14 results on '"Giacalone C"'
Search Results
2. Olive seed wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), potentially important pests of olive crops in the Western Cape of South Africa
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Caleca V., Giacalone C., Allsopp E., Costa C., Rizzo M. C., Lo Verde G., Tortorici F., Laudonia F., Sinno M., van Asch B., Gibson G., and Caleca V., Giacalone C., Allsopp E., Costa C., Rizzo M.C., Lo Verde G., Tortorici F., Laudonia F., Sinno M., van Asch B., Gibson G.
- Subjects
Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata ,Eupelmus spermophilus, Olea europaea cuspidata, Eurytoma varicolor, Bactrocera oleae, Eupelmidae - Abstract
Most phytophagous insects on cultivated olives, Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea var. europaea, in South Africa are native and come from the local wild olive tree, Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata. This paper presents the first qualitative and comparative data regarding the phytophagous seed wasps on cultivated and wild olives. From 2009 to 2012, 62 random fruit samples were collected from untreated cultivated olive trees and 53 random fruit samples from wild olives at 13 different localities in the Western Cape. During spring 2013 and summer 2014, olives collected from the trees were dissected with a scalpel (when the pit was still soft) in search of seed wasp eggs and young larvae or cut with a pipe cutter (when the pit was hard) in search of mature larvae and pupae. Collected young and mature larvae were sequenced for the barcoding COI region (650 bp), and compared with adult seed wasp reference sequences. Seed wasp infestation was clearly higher in cultivated olives than Bactrocera oleae infestation (14% vs. 8%), reaching a peak of 66% in cultivar Koroneiki. Our results, including field data obtained from cultivated olives for the first time, demonstrate that Eupelmus spermophilus is phytophagous and in the Western Cape is virtually the only seed wasp in cultivated olives (99% in cultivated olives, 81% in wild ones). A precise assessment of the economic impact of seed wasps is being done by calculating the induced fruit drop, studying the susceptibility of olive cultivars and the influence of wild olives near olive crops.
- Published
- 2019
3. La centralità del dialogo preventivo tra Fisco e contribuente nella disciplina del Patent box: ulteriori passi in avanti in un climax ascendente?
- Author
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A. Merone -- G. Giacalone-- C. Buccico--E. Altieri--G. Galluzzo---F. Tesauro---G. Merone--- N. Lettieri---T. Elefante--G. Raimondi-- R. Botta--L. Strianese--A. Mascia--S. Ducceschi--- V. Busa--- M. Scuffi, A. Merone -- G.Giacalone-- C.Buccico--E. Altieri--G.Galluzzo---F. Tesauro---G. Merone--- N. Lettieri---T. Elefante--G.Raimondi-- R. Botta--L. Strianese--A. Mascia--S. Ducceschi--- V. Busa---- M. Scuffi, Antonio Merone, and Strianese, Loredana
- Subjects
Contraddittorio, Patent box, agevolazioni fiscali - Published
- 2018
4. Pharmacogenomics of response to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer disease patients : preliminary data of a genome wide association study
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Giacalone, C., Lupoli, S., Brambilla, P., Esposito, F., Magnani, G., Caso, F., Coppi, E., Vismara, C., Galimberti, D., Scarpini, E., Franceschi, M., Forloni, G., Albani, D., Comi, G., and Martinelli Boneschi, F.
