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Purpose The aim of this retrospective, multicenter study was to investigate the correlation between a high degree of rotatory instability, posterolateral tibial slope (PLTS), and anterolateral ligament (ALL) injury. Methods The study population consisted of 76 adults with isolated, complete noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear. The sample was divided into two groups according to the preoperative degree of rotator instability (group A: pivot-shift test grades 2 and 3; group B: pivot-shift test grade 1). Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment included angle of PLTS, posterior shift of the lateral femoral condyle (16 mm) on the tibial plateau, and the presence/absence of ALL injury. The two groups were compared for differences. Results There was a statistically significant association between pivot-shift test grades 2 and 3 (group A), PLTS slope angle > 9 degrees, and ALL injury (p 11 mm), which was, however, not statistically significant when evaluated as an isolated variable. Conclusion Our study indicates that an increased PLTS is associated with an increased incidence of ALL injury and an increased grade of pivot shift in patients with ACL tear. Assessment of posterolateral tibial slope on MRI can therefore play a key adjunct role in the surgical planning of ALL reconstruction, especially in cases when ALL damage is radiologically difficult to detect or doubtful. Level of Evidence This is a retrospective comparative level III study.

Purpose This study aimed to highlight short- and medium-term outcomes of combined medial patello-femoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction and anterior tibial tuberosity (ATT) transposition surgery in patients with recurrent patellar instability and different degrees of trochlear dysplasia. Methods Between January 2014 and May 2019, 25 patients with patellar instability underwent a surgical procedure combining the lowering/transposition of the ATT and the MPFL reconstruction. Each patient were preoperative assessed by Kujala score, International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC), Tegner activity level scale. The assessment of instability predisposing factors was carried out with patellar height, tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, trochlear dysplasia, sulcus angle, patellar tilt and MPFL injuries. Functional outcomes were evaluated with Kujala, IKDC and Tegner scores at 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Results The average age of the patients was 20 years (range 13–43 years). Pre- operative Caton–Deschamps index was pathological in 10 (40%). Sulcus angle was elevated in 13 patients (52%) and TT-TG distance was irregular in 17 patients (68%). Trochlear dysplasia was present in 13 patients (9 type A, 3 type B, 1 type C according to Dejour’s Classification). No re-dislocation occurred during the follow-up. There was a significant increase in the Kujala, IKDC and Lysholm scores after 3, 6 and 12 months, and the results were compared for the different follow-up times and patient’s trochlear dysplasia degree. Conclusion This prospective observational longitudinal study identified good clinical outcomes in patients who underwent MPFL reconstruction and ATT transposition for patellar instability. Finally, the different risk factors for patellar instability examined, particularly the presence of trochlear dysplasia, did not significantly influence the final functional results, which range from good to excellent without re-dislocation episodes.

Athletics includes different sport events carrying specific risks of injury according to the specific activity. Sprint, hurdles, and jumps have a high incidence of acute traumatic lesions, while middle- and long-distance running mainly predispose to overuse injuries. Biomechanical stresses, training workloads, and duration of practice play an important role. Tendinopathies, muscle strains, and stress fractures are common. The relationship between rate of injuries and training loads seems to be directly proportional. Young athletes have been reported to eat higher injury risks than adults, especially in middle- and long-distance running. This particularly concerns the adolescent athletes.

Purpose The study aims to present the results at a mean 28-months follow-up of arthroscopic-guided balloon tibioplasty and to spot some technical tricks and some practice using tools and materials. Methods The study relates to six patients with tibial plateau fractures type Schatzker III with tibial plateau depression more than 4 mm at preoperative computed tomography scan (CT-scan). The follow-up period ranged from 22 to 33 months, with a mean of 28 months. No patients were lost to follow-up. The patients were evaluated clinically using the Rasmussen score system and Lysholm score systems at 6 to 12 and 24 months, postoperatively. Radiographic evaluations (standard X-rays) were done preoperatively at 1, 3, and 12 months postoperatively while a CT-scan with 3D reconstruction was performed preoperatively, at the first day and 6 months, postoperatively. Results The mean Rasmussen clinical score at 6 months postoperatively was 26.3 while at 1-year postoperatively the mean Rasmussen clinical score was 28.33. At 2-year postoperatively the mean Rasmussen clinical score was 28.83. Statistically significant difference was found in 6-months and 2-years results (p Conclusion The described surgical procedure, if correctly performed with proper indications (Schatzker III), respect the principles mentioned above and the clinical and radiological results confirm our purpose. Level of Evidence This is a therapeutic case series, level IV study.

