional, Abrahams, Mark I., additional, Adum, Gilbert, additional, Akasaka, Munemitsu, additional, Alves, Jose A., additional, Antwis, Rachael E., additional, Arellano, Eduardo C., additional, Axmacher, Jan, additional, Barclay, Holly, additional, Batty, Lesley, additional, Benítez‐López, Ana, additional, Bennett, Joseph R., additional, Berg, Maureen J., additional, Bertolino, Sandro, additional, Biggs, Duan, additional, Bolam, Friederike C., additional, Bray, Tim, additional, Brook, Barry W., additional, Bull, Joseph W., additional, Burivalova, Zuzana, additional, Cabeza, Mar, additional, Chauvenet, Alienor L. M., additional, Christie, Alec P., additional, Cole, Lorna, additional, Cotton, Alison J., additional, Cotton, Sam, additional, Cousins, Sara A. O., additional, Craven, Dylan, additional, Cresswell, Will, additional, Cusack, Jeremy J., additional, Dalrymple, Sarah E., additional, Davies, Zoe G., additional, Diaz, Anita, additional, Dodd, Jennifer A., additional, Felton, Adam, additional, Fleishman, Erica, additional, Gardner, Charlie J., additional, Garside, Ruth, additional, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Gilroy, James J., additional, Gill, David A., additional, Gill, Jennifer A., additional, Glew, Louise, additional, Grainger, Matthew J., additional, Grass, Amelia A., additional, Greshon, Stephanie, additional, Gundry, Jamie, additional, Hart, Tom, additional, Hopkins, Charlotte R., additional, Howe, Caroline, additional, Johnson, Arlyne, additional, Jones, Kelly W., additional, Jordan, Neil R., additional, Kadoya, Taku, additional, Kerhoas, Daphne, additional, Koricheva, Julia, additional, Lee, Tien Ming, additional, Lengyel, Szabolcs, additional, Livingstone, Stuart W., additional, Lyons, Ashley, additional, McCabe, Gráinne, additional, Millett, Jonathan, additional, Strevens, Chloë Montes, additional, Moolna, Adam, additional, Mossman, Hannah L., additional, Mukherjee, Nibedita, additional, Muñoz‐Sáez, Andrés, additional, Negrões, Nuno, additional, Norfolk, Olivia, additional, Osawa, Takeshi, additional, Papworth, Sarah, additional, Park, Kirsty J., additional, Pellet, Jérôme, additional, Phillott, Andrea D., additional, Plotnik, Joshua M., additional, Priatna, Dolly, additional, Ramos, Alejandra G., additional, Randall, Nicola, additional, Richards, Rob M., additional, Ritchie, Euan G., additional, Roberts, David L., additional, Rocha, Ricardo, additional, Rodríguez, Jon Paul, additional, Sanderson, Roy, additional, Sasaki, Takehiro, additional, Savilaakso, Sini, additional, Sayer, Carl, additional, Sekercioglu, Cagan, additional, Senzaki, Masayuki, additional, Smith, Grania, additional, Smith, Robert J., additional, Soga, Masashi, additional, Soulsbury, Carl D., additional, Steer, Mark D., additional, Stewart, Gavin, additional, Strange, E. F., additional, Suggitt, Andrew J., additional, Thompson, Ralph R. J., additional, Thompson, Stewart, additional, Thornhill, Ian, additional, Trevelyan, R. J., additional, Usieta, Hope O., additional, Venter, Oscar, additional, Webber, Amanda D., additional, White, Rachel L., additional, Whittingham, Mark J., additional, Wilby, Andrew, additional, Yarnell, Richard W., additional, Zamora‐Gutierrez, Veronica, additional, and Sutherland, William J., additional

Published
2021
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43. Identifying priority areas for restoring mountain ungulates in the Caucasus ecoregion

Author

Kuemmerle, Tobias, primary, Bluhm, Hendrik, additional, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Arakelyan, Marine, additional, Askerov, Elshad, additional, Bleyhl, Benjamin, additional, Ghasabian, Mamikon, additional, Gavashelishvili, Alexander, additional, Heidelberg, Aurel, additional, Malkhasyan, Alexander, additional, Manvelyan, Karen, additional, Soofi, Mahmood, additional, Yarovenko, Yuriy, additional, Weinberg, Paul, additional, and Zazanashvili, Nugzar, additional

Published
2020
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44. Outcome-Oriented, Social–Ecological Framework for Assessing Protected Area Effectiveness.