- Subjects
Settore MED/26 - Neurologia - Published
- 2010
5. Contenimento naturale di Bactrocera oleae (Rossi): clima o parassitoidi? Confronto tra Western Cape (Sud Africa) e Sicilia
- Author
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CALECA, Virgilio, Giacalone, Christian, MALTESE, Matteo, TORTORICI, Francesco, Caleca, V, Giacalone, C, Maltese, M, and Tortorici, F
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Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata ,mosca delle olive, braconidi, umidità relativa, escursione termica giornaliera, ospiti alternativi dei parassitoidi ,olive fruit fly, braconids, relative humidity, daily thermal excursion, parasitoids alternative hosts - Abstract
Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), mosca delle olive, è presente anche in Sud Africa, ma finora non si sono avute notizie di infestazioni economicamente rilevanti negli oliveti. L’accertata presenza di un maggior numero di braconidi parassitoidi della mosca delle olive rispetto alle aree mediterranee è stata ed è considerata da molti autori la principale causa di queste minori infestazioni, senza che però siano stati eseguiti in Sud Africa adeguati studi sulle infestazioni da B. oleae e sui fattori cli- matici delle aree interessate. Analizzando recenti dati sui livelli d’infestazione di B. oleae registrati su olivo coltivato e selvatico nel Western Cape e in Sicilia, appaiono simili in una normale annata fino a metà estate, ma sono nettamente differenti a fine estate-inizio autunno, quando in Sicilia il clima diviene più umido. Da una puntuale analisi dei corrispondenti dati climatici registrati nelle due aree è infatti emersa una sostanziale differenza nel decorso più caldo e secco degli ultimi tre mesi precedenti la raccolta nel Western Cape; questo periodo invece in Sicilia è caratterizzato da temperature più fresche e un aumento dell’umidità relativa che favorisce l’impennata delle infestazioni di B. oleae. Nei quattro mesi presi in considerazione si rileva anche una significativa differenza nell’escursione termica, maggiore nel Western Cape, dovuta a minime notturne più basse. Da un confronto dei livelli di parassitizzazione di B. oleae del Western Cape (Sud Africa) e dell’area costiera della Provincia di Trapani, recentemente registrati su olivo colti- vato e selvatico (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata in Sud Africa, Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris in Sicilia) non sono emerse sostanziali differenze quantitative, pur confer- mando che in Sud Africa i principali parassitoidi sono tre bra- conidi (Utetes africanus (Szépligeti), Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) e Bracon celer (Szépligeti)), con il primo preva- lente sull’olivo selvatico e l’ultimo sul coltivato, mentre in Sicilia il braconide parassitoide Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) prevale sia sull’olivo selvatico che sul coltivato. Comunque in entrambe le aree la parassitizzazione su B. oleae non rag- giunge elevati ed efficaci livelli. Il clima, e non la parassitizzazione dovuta ai braconidi, appare il più importante fattore di contenimento di B. oleae anche in Sud Africa. L’introduzione di parassitoidi specifici della mosca delle olive è necessaria nelle aree colonizzate di recente dove essi mancano, ma i tentativi di fornir loro una maggiore dis- ponibilità di larve dell’ospite mediante l’impianto di cultivar d’olivo a maturazione e permanenza dei frutti più differen- ziata, potrebbe produrre risultati certamente più negativi che positivi nei confronti della presenza e dei livelli d’infesta- zione di B. oleae sull’olivo coltivato, come avviene nelle aree pandacie dove cresce spontaneo l’olivastro. Natural environmental control of Bactrocera oleae (Rossi): climate or parasitoids? A comparison between the Western Cape of South Africa and Sicily. Bactrocera oleae (Rossi), the olive fruit fly is considered not a continuosly serious pest of olive trees in the Western Cape of South Africa, in spite of the climate similar to Mediterranean areas. South African braconid parasitoids of B. oleae are more numerous than in Mediterranean areas, and until now their action has been considered the factor lowering the level of infestation due to the olive fruit fly, but no deep studies on its infestation levels and climatic factors influencing them were carried out in the past. Analyzing recent data on infestation levels collected in the Western Cape and Sicily, they appear similar in a regular mid- summer, differing at the end of summer-beginning of autumn, when in Sicily the climate becomes more humid than in the Western Cape. A comparison of climatic data regarding four years underlines that Somerset West and Franshhoek, in comparison with Trapani, have significantly lower minimum daily temperatures, a higher daily thermal excursion and a lower relative humidity in the last three months preceding harvesting. Parasitization rates on B. oleae of Western Cape and Sicily, recorded on both cultivated and wild olives (Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata in South Africa, Olea europaea subsp. europaea var. sylvestris in Sicily) are not substantially different, confirming that in South Africa three braconids, Utetes africanus (Szépligeti), Psyttalia lounsburyi (Silvestri) and Bracon celer (Szépligeti), are the main parasitoids, with the first one as leader in wild olives and the last one as leader in cultivated ones, while in Sicily the braconid Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti) is the main parasitoid in both wild and cultivated olives. Nevertheless parasitism on B. oleae doesn’t reach effective levels of control in bats ragions. The climate, instead of parasitization due to braconids, is the main environmental factor limiting the olive fruit fly infestations in the Western Cape of South Africa. The introduction of parasitoids specific to the olive fruit fly is necessary in new invaded areas where they lack, but the attempt of providing them a more available amount of host fruits along the year, planting olive trees bearing fruits up to spring, could bring serious problems as those typical of Mediterranean areas where the European wild olive naturally grows.
