Search

I diritti che alcune donne (e) giornaliste afghane avevano faticosamente conqui-stato negli ultimi due decenni sono stati cancellati dopo la restaurazione del go-verno talebano nell'agosto 2021. Attualmente in Afghanistan la discriminazione delle donne è un modus operandi concreto, che permea profondamente ogni ambito sociale, e sebbene il radicali-smo islamico non rifiuti né l'editoria tradizionale né quella digitale, non sembra essere d'accordo nel dare alle donne la possibilità di raccontare e diffondere au-tonomamente fatti e notizie oltreconfine. Prendendo a riferimento la realtà politico-economica e culturale dell'Afghanistan, attraverso un'analisi del contenuto di articoli di stampa estra-polati all'interno degli archivi digitali di quattro importanti testate giornalistiche, The New York Times, The Guardian, Le Monde e Il Corriere della Sera, è stato possibile osservare come i media globali abbiano tentato, con limitato successo, di costruire uno spazio informativo "polifonico" alternando l'agenda politica internazionale a quella sociale-umanitaria.

After a health pandemic and an ongoing war, the research context on violent extremism and radicalization in Europe becomes an extremely complex arena. For years, researchers have been working across different academic disciplines (political science, international relations, sociology, criminology, religious studies, etc.) on specific violent extremism issues using various qualitative and quantitative methods. Despite the high volume of research material, many, both within and outside the academic community, recognize the need to synthesize the scientific literature and take stock of evidence-based research. Much of the academic work on countering violent extremism is based on theories and anecdotes rather than hard data demonstrated through rigorous scientific methods. As Rohlwing (2016) notes, there is currently a chronic lack of good quality empirical studies and qualitative and quantitative evidence to support - or challenge - common assumptions about countering violent extremism practices and policies. As well observed and described at the RAN Research Seminar, despite compelling academic contributions, there is an urgent need to focus on better quality and interdisciplinary engagement, as well as identifying research on priority issues to prevent and counter violent extremism. The purpose of this paper presented here is to take stock of research, which is characterized by fragmentation, to identify and fill knowledge gaps, especially in the area of European security policies and inter-state communications from before the new global health and war shocks, which are still ongoing.

The evolution of the web has created a borderless social space that facilitates communication between geographically dispersed immigrant communities across the globe. For migrants and asylum seekers trying to enter Europe, for example, not only traditional infrastructures (railways, ports...) are important, but also electronic-digital infrastructures such as smartphones, apps (simultaneous translation programs, messaging platforms), and social networks. The possession of a smartphone by a migrant cannot be considered a luxury gadget, as it is constantly narrated in a stereotyped way in the public discourse according to media entertainment logic, but the internet and mobile phones underline the need for everyone to be connected without space-time limits and to have access to all the media contents offered. So, what role do the media play in human mobility and the imagination of migrant subjects? How do they change and what value do the spaces of connection crossed physically and virtually take on? What security for migrants in the mobile communication society?

During the period of the blockade, the migrant community experienced a condition of increased hardship, made even more critical by the difficulties related to the possibilities of participating in the social, cultural but also working life of the local community, forcing many of them to stop participating in compulsory labor market insertion programs and to take advantage of educational and training supports. This critical situation has made it even more necessary to address these barriers and support the immigrant population in developing media-digital skills to intercept their needs and accelerate their integration into the community more easily. Digital and institutional forms of communication are crucial in defining the growth prospects of individuals, more so when the objective becomes to create pathways of social and cultural inclusion in contexts of crisis. Without this informational and socio-political ‘care’, the pandemic society risks becoming inhospitable in its local and global dimensions.

The so-called neo-anti-Semitism, perceived differently by Italian journalists and lawyers, highlights the problem of identity in a multicultural society at the local level, of understanding the Other and (its) history, of the relationship between the public sphere and the networked society: the Jews, due to their unique history of diaspora, have always brought out the dialectic between the particular and the universal in the eyes of the world. This condition further “stretched” hatred in societies, especially anti-Semitic sentiment combined with conspiracy. Therefore, it is necessary for public institutions to understand and investigate contemporary forms of hate. This article will present part of the results of research that investigated the level of perception of journalists and jurists on the phenomenon of anti-Semitism.