Author

Ghoddousi, Arash, Loos, Jacqueline, and Kuemmerle, Tobias

Subjects
*PROTECTED areas, *CONSERVATION projects (Natural resources), *PERFORMANCE management, *BIODIVERSITY
Abstract

Both the number and the extent of protected areas have grown considerably in recent years, but evaluations of their effectiveness remain partial and are hard to compare across cases. To overcome this situation, first, we suggest reserving the term effectiveness solely for assessing protected area outcomes, to clearly distinguish this from management assessments (e.g. sound planning). Second, we propose a multidimensional conceptual framework, rooted in social–ecological theory, to assess effectiveness along three complementary dimensions: ecological outcomes (e.g. biodiversity), social outcomes (e.g. well-being), and social–ecological interactions (e.g. reduced human pressures). Effectiveness indicators can subsequently be evaluated against contextual and management elements (e.g. design and planning) to shed light on management performance (e.g. cost-effectiveness). We summarize steps to operationalize our framework to foster more holistic effectiveness assessments while improving comparability across protected areas. All of this can ensure that protected areas make real contributions toward conservation and sustainability goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
Full Text
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45. Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable

Author

Kehoe, Laura, Reis, Tiago, Virah-Sawmy, Malika, Balmford, Andrew, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Knohl, Alexander, Antonelli, Alexandre, Hochkirch, Axel, Vira, Bhaskar, Massa, Bruno, Peres, Carlos A., Ammer, Christian, Goerg, Christoph, Schneider, Christoph, Curtis, David, de la Pena, Eduardo, Tello, Enric, Sperfeld, Erik, Corbera, Esteve, Morelli, Federico, Valladares, Fernando, Peterson, Garry, Hide, Geoff, Mace, Georgina, Kallis, Giorgos, Olsson, Gunilla Almered, Brumelis, Guntis, Alexanderson, Helena, Haberl, Helmut, Nuissl, Henning, Kreft, Holger, Ghazoul, Jaboury, Piotrowski, Jan A., Macdiarmid, Jennie, Newig, Jens, Fischer, Joern, Altringham, John, Gledhill, John, Nielsen, Jonas O., Mueller, Joerg, Palmeirim, Jorge, Barlow, Jos, Alonso, Juan C., Presa Asencio, Juan Jose, Steinberger, Julia K., Jones, Julia Patricia Gordon, Cabral, Juliano Sarmento, Dengler, Juergen, Stibral, Karel, Erb, Karlheinz, Rothhaupt, Karl-Otto, Wiegand, Kerstin, Cassar, Louis F., Lens, Luc, Rosalino, Luis Miguel, Wassen, M. J., Stenseke, Marie, Fischer-Kowalski, Marina, Diaz, Mario, Rounsevell, Mark, van Kleunen, Mark, Junginger, Martin, Kaltenpoth, Martin, Zobel, Martin, Weigend, Maximilian, Partel, Meelis, Schilthuizen, Menno, Bastos Araujo, Miguel, Haklay, Muki, Eisenhauer, Nico, Selva, Nuria, Mertz, Ole, Meyfroidt, Patrick, Borges, Paulo A. V., Kovar, Pavel, Smith, Pete, Verburg, Peter, Pysek, Petr, Seppelt, Ralf, Valentini, Riccardo, Whittaker, Robert J., Henrique Faria, Sergio, Ulgiati, Sergio, Loetters, Stefan, Bjorck, Svante, Larson, Sven Ake, Tscharntke, Teja, Domingos, Tiago, Krueger, Tobias, Pascual, Unai, Olsson, Urban, Kati, Vassiliki, Winiwarter, Verena, Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Vajda, Vivi, Sutherland, William J., de Waroux, Yann le Polain, Buckley, Yvonne, Rammig, Anja, Kasimir, Asa, Crona, Beatrice, Sindicic, Magda, Persson, Martin, Lapka, Miloslav, Di Gregorio, Monica, Hahn, Thomas, Boonstra, Wiebren, Lipsky, Zdenek, Zucaro, A., Roeder, Achim, Lopez Baucells, Adria, Danet, Alain, Franco, Aldina, Nieto Roman, Alejandra, Lehikoinen, Aleksi, Collalti, Alessio, Keller, Alexander, Strugariu, Alexandru, Perrigo, Allison, Fernandez-Llamazares, Alvaro, Salaseviciene, Alvija, Hinsley, Amy, Santos, Ana M. C., Novoa, Ana, Rodrigues, Ana, Mascarenhas, Andre, Martins, Andrea Damacena, Holzschuh, Andrea, Meseguer, Andrea