The improvement in the technology in the last 20 years has showed its main effect on the increase of the speed in the curves, thus leading to a rise of knee injuries. In fact, the most injured zone of the body was the knee (35,6 %) and the distal part of the lower body (11,5%), with ACL lesion as the most frequent diagnosis (49% of all the injuries to the knee) due to a trauma in valgus and external rotation in most of cases. The MCL is involved in the 15-20% of the cases while the LCL in only the 4,2% of the patients. Unique epidemiology and distinct mechanisms of injuries are peculiar for skier’s knee while evaluation and treatment is similar to evaluation and treatment of knee injuries in other athletes. In this narrative review we aimed to highlight the current evidences in skiers’ traumatology with special focus on the treatment nowadays proposed in the international literature and to the return to sport. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Purpose: Graft choice for primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACL-R) is debated, with considerable controversy and variability among surgeons. Autograft tendons are actually the most used grafts for primary surgery; however, allografts have been used in greater frequency for both primary and revision ACL surgery over the past decade. Given the great debate on the use of allografts in ACL-R, the “Allografts for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction” consensus statement was developed among orthopedic surgeons and members of SIGASCOT (Società Italiana del Ginocchio, Artroscopia, Sport, Cartilagine, Tecnologie Ortopediche), with extensive experience in ACL-R, to investigate their habits in the use of allograft in different clinical situations. The results of this consensus statement will serve as benchmark information for future research and will help surgeons to facilitate the clinical decision making. Methods: In March 2017, a formal consensus process was developed using a modified Delphi technique method, involving a steering group (9 participants), a rating group (28 participants) and a peer-review group (31 participants). Nine statements were generated and then debated during a SIGASCOT consensus meeting. A manuscript has been then developed to report methodology and results of the consensus process and finally approved by all steering group members. Results: A different level of consensus has been reached among the topics selected. Strong agreement has been reported in considering harvesting, treatment and conservation methods relevant for clinical results, and in considering biological integration longer in allograft compared to autograft. Relative agreement has been reported in using allograft as the first-line graft for revision ACL-R, in considering biological integration a crucial aspect for rehabilitation protocol set-up, and in recommending a delayed return to sport when using allograft. Relative disagreement has been reported in using allograft as the first-line graft for primary ACL-R in patients over 50, and in not considering clinical results of allograft superior to autograft. Strong disagreement has been reported in using allograft as the first-line graft for primary ACL-R and for skeletally immature patients. Conclusions: Results of this consensus do not represent a guideline for surgeons, but could be used as starting point for an international discussion on use of allografts in ACL-R. Level of evidence: IV, consensus of experts.

Non-surgical treatments are usually the first choice for the management of knee degeneration, especially in the early osteoarthritis (OA) phase when no clear lesions or combined abnormalities need to be addressed surgically. Early OA may be addressed by a wide range of non-surgical approaches, from non-pharmacological modalities to dietary supplements and pharmacological therapies, as well as physical therapies and novel biological minimally invasive procedures involving injections of various substances to obtain a clinical improvement and possibly a disease-modifying effect. Numerous pharmaceutical agents are able to provide clinical benefit, but no one has shown all the characteristic of an ideal treatment, and side effects have been reported at both systemic and local level. Patients and physicians should have realistic outcome goals in pharmacological treatment, which should be considered together with other conservative measures. Among these, exercise is an effective conservative approach, while physical therapies lack literature support. Even though a combination of these therapeutic options might be the most suitable strategy, there is a paucity of studies focusing on combining treatments, which is the most common clinical scenario. Further studies are needed to increase the limited evidence on non-surgical treatments and their combination, to optimize indications, application modalities, and results with particular focus on early OA. In fact, most of the available evidence regards established OA. Increased knowledge about degeneration mechanisms will help to better target the available treatments and develop new biological options, where preliminary results are promising, especially concerning early disease phases. Specific treatments aimed at improving joint homoeostasis, or even counteracting tissue damage by inducing regenerative processes, might be successful in early OA, where tissue loss and anatomical changes are still at very initial stages.