This paper proposes a problematic reconstruction of the relationship between ethnic conflict, racial hatred, and media, focusing on the analysis of information flows and the social construction of the Other, as a public enemy, in war contexts. Through a socio-historical approach, analyzing sources offered by the press and international literature, we will examine the genocide that took place in Rwanda in 1994, where about one million people lost their lives in only 100 days. This case study is still particularly interesting today as an example of a timeless conflict, or rather of a 'forgotten (ethnic) war’ This expression refers to those conflicts that have profoundly marked humanity but have not received enough attention from the mass media. This is often the case for economic reasons, intrinsic to the information economy, as well as cultural issues and, to some extent, also because of the dependence of the media on the agenda dictated by politicians, who often choose to promote conflicts when there are special interests at stake. Digital technologies have, however, partially limited the effects of this “forgetting.” Interconnection and digitization processes can sometimes transform the violent past into public memory, into pieces of shared history, so that the same mistakes are never made again.

Sfide complesse, come quella della crisi migratoria, impongono di ripensare la comunicazione pubblica soprattutto in ambito locale, al fine di garantire nuove strategie di inclusione e partecipazione sociale che siano rispondenti ai diversificati fabbisogni informativi di cui si compone il territorio. Ciò diviene particolarmente vero, e necessario, all'interno di uno scenario di crisi o emergenza all'interno del quale misure e servizi devono essere comunicati in maniera chiara e tempestiva anche a quella parte di popolazione ancora molto spesso "invisibile", poco integra-ta, la cui informazione/relazione divengono strumenti primari per mantenere un contatto a distanza con istituzioni e comunità locale. Lo studio intende riflettere sul rapporto tra istituzioni locali, media e comunità straniere, ponendo attenzione alle strategie comunicative promosse dagli enti pubblici per favorire l'accoglienza e il maggiore coinvolgimento del soggetto immigrato nel territorio marchigiano prima e "dopo" la pandemia di Covid-19.

The errors of journalistic information on the topic of immigration are mainly those of its public representation enclosing the continuous attempt to define an “old” phenomenon as an unprecedented and current problem. The consequence of a still “undisciplined” journalism on this issue is the strengthening of the common sense of xenophobic prejudice driven by two phenomena that are increasingly affecting digital platforms: online (mis)information (fake news and information overload) and hate speech. For the purpose of the research, among the episodes of online violence that emerged and highlighted in the literature, it was considered important to dwell on an interesting case of analysis concerning the perception of the migration phenomenon in relation to the role of digital media and the narrative modalities used to influence public opinion through stereotypes and prejudices. In addition, an attempt was made to understand how young university students judge migration policies and the behaviour of institutions towards this issue. The study highlighted which social constructions of immigration have most permeated the target population and influenced their way of using traditional and digital media, as well as the elaboration of communication strategies and policies adopted by local, national and European institutions in the field of immigration.

Along with the Covid-19 pandemic, a new type of 'disease' has spread just as rapidly, affecting the world of journalism and information. In addition to the concept of 'infodemic', first proposed by David J. Rothkopf in 2003 in relation to SARS, then taken up by a World Economic Forum study in 2006 to explain the fairness of information in emergencies, and finally used by the World Health Organisation itself to refer to the spread of false, tendentious or incorrect information during the Covid-19 pandemic. 2020 was also the year of a new word: doom scrolling.This term refers to when a person constantly reads and searches for negative news online, and the consequences this has on our mental health. It is still a relatively new phenomenon, but several experts have already pointed out that doom scrolling is predictably detrimental to a person's mental well-being.The pandemic has thus confirmed the already known risks of overexposure to a constant flow of information, a problem that affects media professionals, their audiences and institutions, and that can trigger social and psychophysical pathologies such as depression, mood swings, isolation and paranoia.An attempt will be made here to discuss the issue from a critical point of view and to reconstruct the phenomenon of 'doom scrolling'. Finally, an attempt will be made to define the main lines of public discussion based on the most recent literature available in this period of global crisis.