- Published
- 2017
6. OLIVE FRUIT FLY: A threat to the South African olive industry?
- Author
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Giacalone, Christian, CALECA, Virgilio, Allsopp, E., Giacalone, C, Caleca, V, and Allsopp, E
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Bactrocera oleae, parasitoids, braconids, climate, fruit infestation ,Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata - Abstract
Olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae) is the most serious pest of cultivated olives in the Mediterranean basin. to date we have not seen the same level of damage in south africa, but the question remained whether it poses a similar threat as the local olive industry expands. From this study it is clear that the climatic con- ditions during the period preceding harvest are un- favourable for rapid population growth of OFF in the Western Cape, in contrast to conditions in the coastal area of Trapani province in Sicily. Climate, and not parasitism, appears to be the main factor limiting OFF population levels in the Western Cape. While sporadic outbreaks of economically damaging OFF infestations can be expected in areas where the climatic conditions during a particular season or part of a season are favourable for OFF, the generally un- favourable climatic conditions mean that OFF is not expected to pose a similar threat to olive production in the Western Cape as it does in the Mediterranean basin.
- Published
- 2015
7. Parassitizzazione di Bactrocera oleae su olivo coltivato e selvatico in Sicilia e nel Western Cape (Sud Africa)
- Author
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Giacalone, Christian, MALTESE, Matteo, CALECA, Virgilio, Giacalone, C, Maltese, M, and Caleca, V
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Settore AGR/11 - Entomologia Generale E Applicata ,mosca delle olive, Tephritidae, Braconidae, diametro delle drupe - Abstract
Nel 2009 e nel 2010 in Sicilia e nella regione del Western Cape (Sud Africa) sono stati condotti studi sulla parassitizzazione della mosca delle olive, Bactrocera oleae, raccogliendo i frutti su piante di olivo coltivato (Olea europaea ssp. europaea) e selvatico (O. europaea ssp. oleaster in Sicilia, O. europaea ssp. cuspidata in Sud Africa); le piante delle due sottospecie erano non trattate e distanti pochi metri. I campioni sono stati raccolti nell’arco di quattro mesi in Sicilia e di due mesi in Sud Africa. Per i campioni di olive sono stati registrati gli attacchi di B. oleae (punture di ovideposizione e fori d’uscita) e il diametro equatoriale. Le olive attaccate da B. oleae in Sicilia sono state il 69% nell’olivo coltivato e il 50% nell’olivastro. Nel Western Cape dall’olivo selvatico è sfarfallata anche Bactrocera biguttula (8% del totale delle Bactrocera spp.); l’attacco dei tefritidi è stato riscontrato sul 27% delle drupe dell’olivo coltivato e sul 17% dei frutti dell’olivo selvatico. In Sicilia il parassitoide più abbondante sia su olivo coltivato che su olivastro è risultato il braconide Psyttalia concolor seguito dall’eulofide Pnigalio mediterraneus; per la prima volta in Sicilia è stato ritrovato l’eulofide gregario Baryscapus silvestrii. Nel Western Cape da olive di O. europaea ssp. cuspidata sono sfarfallati tre braconidi: Utetes africanus, Psyttalia lounsburyi, e qualche esemplare di Bracon celer; dall’olivo coltivato sono sfarfallati soltanto gli ultimi due braconidi. Nonostante nelle due regioni si ritrovano differenti specie di parassitoidi e due differenti sottospecie di olivo selvatico, entrambi con drupe di piccole dimensioni (diametro 7-8 mm), la parassitizzazione su