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Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare diffuse lung cystic disease (DLCD) that occurs sporadically or in association with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC). The diagnostic pathway is tracked on the identification of the disease hallmarks on chest High-Resolution Computed Tomography (HRCT). Aim of this review is to discuss the thoracic HRCT pathognomonic features, essential to rule out other DLCD. It also examines the new evidences emerging from Computed Tomography (CT) quantitative studies that, by demonstrating a specific cysts distribution and a pathological aspect of the parenchyma near the cysts, could improve our understanding of this rare disorder and supply pulmonologists with a new tool for a more appropriate long-term management. Finally, the contribution of other image techniques as low dose chest CT, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Ultrasound (US) is discussed.

Bergamo province was badly hit by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. We organised a public-funded, multidisciplinary follow-up programme for COVID-19 patients discharged from the emergency department or from the inpatient wards of ‘Papa Giovanni XXIII’ Hospital, the largest public hospital in the area. As of 31 July, the first 767 patients had completed the first post-discharge multidisciplinary assessment. Patients entered our programme at a median time of 81 days after discharge. Among them, 51.4% still complained of symptoms, most commonly fatigue and exertional dyspnoea, and 30.5% were still experiencing post-traumatic psychological consequences. Impaired lung diffusion was found in 19%. Seventeen per cent had D-dimer values two times above the threshold for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (two unexpected and clinically silent pulmonary thrombosis were discovered by investigating striking D-dimer elevation). Survivors of COVID-19 exhibit a complex array of symptoms, whose common underlying pathology, if any, has still to be elucidated: a multidisciplinary approach is fundamental, to address the different problems and to look for effective solutions.

Background: Lymphangioleiomyomatosis can develop in a sporadic form (S-LAM) or in women with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes potentially involved in cystic lung destruction, and in the process of migration of LAM cells. The aim of the study was to explore the role of MMP-2 and MMP-7, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -C and -D in women with LAM, including patients with minor pulmonary disease (i.e.

Background Gender-related factors might affect vulnerability to Covid-19. The aim of this study was to describe the role of gender on clinical features and 28-day mortality in Covid-19 patients. Methods Observational study of Covid-19 patients hospitalized in Bergamo, Italy, during the first three weeks of the outbreak. Medical records, clinical, radiological and laboratory findings upon admission and treatment have been collected. Primary outcome was 28-day mortality since hospitalization. Results 431 consecutive adult patients were admitted. Female patients were 119 (27.6%) with a mean age of 67.0 ± 14.5 years (vs 67.8 ± 12.5 for males, p = 0.54). Previous history of myocardial infarction, vasculopathy and former smoking habits were more common for males. At the time of admission PaO2/FiO2 was similar between men and women (228 [IQR, 134–273] vs 238 mmHg [150–281], p = 0.28). Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) assistance was needed in the first 24 h more frequently in male patients (25.7% vs 13.0%; p = 0.006). Overall 28-day mortality was 26.1% in women and 38.1% in men (p = 0.018). Gender did not result an independent predictor of death once the parameters related to disease severity at presentation were included in the multivariable analysis (p = 0.898). Accordingly, the Kaplan–Meier survival analysis in female and male patients requiring CPAP or non-invasive ventilation in the first 24 h did not find a significant difference (p = 0.687). Conclusion Hospitalized women are less likely to die from Covid-19; however, once severe disease occurs, the risk of dying is similar to men. Further studies are needed to better investigate the role of gender in clinical course and outcome of Covid-19.

Introduction: With a rising number of lung transplantation (TX) there is an increasing demand for lung re-transplantation (ReTX). Aim: To identify the role of ReTX in overall survival, by comparing the outcome of lung ReTX versus primary TX (pTX), analyzing TX procedures performed between 2002 and 2019 at Bergamo transplantation center (Italy). Methods: Over the last 17 years, 162 TX procedures have been performed, whose 13 were ReTX. “Primary survival”, defined as months from pTX to death or ReTX, “ReTX survival” defined as months from ReTX to death, and “overall survival” (i.e. months from pTX day to death) were calculated and analyzed with Kaplan-Meier statistics. Results: ReTX and pTX patients’ age was the only between groups parameter significantly different (median (interquartile range): 27 (11-46) vs. 44 (28-59) years respectively, p Method: Few studies considered overall survival since pTX in ReTX patients. Even if “ReTX survival” is shorter than “pTX survival”, thus less convenient for lung allocation, our study shows that ReTX gives to selected patients the opportunity to have the same survival of patients who underwent pTX.