S., Hadjichambis, Andreas, Mayer, Andreas, Hacket-Pain, Andrew, Ringsmuth, Andrew, de Frutos, Angel, Stein, Anke, Heikkinen, Anna, Smith, Annabel, Bjoersne, Anna-Karin, Bagneres, Anne-Genevieve, Machordom, Annie, Kristin, Anton, Ghoddousi, Arash, Staal, Arie, Martin, Arnaud, Taylor, Astrid, Borrell, Asuncion, Marescaux, Audrey, Torres, Aurora, Helm, Aveliina, Bauer, Barbara, Smetschka, Barbara, Rodriguez-Labajos, Beatriz, Peco, Begona, Gambin, Belinda, Celine, Bellard, Phalan, Ben, Cotta, Benedetta, Rugani, Benedetto, Jarcuska, Benjamin, Leroy, Boris, Nikolov, Boris Petrov, Milchev, Boyan Petrov, Brown, Calum, Ritter, Camila Duarte, Gomes, Carmen Bessa, Meyer, Carsten, Munteanu, Catalina, Penone, Caterina, Friis, Cecilie, Teplitsky, Celine, Roemer, Charlotte, Orland, Chloe, Voigt, Christian C., Levers, Christian, Zang, Christian, Bacon, Christine D., Meyer, Christoph, Wordley, Claire, Grilo, Clara, Cattaneo, Claudio, Battisti, Corrado, Banks-Leite, Cristina, Zurell, Damaris, Challender, Dan, Mueller, Daniel, Matenaar, Daniela, Silvestro, Daniele, McKay, David Armstrong, Buckley, David, Frantz, David, Gremillet, David, Mateos, David Moreno, Sanchez-Fernandez, David, Vieites, David, Ascoli, Davide, Arlt, Debora, Louis, Deharveng, Zemp, Delphine Clara, Strubbe, Diederik, Gil, Diego, Llusia, Diego, Bennett, Dominic J., Chobanov, Dragan Petrov, Aguilera, Eduardo, Oliveira, Eduardo, Pynegar, Edwin L., Granda, Elena, Grieco, Elisa, Conrad, Elisabeth, Revilla, Eloy, Lindkvist, Emilie, Caprio, Enrico, zu Ermgassen, Erasmus, Berenguer, Erika, Ochu, Erinma, Polaina, Ester, Nuernberger, Fabian, Esculier, Fabien, de Castro, Fabio, Albanito, Fabrizio, Langerwisch, Fanny, Batsleer, Femke, Ascensao, Fernando, Moyano, Fernando Esteban, Sayol, Ferran, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Eiro, Flavio, Volaire, Florence, Gollnow, Florian, Menzel, Florian, Pilo, Francesca, Moreira, Francisco, Briens, Francois, Essl, Franz, Vlahos, George, Billen, Gilles, Vacchiano, Giorgio, Wong, Grace, Gruychev, Gradimir Valentinov, Fandos, Guillermo, Petter, Gunnar, Sinare, Hanna, Mumby, Hannah S., Cottyn, Hanne, Seebens, Hanno, Bjorklund, Heidi, Schroeder, Heike, Lopez Hernandez, Heriberto D., Rebelo, Hugo, Chenet, Hugues, De la Riva, Ignacio, Torre, Ignasi, Aalders, Inge, Grass, Ingo, Chuine, Isabelle, Goepel, Jan, Wieringa, Jan J., Engler, Jan O., Pergl, Jan, Schnitzler, Jan, Vavra, Jan, Medvedovic, Jasna, Cabello, Javier, Martin, Jean-Louis, Mutke, Jens, Lewis, Jerome, da Silva, Jessica Fonseca, Marull, Joan, Carvalho, Joana, Carnicer, Jofre, Enqvist, Johan, Simaika, John P., Noguera, Jose C., Blanco Moreno, Jose M., Bruna, Josef, Garnier, Josette, Fargallo, Juan A., Rocha, Juan Carlos, Carrillo, Juan D., Infante-Amate, Juan, Traba Diaz, Juan, Schleicher, Judith, Simon, Judy, Noe, Julia Le, Gerlach, Justin, Eriksson, K. Martin, Prince, Karine, Ostapowicz, Katarzyna, Stajerova, Katerina, Farrell, Katharine N., Snell, Katherine, Yates, Katherine, Fleischer, Katrin, Darras, Kevin, Schumacher, Kim, Orach, Kirill, Thonicke, Kirsten, Riede, Klaus, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Wang-Erlandsson, Lan, Pereira, Laura, Riggi, Laura, Florez, Laura V., Emperaire, Laure, Durieux, Laurent, Tatin, Laurent, Rozylowicz, Laurentiu, Latella, Leonardo, Andresen, Louise C., Cahen-Fourot, Louison, de Agua, Luis Borda, Boto, Luis, Lassaletta, Luis, Amo, Luisa, Sekerka, Lukas, Morales, Manuel B., Macia, Manuel J., Suarez, Manuela Gonzalez, Cabeza, Mar, Londo, Marc, Pollet, Marc, Schwieder, Marcel, Peters, Marcell K., D'Amico, Marcello, Casazza, Marco, Florencio, Margarita, Felipe-Lucia, Maria, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Johansson, Maria, Garcia, Maria Mancilla, Piquer-Rodriguez, Maria, Tengo, Maria, Elias, Marianne, Leve, Marine, Conde, Marta, Winter, Marten, Koster, Martijn, Mayer, Martin, Salek, Martin, Schlerf, Martin, Sullivan, Martin, Baumann, Matthias, Pichler, Melanie, Marselle, Melissa, Oddie, Melissa, Razanajatovo, Mialy, Borregaard, Michael