Purpose: muscle injuries have a high incidence in professional football and are responsible for the largest number of days lost from competition. Several in vitro studies have confirmed the positive role of plateletrich plasma (PRP) in accelerating recovery and in promoting muscle regeneration, and not fibrosis, in the healing process. This study examines the results of intralesional administration of PRP in the treatment of primary hamstring injuries sustained by players belonging to a major league football club. Methods: twenty-five hamstring injuries (grade 2 according to MRI classification) sustained by professional football players during a 31-months observation period were treated with PRP and analyzed. sport participation absence (SPA), in days, was considered to correspond to the healing time, and we also considered the re-injury rate, and tissue healing on MRI. The mean follow-up was 36.6 months (range 22-42). Results: there were no adverse events. The mean SPA for the treated muscle injuries was 36.76±19.02 days. The re-injury rate was 12%. Tissue healing, evaluated on MRI, was characterized by the presence of excellent repair tissue and a small scar. Conclusions: this study confirmed the safety of PRP in treating hamstring lesions in a large series of professional football players. PRP-treated lesions did not heal more quickly than untreated lesions described in the literature, but they showed a smaller scar and excellent repair tissue. Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.

To elucidate the role of MRI in predicting meniscal tear reparability according to tear type and location in relation to vascular zones. In this retrospective study, two readers evaluated 79 pre-surgical MRIs of meniscal tears arthroscopically treated with meniscectomy or meniscal repair. Tears were classified according to type into vertical, horizontal, radial, complex, flaps and bucket handle and were considered reparable if the distance measured from the tear to the menisco-capsular junction was less than or equal to 5 mm. Predictions were compared with the surgical procedure performed in arthroscopy. We assessed the diagnostic performance of MRI, agreement between MRI and arthroscopy, and interrater agreement. Then, we conducted an ROC analysis on the distances measured by the first reader and built a multivariate logistic regression model. MRI had a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy, respectively, of 85%, 79%, 86%, 76% and 83% in predicting meniscal tear reparability. Correct predictions for the specific tear pattern were 76% for vertical, 84% for horizontal, 88% for radial, 86% for complex, 84% for flaps and 86% for bucket handle. Agreement between the two readers’ predictions and arthroscopy was good (k = 0.65 and 0.61, respectively). Inter-rater agreement was almost excellent (k = 0.79). The ROC analysis revealed sensitivity and specificity of 73% and 83% with a cutoff value of

Muscle injuries and disorders are one of the most common traumas occurring in sports, especially in high-level athletes. They present a challenging problem in sport traumatology, as injured muscles heal slowly and often with an incomplete functional recovery. The nonoperative treatment results in good/excellent functional outcomes in the majority of patients. Therefore, the surgical treatment is less common than conservative therapies, and indications are limited to more serious and specific cases. Depending on the severity of the problem, the location, and the timing of the damage (acute or chronic), different surgical approaches can be proposed.

With the increasing popularity of sport activities, the frequency of sport-related lesions, such as tendon injuries, is rapidly rising [1]. Orthobiology is a new exciting area of medical research aimed to enhance tendon tissue healing. New therapies are emerging with promising results, but further investigation is warranted to better define indications, techniques, modalities, safety, and cost-effectiveness.

Muscle injuries are very common in sports. Professional and recreational activities are one of the most common causes; therefore, there is a strict connection with modern sports traumatology. Muscle injuries represented 48% of all injuries during track and field competition in a recent International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) study and more than 31% of all injuries in professional soccer players [1, 2].

Background Aim of this prospective study was to evaluate mid-term clinical and radiographic outcomes in total hip arthroplasty using an acetabular cup made of an innovative biomaterial, Trabecular Titanium™, whose highly porous structure and mechanical properties have been designed to mimic those of the natural bone, thus promoting a more physiological load transfer and a more durable fixation. Methods Between September 2007 and November 2009, 134 total hip replacements and eight revisions were carried out using DELTA-TT primary cups (Lima Corporate, Villanova di San Daniele del Friuli, Italy) in 133 consecutive patients. Mean age was 57.5 ± 14.7 SD (18–92) years. Diagnosis was primarily hip osteoarthritis in 85 (63 %) cases, developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in 24 (18 %) and hip avascular necrosis (AVN) in 10 (7 %). All the revision procedures were due to aseptic loosening of the original implant. Approval of the Institutional Review Board of the IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo in Pavia was obtained for this study. Results Mean follow-up was 72.7 ± 7.9 SD (60–86) months. Average Harris Hip Score (HHS) significantly increased from 44.2 ± 5.4 SD (35–52) preoperatively to 95.9 ± 3.5 SD (88–100) at the last follow-up. No major post-operative complications were observed. 99.3 % of the acetabular components were radiographically stable at the last follow-up, without any radiolucent lines, sclerotic areas or periprosthetic osteolysis. Kaplan-Meier survival rate was 99.3 % at 5 years (95 % confidence interval). Conclusions This first account on the mid-term clinical performance of the DELTA-TT cup shows primary and secondary stability, thus representing an optimal solution for patients with high demands or affected by severe hip conditions.