PURPOSE: To evaluate chest computed tomography (CT) and pulmonary function test (PFT) findings in severe COVID-19 patients after discharge and correlate CT pulmonary involvement with PFT results. METHODS: COVID-19 patients admitted to our hospital between February 25 and May 2, 2020, were retrospectively included according to the following criteria: (a) COVID-19 defined as severe based on the WHO interim guidance (i.e., clinical signs of pneumonia plus respiratory rate > 30 breaths/min, severe respiratory distress, and/or SpO2 < 90 % on room air); (b) chest radiograph in the acute setting; (c) post-discharge unenhanced chest CT; and (d) post-discharge comprehensive PFT. Imaging findings were retrospectively evaluated in consensus by two readers, and volume of abnormal lung was measured on CT using 3D Slicer software. Differences between demographics, comorbidities, acute radiographic findings, PFT, and post-discharge clinical and laboratory data of patients with normal and abnormal CT findings were assessed by Mann-Whitney or Fisher tests, and the compromised lung volume-PFT association by Pearson correlation after removing possible outliers. RESULTS: At a median of 105 days from symptom onset, 74/91 (81 %) patients had CT abnormalities. The most common CT pattern was combined ground-glass opacity and reticular pattern (46/74, 62 %) along with architectural distortion (68/74, 92 %) and bronchial dilatation (66/74, 89 %). Compromised lung volume had a median value of 15 % [11-23], was higher in dyspneic patients, and negatively correlated with the percentage of predicted DLCO, VA, and FVC values (r = -0.39, -0.5, and -0.42, respectively). These PFT parameters were significantly lower in patients with CT abnormalities. Impairment of DLCO and KCO was found in 12 (13 %) cases, possibly implying an underlying pulmonary vasculopathy in this subgroup of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Most severe COVID-19 survivors still had physiologically relevant CT abnormalities about three months after the disease onset, with an impairment of diffusion capacity on PFT. A pulmonary vasculopathy was suggested in a minor proportion of patients.

Severe asthma occurs in 5-10% of asthmatic patients, with nasal polyposis as one of the most frequent comorbidity. Benralizumab was recently marketed, thus we could analyse its effects in real-life in severe asthma, and compare the effects of the drug in patients with and without polyposis.Patients with severe asthma, receiving Benralizumab were enrolled in Italian asthma centres. The efficacy criteria for asthma (exacerbation rate, oral corticosteroid intake, hospitalizations, pulmonary function, exhaled nitric oxide) were evaluated at baseline and after 24 weeks of treatment. Patients were then sub-analysed according to the presence/absence of nasal polyposis.Fifty-nine patients with severe uncontrolled asthma (21 males, age range 32-78) and treated with benralizumab for at least 24 weeks has been evaluated, showing significant improvements in asthma-related outcomes, except for pulmonary function and exhaled nitric oxide. This included a reduction in the sino-nasal outcome-22 score versus baseline of 13.7 points (p = .0037) in the 34 patients with nasal polyposis. Anosmia disappeared in 31% patients (p = .0034). When comparing the groups with and without nasal polyposis, a similar reduction of exacerbations was seen, with a greater reduction of the steroid dependence in patients with polyposis (-72% vs -53%; p .0001), whereas lung function was significantly more improved (12% vs 34%, p = .0064) without polyposis patients.Benralizumab, after 6 months of treatment, confirmed its efficacy in severe asthma, and also in nasal polyposis, which is the most frequent comorbidity. The efficacy of Benralizumab in reducing steroid dependence was even higher in patients with polyposis.

Lymphangioleiomyiomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease affecting women in childbearing age. A sporadic form (S-LAM) affecting previously healthy women, and a form associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC-LAM) are described. Some data suggested that TSC-LAM could be a milder disease compared to S-LAM. To investigate whether the different disease behavior is real or due to overdiagnosis of screened TSC women, we compared the natural history of S-LAM and TSC-LAM in patients with incidental diagnosis. Clinical, and functional data from 52 patients (23 with S-LAM and 29 with TSC-LAM) were analysed. At diagnosis functional impairment was mild without differences between groups [FEV1 % pred was 97% (88-105) and 94% (82-106) in TSC-LAM and S-LAM, respectively, p = 0.125]. Patients with S-LAM had less renal angiomyolipoma, and lower VEGF-D serum levels than TSC-LAM. There was no difference in the baseline extent of pulmonary cysts on CT scan and no difference in yearly rate of functional decline between TSC-LAM, and S-LAM patients [e.g. yearly rate of decline of FEV1 % pred was −0.51 (−1.59−2.24) and −0.90 (−1.92−-0.42) in TSC-LAM and S-LAM, respectively, p = 0.265]. In conclusion, the natural history of TSC-LAM and S-LAM, when a potential selection bias due to screening in the latter group is balanced, is similar. Our study suggests that the prevalence of S-LAM can be significantly underestimated due to a tendency to diagnosis more frequently patients with more severe impairment, without identifying several ones with asymptomatic disease.