Krabbe, Theurl, Michaela C., Hernandez, Miguel, Krofel, Miha, Kechev, Mihail Ognianov, Clark, Mike, Rands, Mike, Antal, Miklos, Pucetaite, Milda, Islar, Mine, Truong, Minh-Xuan A., Vighi, Morgana, Johanisova, Nadia, Prat, Narcis, Escobar, Neus, Deguines, Nicolas, Rust, Niki, Zafra-Calvo, Noelia, Maurel, Noelie, Wagner, Norman, Fitton, Nuala, Ostermann, Ole, Panferov, Oleg, Ange, Olivia, Canals, Oriol, Englund, Oskar, De Smedt, Pallieter, Petridis, Panos, Heikkurinen, Pasi, Weigelt, Patrick, Henriksson, Patrik J. G., de Castro, Paula Drummond, Matos-Maravi, Pavel, Duran, Paz, Aragon, Pedro, Cardoso, Pedro, Leitao, Pedro J., Hosner, Peter A., Biedermann, Peter, Keil, Petr, Petrik, Petr, Martin, Philip, Bocquillon, Pierre, Renaud, Pierre-Cyril, Addison, Prue, Antwis, Rachael, Carmenta, Rachel, Barrientos, Rafael, Smith, Rebecca, Rocha, Ricardo, Fuchs, Richard, Felix, Rob, Kanka, Robert, Aguilee, Robin, Padro Caminal, Roc, Libbrecht, Romain, Lorrilliere, Romain, van der Ent, Ruud J., Henders, Sabine, Pueyo, Salvador, Roturier, Samuel, Jacobs, Sander, Lavorel, Sandra, Leonhardt, Sara Diana, Fraixedas, Sara, Villen-Perez, Sara, Cornell, Sarah, Redlich, Sarah, De Smedt, Sebastian, van der Linden, Sebastian, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Petrovan, Silviu, Cesarz, Simone, Sjoberg, Sissel, Caillon, Sophie, Schindler, Stefan, Trogisch, Stefan, Taiti, Stefano, Oppel, Steffen, Lutter, Stephan, Garnett, Tara, Guedes, Thais, Wanger, Thomas Cherico, Kastner, Thomas, Worthington, Thomas, Daw, Tim, Schmoll, Tim, McPhearson, Timon, Engl, Tobias, Rutting, Tobias, Vaclavik, Tomas, Jucker, Tommaso, Robillard, Tony, Krause, Torsten, Ljubomirov, Toshko, Aavik, Tsipe, Richardson, Vanessa A., Masterson, Vanessa Anne, Seufert, Verena, Cathy, Vet Gibault, Colino Rabanal, Victor, Montade, Vincent, Thieu, Vincent, Sober, Virve, Morin, Xavier, Mehrabi, Zia, Gonzalez, Adriana Trompetero, Sanz-Cobena, Alberto, Christie, Alec Philip, Romero-Munoz, Alfredo, Dauriach, Alice, Queiroz, Allan Souza, Golland, Ami, Evans, Amy Louise, Cordero, Ana Maria Araujo, Dara, Andrey, Rilovic, Andro, Pedersen, Anna Frohn, Csergo, Anna Maria, Lewerentz, Anne, Monserand, Antoine, Valdecasas, Antonio G., Doherty, Anya, Semper-Pascual, Asuncion, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Rutschmann, Benjamin, Bongalov, Boris, Hankerson, Brett, Heylen, Brigitte, Alonso-Alvarez, Carlos, Comandulli, Carolina, Frossard, Carolina M., Mckeon, Caroline, Godde, Cecile, Palm, Celinda, Singh, Chandrakant, Sieger, Charlotte Sophie, Ohrling, Christian, Paitan, Claudia Parra, Cooper, Conor, Edler, Daniel, Roessler, Daniela C., Kessner-Beierlein, Daniela, Garcia del Amo, David, Lopez Bosch, David, Gueldner, Dino, Noll, Domink, Motivans, Elena, Canteri, Elisabetta, Garnett, Emma, Malecore, Eva, Brambach, Fabian, Ruedenauer, Fabian, Yin, Fang, Hurtado, Fernando, Mempel, Finn, de Freitas, Flavio Luiz Mazzaro, Pendrill, Florence, Leijten, Floris, Somma, Francesca, Schug, Franz, De Knijf, Geert, Peterson, Gustaf, Pe'er, Guy, Booth, Hollie, Rhee, Howon, Staude, Ingmar, Gherghel, Iulian, Vila Traver, Jaime, Kerner, Janika, Hinton, Jennifer, Hortal, Joaquin, Persson, Joel, Uddling, Johan, Coenen, Johanna, Geldmann, Jonas, Geschke, Jonas, Juergensen, Jonathan, Lobo, Jorge M., Skejo, Josip, Heinen, Julia Helena, Schuenzel, Julia, Daniel-Ferreira, Juliana, Christophe Piquet, Julien, Murtough, Katie L., Prevel, Leonie, Hissa, Leticia B. V., af Segerstad, Louise Hard, Willemse, Luc, Benavides, Lucia, Sovova, Lucie, Figueiredo, Ludmilla, Leidinger, Ludwig, Piemontese, Luigi, da Fonte, Luis Fernando Marin, Moreta, Lys Sanz, Bhan, Manan, Toledo-Hernandez, Manuel, Engert, Manuela, Davoli, Marco, Mas Navarro, Maria, Voigt, Maria, Zirion, Maria, Wandl, Marie-Theres, Kipson, Marina, Johnson, Mark D., Lukic, Marko, Goula, Marta, Jung, Martin, Nunes, Matheus