B. oleae dovuta ai braconidi è molto maggiore sulle drupe di olivo selvatico (43% in Sicilia, 24% in Sud Africa) rispetto a quella sull’olivo coltivato (8% in Sicilia, 4% in Sud Africa). E’ stata riscontrata una chiara correlazione negativa tra il diametro della drupa e il livello di parassitizzazione. I braconidi parassitoidi che nelle differenti aree del mondo risultano più specializzati nella parassitizzazione di B. oleae, evolutisi sulle piccole drupe dell’olivo selvatico, hanno un ovopositore non più lungo di 2,5 mm e appaiono in evidenti difficoltà nel parassitizzare le larve di terza età della mosca su drupe di maggiore diametro che caratterizzano l’olivo coltivato.
- Published
- 2011
8. Watchman vs. Amulet for Left Atrial Appendage Closure: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives.
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Frazzetto M, Sanfilippo C, Costa G, Contrafatto C, Giacalone C, Scandura S, Castania G, De Santis J, Sanfilippo M, Di Salvo ME, Tamburino C, Barbanti M, and Grasso C
- Abstract
Left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is a crucial intervention for stroke prevention in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation who are unsuitable for long-term anticoagulation. Amulet and Watchman are the most implanted devices worldwide for performing LAAC, and the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive comparison focusing on their efficacy, safety, and short- and long-term outcomes. The Watchman device, the first to gain FDA approval, has been extensively studied and demonstrates significant reductions in stroke and systemic embolism rates. The Amulet device, a newer alternative, promises enhanced design features for more efficient appendage sealing. Current data highlight that both devices offer similar efficacy and safety for LAAC. While the two devices differ in terms of intraprocedural complication rates, they offer similar short- to long-term outcomes in terms of peri-device leaks, device-related thrombosis, and mortality. Both devices are indicated for patients who are unable to tolerate OAC, given their similar risk and safety profiles. Newer clinical studies are directed at establishing the efficacy of both devices as the primary method for stroke prevention in AF as an alternative to OAC.
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- 2024
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9. Safety and Efficacy of Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Without Preprocedural Imaging.
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Sanfilippo C, Frazzetto M, Costa G, Contrafatto C, Giacalone C, Tricomi G, Barbera C, Rizzo S, De Santis J, Sanfilippo M, Castania G, Di Salvo ME, Scandura S, Tamburino C, Barbanti M, and Grasso C
- Subjects
- Humans, Aged, Male, Female, Treatment Outcome, Aged, 80 and over, Stroke prevention & control, Stroke etiology, Stroke diagnostic imaging, Echocardiography, Transesophageal, Septal Occluder Device, Left Atrial Appendage Closure, Atrial Appendage diagnostic imaging, Atrial Appendage physiopathology, Atrial Fibrillation surgery, Atrial Fibrillation diagnosis, Atrial Fibrillation physiopathology, Atrial Fibrillation diagnostic imaging, Atrial Fibrillation therapy, Cardiac Catheterization adverse effects, Cardiac Catheterization instrumentation
- Abstract
Competing Interests: Dr Barbanti is consultant for Medtronic, Edwards Lifescience and Boston Scientific. Dr Tamburino is consultant for Medtronic. Dr Grasso is proctor for Abbott, Boston Scientific and Eclipse Medical. Dr Di Salvo is proctor for Gore, Lifetech, Occlutech, and Innova Medical.