Knee ligament injuries can be considered a common lesion due to increased participation in football. Multiligament knee injuries result in disruption of at least two of the major ligaments of the knee and may lead to significant chronic laxity and functional instability. Decision-making often is based on each individual’s pre-injury function and the extent of the ligament damage. Several studies have suggested that patients receiving operative treatment will result in improved functional outcomes when compared with non-operative treatment. The timing of surgery is critical, and evidence exists showing that if surgery is performed as soon as possible after the injury, the results are satisfactory.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is an acquired idiopathic lesion of subchondral bone that can produce delamination and sequestration with or without articular cartilage involvement and instability.The cause of OCD is still debated: the most recognized etiology is the occurrence of repetitive micro-traumas associated with vascular impairment, causing progressive ankle pain and dysfunction in skeletally immature and young adult patients.Ankle OCD is classically located in the medial part of the talus, while lateral and posterior involvement is less frequent.Diagnosis of OCD, based on MRI findings, is quite straightforward; MRI examination can also be very useful for dating the defect and obtaining information about the associated bone bruise.Osteochondritis dissecans, if not recognized and treated appropriately, may lead to secondary osteoarthritis with pain and functional limitation.Surgical treatment is mandatory especially in young patients with unstable cartilage fragments. There are various surgical options: fixation, microfracture, or substitution using autologous chondrocyte implantation techniques.

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee is a common cause of knee pain and dysfunction among skeletally immature and young adult patients. OCD is increasingly frequently seen in pediatric, adolescent and young adult athletes. If it is not recognized and treated appropriately, it can lead to secondary osteoarthritis with pain and functional limitation. Stable lesions in skeletally immature patients should initially be managed non-operatively. Unstable juvenile lesions and stable juvenile lesions that fail to heal with non-operative treatment require a surgical treatment. By contrast, adult OCD of the knee rarely responds to conservative measures because of limited healing potential. Operative treatment depends on the lesion stage, and there exist several surgical options.

BENAZZO, F., G. STENNARDO, M. MOSCONI, G. ZANON, and N. MAFFULLI. Muscle transplant in the rabbit's Achilles tendon. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 33, No. 5, 2001, pp. 696-701. Achilles tendinopathy (AT) is a degenerative disorder resulting from functional overload, especially during running and jumping, with some inflammatory features at the insertions, bursae, and paratenon. The Achilles tendon is poorly vascularized, especially in the middle third, and the consequent slow metabolic rate allows it to work at very low oxygen tensions but prevents on the other hand a rapid healing. Purpose: To create an animal model to study a novel surgical technique employed in AT: transplanting some fibers of the soleus muscle into the tendon in order to improve its vascularization and healing and to study the histological appearance of the soleus graft incorporated in the tendon. Methods: We operated on 10 white New Zealand rabbits (eight rabbits underwent the procedure, two rabbits the sham operation with incision of the tendon without graft). Two animals were euthanized at 1 wk, 1, 2, and 3 months. Results: Histology showed that after 3 months the muscle fibers were still viable within the tendons, interspersed within connective tissue fibers. Tendon and muscle tissues were intimately fused. Conclusions: The persistence of the soleus muscle pedicle graft within the Achilles tendon tissue is an index of sound blood supply. This surgical model is suitable for application in further studies on tendon healing.