Henrique, Alvarez, Matheus Rodriguez, van den Burg, Matthijs P., Guerrero, Mayra Daniela Pena, Greenfield, Michael, Lobmann, Michael, Nygren, Michelle, Guth, Miriam Karen, Koh, Niak, Stanek, Nicola, Roux, Nicolas, Karagouni, Niki, Tiralla, Nina, Mairota, Paola, Savaget, Paulo, von Doehren, Peer, Benyei, Petra, Lena, Philippe, Rufin, Philippe, Janke, Rebekka, Santagata, Remo, Motta, Renzo, Battiston, Roberto, Oyanedel, Rodrigo, Bernardo-Madrid, Ruben, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Henriques, Sergio, Bager, Simon L., Qin, Siyu, Ivkovic, Slobodan, Cooke, Sophia, Ernst, Stefan, Schmelzer, Stefan, da Silva, Sven, Faberova, Tamara, Enseroth, Tanja, De Marzo, Teresa, Pienkowski, Thomas, Engel, Thore, Boehnert, Tim, Swinfield, Tom, Kurdikova, Vendula, Chvatalova, Veronika, Lopez-Marquez, Violeta, Arlidge, William, Zhang, Zhijie, Kehoe, Laura, Reis, Tiago, Virah-Sawmy, Malika, Balmford, Andrew, Kuemmerle, Tobias, Knohl, Alexander, Antonelli, Alexandre, Hochkirch, Axel, Vira, Bhaskar, Massa, Bruno, Peres, Carlos A., Ammer, Christian, Goerg, Christoph, Schneider, Christoph, Curtis, David, de la Pena, Eduardo, Tello, Enric, Sperfeld, Erik, Corbera, Esteve, Morelli, Federico, Valladares, Fernando, Peterson, Garry, Hide, Geoff, Mace, Georgina, Kallis, Giorgos, Olsson, Gunilla Almered, Brumelis, Guntis, Alexanderson, Helena, Haberl, Helmut, Nuissl, Henning, Kreft, Holger, Ghazoul, Jaboury, Piotrowski, Jan A., Macdiarmid, Jennie, Newig, Jens, Fischer, Joern, Altringham, John, Gledhill, John, Nielsen, Jonas O., Mueller, Joerg, Palmeirim, Jorge, Barlow, Jos, Alonso, Juan C., Presa Asencio, Juan Jose, Steinberger, Julia K., Jones, Julia Patricia Gordon, Cabral, Juliano Sarmento, Dengler, Juergen, Stibral, Karel, Erb, Karlheinz, Rothhaupt, Karl-Otto, Wiegand, Kerstin, Cassar, Louis F., Lens, Luc, Rosalino, Luis Miguel, Wassen, M. J., Stenseke, Marie, Fischer-Kowalski, Marina, Diaz, Mario, Rounsevell, Mark, van Kleunen, Mark, Junginger, Martin, Kaltenpoth, Martin, Zobel, Martin, Weigend, Maximilian, Partel, Meelis, Schilthuizen, Menno, Bastos Araujo, Miguel, Haklay, Muki, Eisenhauer, Nico, Selva, Nuria, Mertz, Ole, Meyfroidt, Patrick, Borges, Paulo A. V., Kovar, Pavel, Smith, Pete, Verburg, Peter, Pysek, Petr, Seppelt, Ralf, Valentini, Riccardo, Whittaker, Robert J., Henrique Faria, Sergio, Ulgiati, Sergio, Loetters, Stefan, Bjorck, Svante, Larson, Sven Ake, Tscharntke, Teja, Domingos, Tiago, Krueger, Tobias, Pascual, Unai, Olsson, Urban, Kati, Vassiliki, Winiwarter, Verena, Reyes-Garcia, Victoria, Vajda, Vivi, Sutherland, William J., de Waroux, Yann le Polain, Buckley, Yvonne, Rammig, Anja, Kasimir, Asa, Crona, Beatrice, Sindicic, Magda, Persson, Martin, Lapka, Miloslav, Di Gregorio, Monica, Hahn, Thomas, Boonstra, Wiebren, Lipsky, Zdenek, Zucaro, A., Roeder, Achim, Lopez Baucells, Adria, Danet, Alain, Franco, Aldina, Nieto Roman, Alejandra, Lehikoinen, Aleksi, Collalti, Alessio, Keller, Alexander, Strugariu, Alexandru, Perrigo, Allison, Fernandez-Llamazares, Alvaro, Salaseviciene, Alvija, Hinsley, Amy, Santos, Ana M. C., Novoa, Ana, Rodrigues, Ana, Mascarenhas, Andre, Martins, Andrea Damacena, Holzschuh, Andrea, Meseguer, Andrea S., Hadjichambis, Andreas, Mayer, Andreas, Hacket-Pain, Andrew, Ringsmuth, Andrew, de Frutos, Angel, Stein, Anke, Heikkinen, Anna, Smith, Annabel, Bjoersne, Anna-Karin, Bagneres, Anne-Genevieve, Machordom, Annie, Kristin, Anton, Ghoddousi, Arash, Staal, Arie, Martin, Arnaud, Taylor, Astrid, Borrell, Asuncion, Marescaux, Audrey, Torres, Aurora, Helm, Aveliina, Bauer, Barbara, Smetschka, Barbara, Rodriguez-Labajos, Beatriz, Peco, Begona, Gambin, Belinda, Celine, Bellard, Phalan, Ben, Cotta, Benedetta, Rugani, Benedetto, Jarcuska, Benjamin, Leroy, Boris, Nikolov, Boris Petrov, Milchev, Boyan Petrov, Brown, Calum, Ritter, Camila Duarte, Gomes, Carmen Bessa, Meyer, Carsten, Munteanu, Catalina, Penone, Caterina, Friis, Cecilie, Teplitsky, Celine, Roemer, Charlotte, Orland, Chloe, Voigt, Christian