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- 2024
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10. Tissue-specific inactivation by cytosine deaminase/uracil phosphoribosyl transferase as a tool to study plant biology.
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Leonhardt N, Divol F, Chiarenza S, Deschamps S, Renaud J, Giacalone C, Nussaume L, Berthomé R, and Péret B
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- Arabidopsis enzymology, Arabidopsis growth & development, Arabidopsis physiology, Arabidopsis Proteins genetics, Recombinant Proteins, Arabidopsis genetics, Cytosine Deaminase genetics, Organ Specificity, Pentosyltransferases genetics
- Abstract
Recent advances in the study of plant developmental and physiological responses have benefited from tissue-specific approaches, revealing the role of some cell types in these processes. Such approaches have relied on the inactivation of target cells using either toxic compounds or deleterious genes; however, both tissue-specific and truly inducible tools are lacking in order to precisely target a developmental window or specific growth response. We engineered the yeast fluorocytosine deaminase (FCY1) gene by creating a fusion with the bacterial uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPP) gene. The recombinant protein converts the precursor 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into 5-fluorouracyl, a drug used in the treatment of a range of cancers, which triggers DNA and RNA damage. We expressed the FCY-UPP gene construct in specific cell types using enhancer trap lines and promoters, demonstrating that this marker acts in a cell-autonomous manner. We also showed that it can inactivate slow developmental processes like lateral root formation by targeting pericycle cells. It also revealed a role for the lateral root cap and the epidermis in controlling root growth, a faster response. The 5-FC precursor acts systemically, as demonstrated by its ability to inhibit stomatal movements when supplied to the roots in combination with a guard cell-specific promoter. Finally, we demonstrate that the tissular inactivation is reversible, and can therefore be used to synchronize plant responses or to determine cell type-specific functions during different developmental stages. This tool will greatly enhance our capacity to understand the respective role of each cell type in plant physiology and development., (© 2019 The Authors. The Plant Journal © 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2020
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11. Full-thickness choroidal thinning as a feature of Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome: quantitative evaluation of the choroid by Enhanced Depth Imaging Optical Coherence Tomography in a cohort of consecutive patients.
- Author
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Cerquaglia A, Iaccheri B, Fiore T, Lupidi M, Torroni G, Fruttini D, Giacalone C, and Cagini C
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- Adult, Biometry, Choroid blood supply, Choroid diagnostic imaging, Choroid Diseases physiopathology, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Iridocyclitis, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Slit Lamp, Tonometry, Ocular, Uveitis physiopathology, Visual Acuity physiology, Choroid pathology, Choroid Diseases diagnosis, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Uveitis diagnosis
- Abstract
Purpose: To perform a quantitative analysis of choroidal thickness in patients with Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome (FUS) using enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT)., Methods: All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examination, including best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, applanation tonometry, axial length measurements with a swept-source biometer (IOLMaster 700, Carl Zeiss Medic AG, Jena, Germany) and macular 30° linear EDI- B-scan SD-OCT section (Spectralis HRAII+OCT, Heidelberg Engineering, Heidelberg, Germany) in both eyes. Analysis of choroidal thickness was performed at three different locations: subfoveally, 750 μm nasally, and 750 μm temporally to the fovea. Patients having received any surgery or intravitreal injections in the last 12 months and with axial length variance ≥ 1 mm between both eyes were excluded., Results: Sixteen eyes of eight consecutive patients with unilateral FUS were included. Segmented analysis of the choroid, separately considering Haller's layer and Sattler's-choriocapillaris layers, showed statistically significant lower values (p < 0.05) in affected eyes (FEs) compared to fellow eyes (NFEs). In NFEs, total choroidal thickness mean values ranged from 305.62 ± 92.96 μm to 347.50 ± 91.55 μm; in FEs those values were significantly lower (p < 0.05), ranging from 232.62 ± 89.33 μm to 255.62 ± 89.33 μm., Conclusion: Diffuse and full-thickness choroidal thinning in FEs was observed. Considering the absence of significant axial length differences between FEs and NFEs in our patient series, these data seem to suggest that the full-thickness choroidal thinning in FEs may be due to the inflammatory process. In that way, FUS might be regarded as an inflammatory condition involving the whole uveal tunic, even the posterior part of it, definitively supplanting the early definition of "heterochromic iridociclytis".