Summary: Achilles tendinopathy is one of the most common overuse problems in running athletes. When conservative management is unsuccessful, surgery is indicated to increase the likelihood that the patient will return to high levels of sporting activity. Circulatory, metabolic, and mechanical factors are involved in the pathogenesis of the tendinopathy. In surgery for chronic paratendinopathy, we use different techniques depending on the extension of the adhesions and the thickening of the paratenon, removing the fibrotic rinds of the fascia and the hypertrophic parts of the paratenon, taking care not to disturb the mesotendon. In paratendinopathy associated with tendinopathy of the main body of the tendon and in isolated tendinopathy of the main body of the tendon, we free the tendon from fibrotic adhesions and remove the degenerated nodules. Longitudinal tenotomies are performed to try to re-establish tendon nutrition, or at least to cause tendon scarring. Moreover, to improve the blood supply in tendons with extensive degeneration, we have started to place a bundle of soleus muscle within the tendon itself. In insertional tendinopathy, the pre-Achilles bursa is removed, together with the lateral and medial outgrowth of bone and cartilage of the posterior border of the calcaneus, as is done with Haglund deformity, thus preventing further impingement of the tendon insertion.

Fibular periosteal flaps have been used to address chronic lateral ankle instability, but there are no studies in the literature reporting functional outcomes after this particular procedure in high-demand athletes. We postulated that for chronic instability, nonanatomical reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligament with a fibular periosteal flap will return high-demand athletes to their previous levels of activity.Forty patients who had grade III ankle sprain and experienced no success after a course of supervised conservative management lasting at least six months and who had a preinjury Tegner score of ≥ 6 underwent a lateral compartment reconstruction with a fibular periosteal flap. Each patient was given the Tegner and Karlsson questionnaire and was evaluated by the Zwipp method, Foot and Ankle Outcome Score (FAOS) and the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score at the six-month, one, two and three-year time points. Range of motion (ROM) of the affected ankle was assessed, and stress X-rays were performed. Mean patient age was 24.5 (range17-30) years, and no patient was lost to follow-up.Mean follow-up was 36 (minimum 18) months, mean Tegner scores at the one, two and three-year time points were 8.8, 8.9 and 8.9, respectively, and mean Karlsson scores were 93 ± 5.2, 95 ± 3.1 and 94.9, respectively. AOFAS and FAOS scores improved from a mean of 69.4 and 71.4, respectively, in the preoperative group to a mean of 97.2 and 94.4, respectively, at the last follow-up. The ROM was equal to the contralateral ankle in all but two patients at the two-year follow-up. No major complications were found.Nonanatomical ligament reconstruction with a fibular periosteal flap for chronic lateral ankle instability was effective in returning high-demand athletes to their preinjury functional levels.

Medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) reconstruction is an established method to prevent patellofemoral instability. Nevertheless, the anatomy and the biomechanical behavior of native MPFL are still under investigation, but in recent years they have become more defined. We propose a technique for MPFL reconstruction based on the results of recent anatomic studies regarding the patellar insertion of the MPFL. A double-bundle MPFL is reconstructed by use of the semitendinosus tendon passed through a single patellar tunnel, which crosses the patella from the midpoint of its medial border until its superolateral corner is reached. This method permits a strong patellar fixation, potentially reducing the risk of patellar fracture compared with double–patellar tunnel techniques. Moreover, it requires no fixation devices at the patella and only a single interference screw on the femoral side.

BACKGROUND: A multicenter retrospective analysis of patients treated for leg fractures was conducted to develop a score that correlates with fracture healing time and to identify the risk gradient for delayed healing. METHODS: Fifty-three patients were analyzed and considered healed when full weight bearing was possible. Patients were divided into those who healed within 180 days and those who took longer to heal. Risk factors associated with delayed healing, fracture morphology, and orthopedic treatments were recorded. The available literature was used to weight the relative risk associated with each factor; values were combined into a score evaluating the risk of delayed healing: L-ARRCO (a literature-based score where the risk of delayed bone healing is calculated using a specific algorithm). Other risk factors associated with delayed healing were then considered in order to calculate a new score, ARRCO. Continuous variables were compared between groups using Student's heteroschedastic two-tail t test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the areas under the curves were calculated to determine the ability of this score to discriminate subjects with delayed healing. RESULTS: The mean L-ARRCO scores of the patients who healed within and after 180 days were significantly different (5.78 ± 1.59 and 7.05 ± 2.46, respectively). The mean ARRCO scores of the patients who healed within and after 180 days were also significantly different (5.92 ± 1.78 and 9.03 ± 2.79, respectively). However, the area under the ROC curve was significantly smaller for L-ARRCO than for ARRCO (0.62 ± 0.09 versus 0.82 ± 0.07). CONCLUSIONS: The ARRCO score is significantly associated with fracture healing time and could be used to identify "fractures at risk," allowing early intervention to stimulate osteogenesis.