C., Levers, Christian, Zang, Christian, Bacon, Christine D., Meyer, Christoph, Wordley, Claire, Grilo, Clara, Cattaneo, Claudio, Battisti, Corrado, Banks-Leite, Cristina, Zurell, Damaris, Challender, Dan, Mueller, Daniel, Matenaar, Daniela, Silvestro, Daniele, McKay, David Armstrong, Buckley, David, Frantz, David, Gremillet, David, Mateos, David Moreno, Sanchez-Fernandez, David, Vieites, David, Ascoli, Davide, Arlt, Debora, Louis, Deharveng, Zemp, Delphine Clara, Strubbe, Diederik, Gil, Diego, Llusia, Diego, Bennett, Dominic J., Chobanov, Dragan Petrov, Aguilera, Eduardo, Oliveira, Eduardo, Pynegar, Edwin L., Granda, Elena, Grieco, Elisa, Conrad, Elisabeth, Revilla, Eloy, Lindkvist, Emilie, Caprio, Enrico, zu Ermgassen, Erasmus, Berenguer, Erika, Ochu, Erinma, Polaina, Ester, Nuernberger, Fabian, Esculier, Fabien, de Castro, Fabio, Albanito, Fabrizio, Langerwisch, Fanny, Batsleer, Femke, Ascensao, Fernando, Moyano, Fernando Esteban, Sayol, Ferran, Buzzetti, Filippo Maria, Eiro, Flavio, Volaire, Florence, Gollnow, Florian, Menzel, Florian, Pilo, Francesca, Moreira, Francisco, Briens, Francois, Essl, Franz, Vlahos, George, Billen, Gilles, Vacchiano, Giorgio, Wong, Grace, Gruychev, Gradimir Valentinov, Fandos, Guillermo, Petter, Gunnar, Sinare, Hanna, Mumby, Hannah S., Cottyn, Hanne, Seebens, Hanno, Bjorklund, Heidi, Schroeder, Heike, Lopez Hernandez, Heriberto D., Rebelo, Hugo, Chenet, Hugues, De la Riva, Ignacio, Torre, Ignasi, Aalders, Inge, Grass, Ingo, Chuine, Isabelle, Goepel, Jan, Wieringa, Jan J., Engler, Jan O., Pergl, Jan, Schnitzler, Jan, Vavra, Jan, Medvedovic, Jasna, Cabello, Javier, Martin, Jean-Louis, Mutke, Jens, Lewis, Jerome, da Silva, Jessica Fonseca, Marull, Joan, Carvalho, Joana, Carnicer, Jofre, Enqvist, Johan, Simaika, John P., Noguera, Jose C., Blanco Moreno, Jose M., Bruna, Josef, Garnier, Josette, Fargallo, Juan A., Rocha, Juan Carlos, Carrillo, Juan D., Infante-Amate, Juan, Traba Diaz, Juan, Schleicher, Judith, Simon, Judy, Noe, Julia Le, Gerlach, Justin, Eriksson, K. Martin, Prince, Karine, Ostapowicz, Katarzyna, Stajerova, Katerina, Farrell, Katharine N., Snell, Katherine, Yates, Katherine, Fleischer, Katrin, Darras, Kevin, Schumacher, Kim, Orach, Kirill, Thonicke, Kirsten, Riede, Klaus, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Wang-Erlandsson, Lan, Pereira, Laura, Riggi, Laura, Florez, Laura V., Emperaire, Laure, Durieux, Laurent, Tatin, Laurent, Rozylowicz, Laurentiu, Latella, Leonardo, Andresen, Louise C., Cahen-Fourot, Louison, de Agua, Luis Borda, Boto, Luis, Lassaletta, Luis, Amo, Luisa, Sekerka, Lukas, Morales, Manuel B., Macia, Manuel J., Suarez, Manuela Gonzalez, Cabeza, Mar, Londo, Marc, Pollet, Marc, Schwieder, Marcel, Peters, Marcell K., D'Amico, Marcello, Casazza, Marco, Florencio, Margarita, Felipe-Lucia, Maria, Gebara, Maria Fernanda, Johansson, Maria, Garcia, Maria Mancilla, Piquer-Rodriguez, Maria, Tengo, Maria, Elias, Marianne, Leve, Marine, Conde, Marta, Winter, Marten, Koster, Martijn, Mayer, Martin, Salek, Martin, Schlerf, Martin, Sullivan, Martin, Baumann, Matthias, Pichler, Melanie, Marselle, Melissa, Oddie, Melissa, Razanajatovo, Mialy, Borregaard, Michael Krabbe, Theurl, Michaela C., Hernandez, Miguel, Krofel, Miha, Kechev, Mihail Ognianov, Clark, Mike, Rands, Mike, Antal, Miklos, Pucetaite, Milda, Islar, Mine, Truong, Minh-Xuan A., Vighi, Morgana, Johanisova, Nadia, Prat, Narcis, Escobar, Neus, Deguines, Nicolas, Rust, Niki, Zafra-Calvo, Noelia, Maurel, Noelie, Wagner, Norman, Fitton, Nuala, Ostermann, Ole, Panferov, Oleg, Ange, Olivia, Canals, Oriol, Englund, Oskar, De Smedt, Pallieter, Petridis, Panos, Heikkurinen, Pasi, Weigelt, Patrick, Henriksson, Patrik J. G., de Castro, Paula Drummond, Matos-Maravi, Pavel, Duran, Paz, Aragon, Pedro, Cardoso, Pedro, Leitao, Pedro J., Hosner, Peter