- Published
- 2016
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12. Characterization of two genes for the biosynthesis of the labdane diterpene Z-abienol in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) glandular trichomes.
- Author
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Sallaud C, Giacalone C, Töpfer R, Goepfert S, Bakaher N, Rösti S, and Tissier A
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- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases metabolism, Base Sequence, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Genotype, Molecular Sequence Data, Organ Specificity, Phylogeny, Plant Exudates isolation & purification, Plant Leaves chemistry, Plant Leaves enzymology, Plant Leaves genetics, Plant Proteins genetics, Plant Proteins metabolism, Plants, Genetically Modified, Polymorphism, Genetic, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Quantitative Trait Loci, Recombinant Proteins, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Structure-Activity Relationship, Nicotiana chemistry, Nicotiana genetics, Alkyl and Aryl Transferases genetics, Diterpenes metabolism, Naphthols metabolism, Plant Exudates chemistry, Nicotiana enzymology
- Abstract
Leaves of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) are covered with glandular trichomes that produce sucrose esters and diterpenoids in varying quantities, depending on cultivar type. The bicyclic diterpene Z-abienol is the major labdanoid present in some oriental tobacco cultivars, where it constitutes a precursor of important flavours and aromas. We describe here the identification and characterization of two genes governing the biosynthesis of Z-abienol in N. tabacum. As for other angiosperm labdanoid diterpenes, the biosynthesis of Z-abienol proceeds in two steps. NtCPS2 encodes a class-II terpene synthase that synthesizes 8-hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate, and NtABS encodes a kaurene synthase-like (KSL) protein that uses 8-hydroxy-copalyl diphosphate to produce Z-abienol. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that NtABS belongs to a distinct clade of KSL proteins that comprises the recently identified tomato (Solanum habrochaites) santalene and bergamotene synthase. RT-PCR results show that both genes are preferentially expressed in trichomes. Moreover, microscopy of NtCPS2 promoter-GUS fusion transgenics demonstrated a high specificity of expression to trichome glandular cells. Ectopic expression of both genes, but not of either one alone, driven by a trichome-specific promoter in transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris conferred Z-abienol formation to this species, which does not normally produce it. Furthermore, sequence analysis of over 100 tobacco cultivars revealed polymorphisms in NtCPS2 that lead to a prematurely truncated protein in cultivars lacking Z-abienol, thus establishing NtCPS2 as a major gene controlling Z-abienol biosynthesis in tobacco. These results offer new perspectives for tobacco breeding and the metabolic engineering of labdanoid diterpenes, as well as for structure-function relationship studies of terpene synthases., (© 2012 The Authors. The Plant Journal © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)
- Published
- 2012
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13. Trichome specific expression of the tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) cembratrien-ol synthase genes is controlled by both activating and repressing cis-regions.