Background: Soccer is a highly demanding sport for the knee joint, and chondral injuries can cause disabling symptoms that may jeopardize an athlete’s career. Articular cartilage lesions are difficult to treat, and the increased mechanical stress produced by this sport makes their management even more complex.Hypothesis: To evaluate whether the regenerative cell-based approach allows these highly demanding athletes a better functional recovery compared with the bone marrow stimulation approach.Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.Methods: Forty-one professional or semiprofessional male soccer players were treated from 2000 to 2006 and evaluated prospectively at 2 years and at a final 7.5-year mean follow-up (minimum, 4 years). Twenty-one patients were treated with arthroscopic second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation (Hyalograft C) and 20 with the microfracture technique. The clinical outcome of all patients was analyzed using the cartilage standard International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) evaluation package. The sport activity level was evaluated with the Tegner score, and the recovery time was also recorded.Results: A significant improvement in all clinical scores from preoperative to final follow-up was found in both groups. The percentage of patients who returned to competition was similar: 80% in the microfracture group and 86% in the Hyalograft C group. Patients treated with microfracture needed a median of 8 months before playing their first official soccer game, whereas the Hyalograft C group required a median time of 12.5 months ( P = .009). The International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective score showed similar results at 2 years’ follow-up but significantly better results in the Hyalograft C group at the final evaluation ( P = .005). In fact, in the microfracture group, results decreased over time (from 86.8 ± 9.7 to 79.0 ± 11.6, P < .0005), whereas the Hyalograft C group presented a more durable outcome with stable results (90.5 ± 12.8 at 2 years and 91.0 ± 13.9 at the final follow-up).Conclusion: Despite similar success in returning to competitive sport, microfracture allows a faster recovery but present a clinical deterioration over time, whereas arthroscopic second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation delays the return of high-level male soccer players to competition but can offer more durable clinical results.

Pre-clinical studies have shown that treatment by pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) can limit the catabolic effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines on articular cartilage and favour the anabolic activity of the chondrocytes. Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction is usually performed by arthroscopic procedure that, even if minimally invasive, may elicit an inflammatory joint reaction detrimental to articular cartilage. In this study the effect of I-ONE PEMFs treatment in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction was investigated. The study end-points were (1) evaluation of patients’ functional recovery by International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) Form; (2) use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), necessary to control joint pain and inflammation. The study design was prospective, randomized and double blind. Sixty-nine patients were included in the study at baseline. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 30, 60 and 180 days, followed by 2-year follow-up interview. Patients were evaluated by IKDC Form and were asked to report on the use of NSAIDs. Patients were randomized to active or placebo treatments; active device generated a magnetic field of 1.5 mT at 75 Hz. Patients were instructed to use the stimulator (I-ONE) for 4 h per day for 60 days. All patients underwent ACL reconstruction with use of quadruple hamstrings semitendinosus and gracilis technique. At baseline there were no differences in the IKDC scores between the two groups. At follow-up visits the SF-36 Health Survey score showed a statistically significant faster recovery in the group of patients treated with I-ONE stimulator (P

Background Proximal hamstring tendinopathy typically afflicts athletes. The poor knowledge of this pathology can lead to late diagnosis and late treatment, which in chronic cases could be challenging. Surgical treatment could resolve the symptoms and could permit the return to full sport activity also in chronic cases. Materials and methods We retrospectively evaluated 17 high-level athletes surgically treated for proximal hamstring tendinopathy. Symptoms lasted for an average of 23 months and were resistive to conservative treatment. Results The follow-up period averaged 71 months. Return to run without pain occurred at a mean of 2.4 months (range 1–4) after surgery. All patients returned to sports at their pre-symptom level at a mean of 4.4 months after surgery. Results were excellent in 15 patients (88 %) and good in two patients (12 %). No results were fair or poor. Conclusions Surgical treatment to manage chronic proximal hamstring tendinopathy in high-level athletes showed excellent results in terms of relief from symptoms and return to previous sport level.