A., Biedermann, Peter, Keil, Petr, Petrik, Petr, Martin, Philip, Bocquillon, Pierre, Renaud, Pierre-Cyril, Addison, Prue, Antwis, Rachael, Carmenta, Rachel, Barrientos, Rafael, Smith, Rebecca, Rocha, Ricardo, Fuchs, Richard, Felix, Rob, Kanka, Robert, Aguilee, Robin, Padro Caminal, Roc, Libbrecht, Romain, Lorrilliere, Romain, van der Ent, Ruud J., Henders, Sabine, Pueyo, Salvador, Roturier, Samuel, Jacobs, Sander, Lavorel, Sandra, Leonhardt, Sara Diana, Fraixedas, Sara, Villen-Perez, Sara, Cornell, Sarah, Redlich, Sarah, De Smedt, Sebastian, van der Linden, Sebastian, Perez-Ortega, Sergio, Petrovan, Silviu, Cesarz, Simone, Sjoberg, Sissel, Caillon, Sophie, Schindler, Stefan, Trogisch, Stefan, Taiti, Stefano, Oppel, Steffen, Lutter, Stephan, Garnett, Tara, Guedes, Thais, Wanger, Thomas Cherico, Kastner, Thomas, Worthington, Thomas, Daw, Tim, Schmoll, Tim, McPhearson, Timon, Engl, Tobias, Rutting, Tobias, Vaclavik, Tomas, Jucker, Tommaso, Robillard, Tony, Krause, Torsten, Ljubomirov, Toshko, Aavik, Tsipe, Richardson, Vanessa A., Masterson, Vanessa Anne, Seufert, Verena, Cathy, Vet Gibault, Colino Rabanal, Victor, Montade, Vincent, Thieu, Vincent, Sober, Virve, Morin, Xavier, Mehrabi, Zia, Gonzalez, Adriana Trompetero, Sanz-Cobena, Alberto, Christie, Alec Philip, Romero-Munoz, Alfredo, Dauriach, Alice, Queiroz, Allan Souza, Golland, Ami, Evans, Amy Louise, Cordero, Ana Maria Araujo, Dara, Andrey, Rilovic, Andro, Pedersen, Anna Frohn, Csergo, Anna Maria, Lewerentz, Anne, Monserand, Antoine, Valdecasas, Antonio G., Doherty, Anya, Semper-Pascual, Asuncion, Bleyhl, Benjamin, Rutschmann, Benjamin, Bongalov, Boris, Hankerson, Brett, Heylen, Brigitte, Alonso-Alvarez, Carlos, Comandulli, Carolina, Frossard, Carolina M., Mckeon, Caroline, Godde, Cecile, Palm, Celinda, Singh, Chandrakant, Sieger, Charlotte Sophie, Ohrling, Christian, Paitan, Claudia Parra, Cooper, Conor, Edler, Daniel, Roessler, Daniela C., Kessner-Beierlein, Daniela, Garcia del Amo, David, Lopez Bosch, David, Gueldner, Dino, Noll, Domink, Motivans, Elena, Canteri, Elisabetta, Garnett, Emma, Malecore, Eva, Brambach, Fabian, Ruedenauer, Fabian, Yin, Fang, Hurtado, Fernando, Mempel, Finn, de Freitas, Flavio Luiz Mazzaro, Pendrill, Florence, Leijten, Floris, Somma, Francesca, Schug, Franz, De Knijf, Geert, Peterson, Gustaf, Pe'er, Guy, Booth, Hollie, Rhee, Howon, Staude, Ingmar, Gherghel, Iulian, Vila Traver, Jaime, Kerner, Janika, Hinton, Jennifer, Hortal, Joaquin, Persson, Joel, Uddling, Johan, Coenen, Johanna, Geldmann, Jonas, Geschke, Jonas, Juergensen, Jonathan, Lobo, Jorge M., Skejo, Josip, Heinen, Julia Helena, Schuenzel, Julia, Daniel-Ferreira, Juliana, Christophe Piquet, Julien, Murtough, Katie L., Prevel, Leonie, Hissa, Leticia B. V., af Segerstad, Louise Hard, Willemse, Luc, Benavides, Lucia, Sovova, Lucie, Figueiredo, Ludmilla, Leidinger, Ludwig, Piemontese, Luigi, da Fonte, Luis Fernando Marin, Moreta, Lys Sanz, Bhan, Manan, Toledo-Hernandez, Manuel, Engert, Manuela, Davoli, Marco, Mas Navarro, Maria, Voigt, Maria, Zirion, Maria, Wandl, Marie-Theres, Kipson, Marina, Johnson, Mark D., Lukic, Marko, Goula, Marta, Jung, Martin, Nunes, Matheus Henrique, Alvarez, Matheus Rodriguez, van den Burg, Matthijs P., Guerrero, Mayra Daniela Pena, Greenfield, Michael, Lobmann, Michael, Nygren, Michelle, Guth, Miriam Karen, Koh, Niak, Stanek, Nicola, Roux, Nicolas, Karagouni, Niki, Tiralla, Nina, Mairota, Paola, Savaget, Paulo, von Doehren, Peer, Benyei, Petra, Lena, Philippe, Rufin, Philippe, Janke, Rebekka, Santagata, Remo, Motta, Renzo, Battiston, Roberto, Oyanedel, Rodrigo, Bernardo-Madrid, Ruben, Vasconcelos, Sasha, Henriques, Sergio, Bager, Simon L., Qin, Siyu, Ivkovic, Slobodan, Cooke, Sophia, Ernst, Stefan, Schmelzer, Stefan, da Silva, Sven, Faberova, Tamara, Enseroth, Tanja, De Marzo, Teresa, Pienkowski, Thomas, Engel, Thore, Boehnert, Tim, Swinfield, Tom, Kurdikova, Vendula, Chvatalova, Veronika, Lopez-Marquez, Violeta, Arlidge, William, and Zhang, Zhijie