- Author
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Ennajdaoui H, Vachon G, Giacalone C, Besse I, Sallaud C, Herzog M, and Tissier A
- Subjects
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases classification, Alkyl and Aryl Transferases metabolism, Base Sequence, Diterpenes analysis, Diterpenes chemistry, Diterpenes metabolism, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Glucuronidase genetics, Glucuronidase metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Structure, Multigene Family, Phylogeny, Plant Epidermis cytology, Plant Epidermis genetics, Plant Epidermis metabolism, Plant Proteins metabolism, Plants, Genetically Modified, Promoter Regions, Genetic genetics, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid, Nicotiana metabolism, Alkyl and Aryl Transferases genetics, Plant Proteins genetics, Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid genetics, Nicotiana genetics
- Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) glandular trichomes make an attractive target for isoprenoid metabolic engineering because they produce large amounts of one type of diterpenoids, alpha- and beta-cembratrien-diols. This article describes the establishment of tools for metabolic engineering of tobacco trichomes, namely a transgenic line with strongly reduced levels of diterpenoids in the exudate and the characterization of a trichome specific promoter. The diterpene-free tobacco line was generated by silencing the major tobacco diterpene synthases, which were found to be encoded by a family of four highly similar genes (NsCBTS-2a, NsCBTS-2b, NsCBTS-3 and NsCBTS-4), one of which is a pseudogene. The promoter regions of all four CBTS genes were sequenced and found to share over 95% identity between them. Transgenic plants expressing uidA under the control of the NsCBTS-2a promoter displayed a specific pattern of GUS expression restricted exclusively to the glandular cells of the tall secretory trichomes. A series of sequential and internal deletions of the NsCBTS-2a promoter led to the identification of two cis-acting regions. The first, located between positions -589 to -479 from the transcription initiation site, conferred a broad transcriptional activation, not only in the glandular cells, but also in cells of the trichome stalk, as well as in the leaf epidermis and the root. The second region, located between positions -279 to -119, had broad repressor activity except in trichome glandular cells and is mainly responsible for the specific expression pattern of the NsCBTS-2a gene. These results establish the basis for the identification of trans-regulators required for the expression of the CBTS genes restricted to the secretory cells of the glandular trichomes.
- Published
- 2010
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14. A novel pathway for sesquiterpene biosynthesis from Z,Z-farnesyl pyrophosphate in the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites.
- Author
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Sallaud C, Rontein D, Onillon S, Jabès F, Duffé P, Giacalone C, Thoraval S, Escoffier C, Herbette G, Leonhardt N, Causse M, and Tissier A
- Subjects
- Alkyl and Aryl Transferases genetics, Alkyl and Aryl Transferases metabolism, Amino Acid Sequence, Chromosome Mapping, Cloning, Molecular, DNA, Plant genetics, Expressed Sequence Tags, Genes, Plant, Geranyltranstransferase genetics, Geranyltranstransferase metabolism, Molecular Sequence Data, Phylogeny, Plant Proteins genetics, Plants, Genetically Modified metabolism, Recombinant Proteins genetics, Recombinant Proteins metabolism, Sequence Alignment, Solanum genetics, Nicotiana metabolism, Plant Proteins metabolism, Polyisoprenyl Phosphates metabolism, Sesquiterpenes metabolism, Solanum metabolism
- Abstract
In the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites, the Sst2 locus on chromosome 8 is responsible for the biosynthesis of several class II sesquiterpene olefins by glandular trichomes. Analysis of a trichome-specific EST collection from S. habrochaites revealed two candidate genes for the synthesis of Sst2-associated sesquiterpenes. zFPS encodes a protein with homology to Z-isoprenyl pyrophosphate synthases and SBS (for Santalene and Bergamotene Synthase) encodes a terpene synthase with homology to kaurene synthases. Both genes were found to cosegregate with the Sst2 locus. Recombinant zFPS protein catalyzed the synthesis of Z,Z-FPP from isopentenylpyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP), while coincubation of zFPS and SBS with the same substrates yielded a mixture of olefins identical to the Sst2-associated sesquiterpenes, including (+)-alpha-santalene, (+)-endo-beta-bergamotene, and (-)-endo-alpha-bergamotene. In addition, headspace analysis of tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) plants expressing zFPS and SBS in glandular trichomes afforded the same mix of sesquiterpenes. Each of these proteins contains a putative plastid targeting sequence that mediates transport of a fused green fluorescent protein to the chloroplasts, suggesting that the biosynthesis of these sesquiterpenes uses IPP and DMAPP from the plastidic DXP pathway. These results provide novel insights into sesquiterpene biosynthesis and have general implications concerning sesquiterpene engineering in plants.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
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