The majority of patients who require medical intervention for lymphangioleiomyomatosis have the sporadic form of the disease (S-LAM). Some data suggested that TSC associated LAM could be a milder disease compared to S-LAM. Systematic screening for LAM using chest CT scan in TSC patients, could lead to a pre-clinic identification of LAM. To investigate whether the different disease behaviour is real or due to overdiagnosis of screened TSC women, we compared the natural history of S-LAM and TSC-LAM in patients with incidental diagnosis. A retrospective study involving outpatients with S-LAM and TSC-LAM followed in two hospitals in Milan, Italy and Sao Paolo, Brazil from 1995 to2017 was conduced. Incidental LAM diagnosis was defined by the finding of lung cysts in the abdominal (upper slices) or chest CT scans performed for reasons other than symptoms due to LAM. Clinical and functional data from 52 patients (23 with S-LAM and 29 with TSC-LAM) were analysed. There was no difference in yearly rate of functional decline between TSC-LAM, and S-LAM patients: At diagnosis functional impairment was mild without differences between groups. Patients with S-LAM had a trend to more severe cystic involvement but less renal angiomyolipoma, and lower VEGF-D serum levels than TSC-LAM. The natural history of TSC-LAM and S-LAM, when a potential selection bias due to screening in the latter group is balanced, is similar.

The advent of therapies for lymphangioleiomyiomatosis (LAM) has made early diagnosis important in women with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), although the lifelong cumulative radiation exposure caused by CT imaging screening should not be underestimated. In 200 TSC outpatients of San Paolo Hospital (Milan, Italy) we retrospectively investigated 1) the role of pulmonary function tests (PFTs) for screening purpose, 2) the association between LAM and other manifestations of TSC (e.g. demography, extrapulmonary manifestations, genetic mutations, etc.), and 3) the features of patients with multifocal micronodular pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH). Eighty-six adult women underwent computed tomography for LAM diagnosis; pulmonary involvement was found in 66 patients (77%, 49% LAM with or without MMPH, and 28% MMPH alone). LAM patients were older, with a higher rate of pneumothorax, presented more frequently renal and hepatic angiomyolipomas, and tended to have a TSC2 mutation profile. PFTs, assessed in 64% of women unaffected by cognitive impairments, revealed a lower lung diffusion capacity in LAM patients. In multivariate analysis age, but not PFTs, resulted independently associated with LAM diagnosis. Patients with MMPH alone did not show specific clinical, functional of genetic features. A mild respiratory impairment was most common in LAM-TSC patients; PFTs, even if indicated to assess pulmonary function impairment, are feasible in a limited number of patients, and are not significantly useful as a screening tool in women with TSC.

Ultrasonography is the only non-invasive, non-ionizing imaging technique widely available to directly assess diaphragmatic function. Two different sonographic approaches permit the assessment of muscle thickening in the zone of apposition and excursion of the dome of the diaphragm. Thanks to the new hand-held ultrasound instruments, the morphology and function of the diaphragm can be assessed in different settings, such as outpatient clinic, pulmonary function test laboratory, hospital department and intensive care unit, and under different conditions. Despite the existence of different acoustic views and several codified approaches, a comprehensive sonographic examination has never been standardized for clinical use. In this review, we summarize the clinical indications, methods and perspectives of the technique in adults.

Since the use of conventional thoracic imaging in pregnant women is associated with radiation exposure, we evaluated usefulness of lung ultrasound in the initial evaluation of the respiratory symptoms in pregnancy. Pregnant women admitted to San Paolo Hospital in Milan with respiratory symptoms (dyspnea, productive cough, chest pain or fever) were consecutively enrolled in the study during a 12 months period. Lung ultrasound was performed by a pulmonologist with a standardized protocol during the first clinical evaluation and, if required, repeated 3-5 days later. All patients received a clinical follow up during their hospitalization. During 9 months 17 patients were evaluated with mean age of 30±4 yrs, and gestational age 23±4 weeks. Final diagnoses were: community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) associated or not with unilateral pleural effusion (7 cases), acute bronchitis(4 cases), asthma exacerbation(4 cases), and bilateral pleural effusion in patients affected by ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (2 cases). Lung ultrasound identified lung consolidation with dynamic air bronchogram confirming six cases of CAP. In patients with pleural effusion lung ultrasound was useful to detect fluid and confirm resolution. In pregnancy lung ultrasound could be a safe imaging tool to detect respiratory diseases avoiding X-ray exposure. Further studies are required to validate this tool on a larger scale.