Review The Age for Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power de Shoshana Zuboff &nbsp, Reseña The Age for Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power de Shoshana Zuboff &nbsp

The migration process, dependent on international interconnections and the symbolic contents of the media, now sees a new protagonist, a new social subject-nomadic, cosmopolitan, capable of redefining himself, crossing geographical and cultural barriers, sustained by the power of electronic (and digital) media, able to imagine the future and himself within new environments (online and offline), exploiting opportunities and running significant risks (fake news or digital trafficking of migrants, surveillance, for example). This individual is the cybermigrant. Cybermigration is a new form of human mobility in the digital environment and focuses in particular on two aspects: social-digital capital and online security (Buoncompagni, 2020). This research starts from Bordieu’s line of thought and highlights several theories of particular importance, focusing in particular on a new form of “social-digital capital” (Boyd & Ellison, 2007; De Feo & Pitzalis, 2015) that can be applied to migration and the various forms of communication involved. Furthermore, the social use of media by migrants before and after their journey to Italy is investigated. The methodology mainly used is that of the focus group.

Even before the Covid-19 pandemic crisis, the massive use of the digital in everyday life, in the absence of intercultural - media skills, seemed to have fuelled violence, misinformation, ethnocentrisms, prejudices towards the Other (Urry 2000; Appadurai 2005; Couldry 2015; Ziccardi 2016; Europol 2016; SWG 2017, Vox 2018). However, social and digital technology can also be re-thought as a civic and moral space (Silverstone, 2009) able to overcome conflict and polarisation, as a strategic medium to improve social policies and the management of migration flows, actively involving host institutions and communities (Buoncompagni, D’Ambrosi 2020). The panorama of humanitarian aid, in particular, i.e. that typology of interventions aimed at helping populations affected by war events or natural disasters, is completely changing in the way of operating within the world of international migration precisely thanks to the digital infrastructure (IOM 2018). Apps, virtual itinerant maps and self-narratives via social networks, sharing GPS coordinates of the safest routes among migrants, increasing numbers of socially engaged indigenous citizens enrolled in online platforms, are just a few examples of how digital media are acquiring a fundamental role within the migration network in hospitality and aid actions (Brunwasser 2015; Buoncompagni 2021. Only by developing the art of solidarity and the ability to communicate and cooperate globally, opening up to the Other, can the “different” relate effectively and productively in digital society (Chen 2005; Bennet 2015). Pitirim A. Sorokin himself, a still prominent figure of 20th century sociology, stated that historical and techno-cultural changes have not always produced positive results within societies, but at times also negative (or more precisely ‘destructive’) ones: individualism, antagonism, excess of technology and rationality, and in particular the fall of the bonds of solidarity towards the different and the loss of the feeling of belonging (Cimagalli 2010; Marletti 2018; Perrotta 2016). But the sociologist also stressed how altruism could be one of the indispensable ingredients of social life. No society can exist without an “altruistic and creative love” that has as its aim the “altruisation” of individuals and social institutions: a complex process/project capable of encompassing the emotional, supra-rational and spiritual aspects of human relationships (including online), starting from the idea that all men can recognise themselves in certain moral principles, eternal and universal (Mangone, 2020). And such a condition could be re-created/supported also through digital tools and exist in online environments, thus trying to extend, on a theoretical level, Sorokin’s attempt to make sociology (also digital, in this case) a “science of altruism” in the post-pandemic era of global interconnectedness.

The link of communication and socio-educational process is fundamental for teaching and transmitting knowledge: in particular, it should be understood as a "particular communicative act" and therefore as an action related to the use of media devices, putting into play the theme of the use of new technologies and training processes. Education, understood as a process of full implementation of the potential of the person and as an intimate maturation of personal and conjunctive resources, it connects with the media, which are both the symbolic and expressive environment and the communicational and existential projection of the human person.