Published
2019
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46. Precision and reliability of indirect population assessments for the Caspian red deer Cervus elaphus maral

Author

Soofi, Mahmood, Ghoddousi, Arash, Hamidi, Amirhossein Kh., Ghasemi, Benjamin, Egli, Lukas, Voinopol-Sassu, Ana-Johanna, Kiabi, Bahram H., Balkenhol, Niko, Khorozyan, Igor, and Waltert, Matthias

Subjects
Caspian red deer, Cervus elaphus maral, population assessments
Abstract

The elusive Caspian red deer Cervus elaphus maral lives at low densities in rugged forest habitats of the Caucasus and the south Caspian region, and its declining population requires urgent attention. We here address the precision and reliability of dung counts (fecal standing crop approach FSC) and camera trapping (random encounter model REM) for estimating its population size. We surveyed 36 km of strip transects arranged in systematic random design and applied 1585 camera trap nights of effort in the mountainous forest habitats of Golestan National Park, Iran. We also conducted a dung decay analysis of 80 samples. Dung decay rates were not habitat-specific and the mean time to decay was 141.8  15.1 days, i.e. only ca 52% of the most reliable estimate available for red deer dung. Estimated deer population size and density from dung counts was lower (194  46 individuals, 0.46  0.11 individuals km–2, 2012–2013) than from REM (257  84 individuals, 0.61  0.20 individuals km–2, 2011), but this difference was insignificant. Both these estimates confirm a sharp decline of the population from an estimated 2096 animals in the 1970s. Density estimates reached a stable level and were most precise at a sampling effort of 15 transects (FSC) and 1345 camera trap-days (REM). Our results confirm that FSC and REM can both be reliable for assessing populations of Cervidae. peerReviewed

Published
2017

47. Assessing the relationship between illegal hunting of ungulates, wild prey occurrence and livestock depredation rate by large carnivores

Author

Soofi, Mahmood, primary, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Zeppenfeld, Thorsten, additional, Shokri, Shirko, additional, Soufi, Mobin, additional, Egli, Lukas, additional, Jafari, Abbas, additional, Ahmadpour, Mohsen, additional, Qashqaei, Ali, additional, Ghadirian, Taher, additional, Filla, Marc, additional, Kiabi, Bahram, additional, Balkenhol, Niko, additional, Waltert, Matthias, additional, and Khorozyan, Igor, additional

Published
2018
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48. Assessing niche overlap between domestic and threatened wild sheep to identify conservation priority areas

Author

Bleyhl, Benjamin, primary, Arakelyan, Marine, additional, Askerov, Elshad, additional, Bluhm, Hendrik, additional, Gavashelishvili, Alexander, additional, Ghasabian, Mamikon, additional, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Heidelberg, Aurel, additional, Khorozyan, Igor, additional, Malkhasyan, Alexander, additional, Manvelyan, Karen, additional, Masoud, Mohammadreza, additional, Moqanaki, Ehsan M., additional, Radeloff, Volker C., additional, Soofi, Mahmood, additional, Weinberg, Paul, additional, Zazanashvili, Nugzar, additional, and Kuemmerle, Tobias, additional

Published
2018
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50. Livestock grazing in protected areas and its effects on large mammals in the Hyrcanian forest, Iran

Author

Soofi, Mahmood, primary, Ghoddousi, Arash, additional, Zeppenfeld, Thorsten, additional, Shokri, Shirko, additional, Soufi, Mobin, additional, Jafari, Abbas, additional, Ahmadpour, Mohsen, additional, Qashqaei, Ali T., additional, Egli, Lukas, additional, Ghadirian, Taher, additional, Chahartaghi, Niloufar Raeesi, additional, Zehzad, Bahram, additional, Kiabi, Bahram H., additional, Khorozyan, Igor, additional, Balkenhol, Niko, additional, and Waltert, Matthias, additional

Published
2018
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