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Impact loads lead to the failure of structures and significantly diminish their operational lifespan. The necessity to enhance impact performance has shown gradual progress, resulting in utilising nano-fillers as an additional reinforcement within the matrix. Despite the significant number of studies that have been done on this unique hybrid material, there have only been a few reviews published that discuss the effect of production processes on mechanical properties and performance in these hybrid composites under projectile impact. There have been conflicting results obtained in experimental results from the literature. The disparity is related to the variation in dispersion, bonding states, and inconsistent fabrication processes. This work defines the pros and cons of carbon nanotube (CNT)-based composites along with a systematic representation of the development of CNT-reinforced composites under projectile impact using experimental, analytical, and numerical techniques. The potential of CNT reinforcement on fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) and its effect on mechanical properties have been discussed. Furthermore, different impact test setups are explored to determine the effective method to determine the impact performance of CNT-reinforced laminates. Moreover, the impact of surface treatment is discussed using different non-destructive methods, and the influence of CNT reinforcement is determined. In addition, mechanical and impact response with varying configurations of fibres is gathered from the available literature, and optimal design based on the required application is suggested. Also, analytical methods developed to determine the impact response of laminates are discussed to determine the parameters dominating the impact response of the laminate. This review will help researchers find the right combination of FRP materials for a given application.

Builders, designers, and the research community are becoming interested in incorporating timber and concrete based composite structures because they effectively integrate the structural qualities of timber and concrete. The structure’s stiffness, ductility, and load capacity are all affected by the quality of the timber connections used in construction. However, timber-concrete-based structures are limited due to a lack of design knowledge and the brittle failure behaviour of timber under shear or tensile loading. Experimental, numerical, and analytical methods have been proposed in the literature, and the key parameters influencing the performance of timber-concrete structures have been discussed. This study addresses the current challenges in designing timber-concrete connections and their failure modes and suggests simple performance-based analytical models that determine the failure mode. It looks at some of the best numerical design methods used in the past and tries to determine the best way to use timber as a possible way to use safe design principles for timber–concrete composite structures in the future.

As lightweight and load-bearing efficiency needs have grown, conventional metal has steadily given way to carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) laminates. Also, CFRP laminates are more prone to localised damage due to impact loads like tool drop, runway debris and hail stone. This paper, investigated the penetration and perforation behaviour of CFRP laminate reinforced with 0.2 and 0.5 wt% MWCNTs. The projectile impact experiment was conducted using spherical and conical projectiles and the impact resistance was evaluated. The results revealed that 0.5 wt% MWCNTs embedded in CFRP laminate provided better impact resistance to both projectiles. The ballistic limit velocity was enhanced by 14.2% and 17.9% for spherical and conical projectiles, respectively, in the case of 0.5 wt% MWCNTs. Furthermore, numerical simulations were performed using an orthotropic model with Chang-Chang composite failure criteria. The results from numerical findings were consistent. It was concluded that MWCNTs reinforcement improves the projectile impact resistance and energy absorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cell surface components, specifically glycans, play a significant role in several biological functions like cell structure, crosstalk between cells, and eventual target recognition of the cells for therapeutics. The dense layer of glycans, i. e., glycocalyx, could differ in taxon, species, and cell type. Glycans are coupled with lipids and proteins to form glycolipids, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored proteins, making their study challenging. However, understanding glycosylation at the cellular level is vital for fundamental research and advancing glycan‐targeted therapy. Among different pathways, metabolic glycan labelling uses the natural metabolic processes of the cell to introduce abiotic functionality into glycan residues. The Bertozzi group pioneered metabolic oligosaccharide engineering using glycan salvage pathways to convert monosaccharides with unnatural modifications. This eventually results in the probe becoming part of the complex cellular glycan structures via click chemistry using copper. On the other hand, the boronic acid‐based probe can recognise carbohydrates in a single step without any chemical modification of the surface. This review discusses the significance of glycans as biomarkers for different diseases and the necessity to evaluate them in situ within the physiological environment. The review also discusses the prospect of this field and its potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work focuses on the numerical investigation of the ballistic and delamination mechanisms of T700 carbon fibre/epoxy laminate with a [0/90]s stacking sequence. The effect of the mass and diameter of spherical projectiles on CFRP laminate is investigated numerically. A numerical study of projectiles with different diameters (6mm, 10 mm, and 12mm) on CFRP laminates with thicknesses of 1.5mm and 3mm is conducted, encompassing a broad spectrum of projectile incident velocities (from 500 m/s to 1700 m/s). Furthermore, a numerical model containing cohesive elements is developed and verified using experimental results from the literature. When compared to experimental results, the numerical simulation results were found to be within acceptable ranges. On comparing the effect of laminate thickness, it was determined that 1.5mm laminates had better energy absorption capability as velocity increased compared to 3mm laminates. The results indicated that the energy absorption capability of the 3mm laminate was reduced by 8.8%, whereas the 1.5mm laminate was reduced by 3%. A study using multi-layered laminate is studied, and a parametric study is carried out with projectiles of different mass and size. The results from the parametric study concluded that smaller geometry projectiles induced more significant damage in the laminate than larger geometry projectiles with constant mass.