The development of increasingly advanced surveillance techniques and the strategic use of artificial intelligence are now intimately linked to the control of migration flows and are often a major cause of discrimination and violation of human rights and dignity. Yet such violations continue to occur amidst considerable economic investment and little oversight, in a legislative vacuum, and almost always with very little understanding of the technologies and the impact they have on the people and communities affected at the border. The article investigates all these aspects, which are still unclear, and little discussed in the institutional world and the public sphere in general.The methodology is linked to in-depth study and critical analysis of current literature on the presented topic. Comparisons between different realities and open questions will be made in order to understand the social and political gaps that are difficult to identify in this historical period.It is essential to reflect on the ethical and social issues related to the digital tracking of migration flows. The failure of institutions to act and the lack of attention of scholars and authorities would increase the risks migrants run on their journey. Migrants often lose control over their movements and choices and suffer the consequences of the decisions of systems that are considered innovative but which in the long term prove to be opaque and inefficient.

The Coronavirus pandemic and the anti-contagion restrictions adopted by governments around the world, as well as the strong media representations of the disease and deaths in hospitals have meant for many vulnerable and at risk subjects (the elderly, women, children, immigrants), already victims of violence, an aggravation of their personal problems. Some people have faced a double fear and a double enemy: Covid 19 on the outside and the context of unease and violence in which they live from the inside. According to a United Nations report, the forced quarantine that has forced tens of millions of people into their homes for weeks has caused an increase in abuse and violence against the most vulnerable people. The stress of the quarantine and the uncertainty of losing one's job have also worsened due to the tensions linked to economic uncertainties and the pandemic. The result: increased global tension and insecurity, increased cases of social injustice and the awakening of some forms of symbolic and political violence, also visible in digital environments. The following document will explore some cases mainly related to social and digital (in) security, terrorism in today's health emergency and the idea of a pandemic as a cultural trauma.

Il clima della struttura penitenziaria, con i suoi effetti di torsione, sceglie le modalita di comunicazione che i detenuti possono adottare. L’azione di prisonizzazione distorce i processi comunicativi che il recluso utilizza in interazione con l’altro e con se stesso. L’azione del recludere, quindi, si manifesta anche nel linguaggio: al corpo recluso viene tolta la parola, percio la possibilita di parlare con l’esterno. Una corretta analisi del comportamento non verbale non puo prescindere dall’esame di alcune variabili individuali del detenuto e di quelle specifiche dell’istituzione penitenziaria dato che esse ne orientano i significati e gli aspetti funzionali. Le climat d’une prison, avec ses effets de torsion, choisit les manieres avec lesquelles les detenus peuvent communiquer. L’action de la « prisonization » deforme les processus de communication utilises par les detenues pour interagir avec les autres et avec eux-memes. Par consequent, l’action de l’emprisonnement se manifeste aussi dans la langue : un corps incarcere se voit retirer la parole, ainsi la chance de parler a quelqu’un a l’exterieur. Une analyse precise du comportement non verbal ne peut etre separee de l’examen de certaines variables individuelles d’un detenu ni de celles de la prison car elles faconnent leur sens et leurs aspects fonctionnels. The climate of a prison, with its twisting effects, determines the ways in which inmates can communicate. The act of incarceration distorts the communicative processes used by prisoners to interact with others and themselves. Therefore, the action of imprisonment is manifested also in language: an imprisoned body has his floor taken away, thus the chance to speak to someone outside. An accurate analysis of non-verbal behaviour cannot be separated from the examination of some individual variables of a prisoner and of the prison because they shape their meanings and functional aspects.

Criminological communication could be an important theoretical tool or category to analyze crime for human sciences in our digital era. It is crucial to consider the fact that the new forms of media have revolutionized information and how we communicate amongst ourselves and with the outside world. Therefore the way crime is represented, as well as the deviant use of these technology instruments, should also be regarded: it is impossible not to consider the link between communication and every aspect that falls within the study of criminology , even in the field of investigation and of public security.

Between breaking news and tweets about sinkings, rescues, rejections, deaths at sea, naval blockades, one often has the feeling that everything has already been the impression that everything has already been said and written in the swirl of institutional and non-governmental on the subject of migrants. In Italy in particular, the above-mentioned situations still fill the media agenda and remain trending topics for weeks on social networks such as Twitter and Instragram, are not only ideological and/or symbolic, but also material and all too often categorised as "war crimes", when it would be more accurate to recognise the sinking or naval blockade as a "crimes of peace". It's necessary to overcome this pathology of communication/information and to return to the idea of rethink human rights and talk about "migrant democracy".